The secret to scientific discoveries? Making mistakes | Phil Plait

119,819 views ใƒป 2019-04-11

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ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Allon Sasson ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Now, people have a lot of misconceptions about science --
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ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคื™ืกื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืข --
00:15
about how it works and what it is.
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื” ื–ื” ืžื“ืข.
00:17
A big one is that science is just a big old pile of facts.
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ืื—ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ืขืจืžื” ืขื ืงื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช.
00:21
But that's not true -- that's not even the goal of science.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ -- ื–ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข.
00:25
Science is a process.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
00:27
It's a way of thinking.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ืจืš ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื”.
00:29
Gathering facts is just a piece of it, but it's not the goal.
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ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืžื˜ืจื”.
00:32
The ultimate goal of science is to understand objective reality
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ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื™ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
00:37
the best way we know how,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื,
00:38
and that's based on evidence.
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ื•ื–ืืช ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืจืื™ื•ืช.
00:41
The problem here is that people are flawed.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื.
00:44
We can be fooled --
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื ื• --
00:45
we're really good at fooling ourselves.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื˜ื•ืช ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:47
And so baked into this process is a way of minimizing our own bias.
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ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืœืฆืžืฆื•ื ื”ื”ื˜ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
00:52
So sort of boiled down more than is probably useful,
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ืื– ื‘ืฆืžืฆื•ื ืจื‘ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™,
00:56
here's how this works.
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ื”ื ื” ืื™ืš ืฉื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“.
00:58
If you want to do some science,
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ืข,
01:00
what you want to do is you want to observe something ...
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•...
01:02
say, "The sky is blue. Hey, I wonder why?"
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ื ื ื™ื—, "ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื. ื”ื™ื™, ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืžื”?"
01:06
You question it.
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ืืชื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืืœื”.
01:07
The next thing you do is you come up with an idea that may explain it:
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื–ื”:
01:10
a hypothesis.
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ื”ื™ืคื•ืชื–ื”.
01:12
Well, you know what? Oceans are blue.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
01:13
Maybe the sky is reflecting the colors from the ocean.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืžื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก.
01:17
Great, but now you have to test it
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ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”
01:19
so you predict what that might mean.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ.
01:22
Your prediction would be,
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ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื›ื ืชื”ื™ื”,
01:23
"Well, if the sky is reflecting the ocean color,
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"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืฉืงืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก,
01:26
it will be bluer on the coasts
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ื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ
01:28
than it will be in the middle of the country."
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”".
01:30
OK, that's fair enough,
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ื‘ืกื“ืจ, ื”ื•ื’ืŸ ืœืžื“ื™,
01:32
but you've got to test that prediction
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ื”ื–ื•
01:34
so you get on a plane, you leave Denver on a nice gray day,
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ืื– ืืชื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ื•ืก, ืขื•ื–ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื“ื ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืืคืจื•ืจื™,
01:38
you fly to LA, you look up and the sky is gloriously blue.
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ืืชื ื˜ืกื™ื ืœ- LA, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคืืจืช.
01:41
Hooray, your thesis is proven.
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ื”ื™ื“ื“, ื”ืชื–ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”.
01:44
But is it really? No.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื–ื” ื›ืš ื‘ืืžืช? ืœื.
01:46
You've made one observation.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืื—ืช.
01:48
You need to think about your hypothesis, think about how to test it
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื›ื, ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื”
01:51
and do more than just one.
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ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื‘ื—ืŸ ืื—ื“.
01:53
Maybe you could go to a different part of the country
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ืœื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”
01:55
or a different part of the year
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ืื• ื‘ื—ืœืง ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื”
01:57
and see what the weather's like then.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืื–.
01:59
Another good idea is to talk to other people.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื•ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:02
They have different ideas, different perspectives,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืื™ื” ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:04
and they can help you.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื.
02:05
This is what we call peer review.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืขืžื™ืชื™ื.
02:08
And in fact that will probably also save you a lot of money and a lot of time,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื—ืกื›ื• ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ,
02:12
flying coast-to-coast just to check the weather.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืชื˜ื•ืกื• ืžื—ื•ืฃ ืœื—ื•ืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
02:15
Now, what happens if your hypothesis does a decent job but not a perfect job?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช?
02:21
Well, that's OK,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ,
02:23
because what you can do is you can modify it a little bit
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื” ืžืขื˜
02:25
and then go through this whole process again --
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ื•ืื– ืœื”ืจื™ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื•ื‘ --
02:28
make predictions, test them --
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ืœืฉืขืจ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชืŸ --
02:30
and as you do that over and over again, you will hone this idea.
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ื•ื›ืฉืชืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืชื ืชื—ื“ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
02:33
And if it gets good enough,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
02:34
it may be accepted by the scientific community,
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ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
02:37
at least provisionally,
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™,
02:38
as a good explanation of what's going on,
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื”ืกื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”,
02:41
at least until a better idea
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:43
or some contradictory evidence comes along.
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ืื• ืจืื™ื” ืกื•ืชืจืช ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื.
02:47
Now, part of this process is admitting when you're wrong.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
02:51
And that can be really, really hard.
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื“ ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”.
02:54
Science has its strengths and weaknesses
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ืœืžื“ืข ื™ืฉ ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช
02:56
and they depend on this.
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ื•ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ื”.
02:59
One of the strengths of science is that it's done by people,
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ืื—ืช ื”ืขื•ืฆืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
03:02
and it's proven itself to do a really good job.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ื›ื–ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืžืื“.
03:04
We understand the universe pretty well because of science.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœื ืจืข ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
03:07
One of science's weaknesses is that it's done by people,
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ืื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
03:10
and we bring a lot of baggage along with us when we investigate things.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืืชื ื• ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:15
We are egotistical,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื’ื•ืื™ืกื˜ื™ื,
03:17
we are stubborn, we're superstitious,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืงืฉื ื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช,
03:19
we're tribal, we're humans --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ --
03:22
these are all human traits and scientists are humans.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื•ืฉ.
03:25
And so we have to be aware of that when we're studying science
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื ืœื›ืš ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžื“ืข
03:30
and when we're trying to develop our theses.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื ื•.
03:33
But part of this whole thing,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
03:35
part of this scientific process,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื–ื”,
03:37
part of the scientific method,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
03:39
is admitting when you're wrong.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
03:42
I know, I've been there.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื.
03:44
Many years ago I was working on Hubble Space Telescope,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืขืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
03:47
and a scientist I worked with came to me with some data,
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ื•ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉืขื‘ื“ืชื™ ืืชื• ื‘ื ืืœื™ื™ ืขื ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื,
03:51
and he said, "I think there may be a picture
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ื•ืืžืจ: "ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื™ืœื•ื
03:54
of a planet orbiting another star in this data."
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ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื‘ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื•".
03:58
We had not had any pictures taken of planets orbiting other stars yet,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ืฆื™ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:02
so if this were true,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:04
then this would be the first one
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ื–ื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:06
and we would be the ones who found it.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื”ื™ื” ืืœื• ืฉื’ื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื•.
04:08
That's a big deal.
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ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
04:10
I was very excited,
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื ืจื’ืฉ ืžืื“.
04:12
so I just dug right into this data.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืžื™ื“ ืฆืœืœืชื™ ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื.
04:14
I spent a long time trying to figure out if this thing were a planet or not.
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ื”ืงื“ืฉืชื™ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ืœื.
04:19
The problem is planets are faint and stars are bright,
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ื”ื ื—ื™ื•ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื,
04:22
so trying to get the signal out of this data
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ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื
04:24
was like trying to hear a whisper in a heavy metal concert --
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ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืฆืจื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ ืžื˜ืืœ --
04:28
it was really hard.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”.
04:29
I tried everything I could,
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ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™,
04:32
but after a month of working on this,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ื–ื”,
04:34
I came to a realization ... couldn't do it.
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ื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื ื” -- ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
04:37
I had to give up.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ.
04:39
And I had to tell this other scientist,
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ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืžื“ืขืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™,
04:41
"The data's too messy.
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"ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืœื•ื›ืœื›ื™ื ืžื“ื™.
04:42
We can't say whether this is a planet or not."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืื ื–ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืื• ืœื".
04:45
And that was hard.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื”.
04:47
Then later on we got follow-up observations with Hubble,
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืš ืขื ื”ืื‘ืœ,
04:50
and it showed that it wasn't a planet.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช.
04:52
It was a background star or galaxy, something like that.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืจืงืข ืื• ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”, ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”.
04:56
Well, not to get too technical, but that sucked.
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ืœื ืื›ื ืก ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ืืก.
04:59
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:00
I was really unhappy about this.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืฉืžื— ืขืœ ื›ืš.
05:03
But that's part of it.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืžื–ื”.
05:05
You have to say, "Look, you know, we can't do this with the data we have."
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ืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ: "ืชืจืื•, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืขื ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•".
05:09
And then I had to face up to the fact
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื”
05:11
that even the follow-up data showed we were wrong.
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ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื˜ื•ืขื™ื.
05:15
Emotionally I was pretty unhappy.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืžืฉ ืœื ืฉืžื—.
05:18
But if a scientist is doing their job correctly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืžื“ืขืŸ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
05:21
being wrong is not so bad
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ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจืข
05:24
because that means there's still more stuff out there --
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื --
05:26
more things to figure out.
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ.
05:28
Scientists don't love being wrong but we love puzzles,
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื˜ืขื•ืช ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
05:32
and the universe is the biggest puzzle of them all.
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ื•ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื“ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:36
Now having said that,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืืžืจื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
05:37
if you have a piece and it doesn't fit no matter how you move it,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืœื ืžืกืชื“ืจืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืื•ืชื”,
05:41
jamming it in harder isn't going to help.
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ืœืชืงื•ืข ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ.
05:44
There's going to be a time when you have to let go of your idea
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ื™ื’ื™ืข ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
05:47
if you want to understand the bigger picture.
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ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
05:50
The price of doing science is admitting when you're wrong,
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืฉืืชื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
05:53
but the payoff is the best there is:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ:
05:56
knowledge and understanding.
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ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื‘ื ื”.
05:59
And I can give you a thousand examples of this in science,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื‘ืžื“ืข,
06:01
but there's one I really like.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืื—ืช ืฉืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘.
06:03
It has to do with astronomy,
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”,
06:04
and it was a question that had been plaguing astronomers
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ื•ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื˜ืจื™ื“ื” ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื
06:07
literally for centuries.
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืžื™ืœื•ืœื™ืช.
06:08
When you look at the Sun, it seems special.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
06:11
It is the brightest object in the sky,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื,
06:13
but having studied astronomy, physics, chemistry, thermodynamics for centuries,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืœืžื“ื ื• ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื”, ืคื™ื–ื™ืงื”, ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ื•ืชืจืžื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ืงื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
06:19
we learned something very important about it.
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ืœืžื“ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื“ ืœื’ื‘ื™ื”.
06:21
It's not that special.
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื›ื–ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช.
06:22
It's a star just like millions of other stars.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
06:25
But that raises an interesting question.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ืฉืืœื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช.
06:27
If the Sun is a star
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ืื ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘
06:29
and the Sun has planets,
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ื•ืœืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช,
06:32
do these other stars have planets?
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ื”ืื ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ืฉ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช?
06:34
Well, like I said with my own failure in the "planet" I was looking for,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืขื "ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช" ืฉื—ื™ืคืฉืชื™,
06:38
finding them is super hard,
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ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืงืฉื”,
06:40
but scientists tend to be pretty clever people
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืžืื“
06:43
and they used a lot of different techniques
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
06:45
and started observing stars.
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ื•ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
06:46
And over the decades
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ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืฉื ื™ื
06:47
they started finding some things that were pretty interesting,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
06:50
right on the thin, hairy edge of what they were able to detect.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื“ืง ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช.
06:53
But time and again, it was shown to be wrong.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืขื ืื—ืจ ืคืขื ื–ื” ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื˜ืขื•ืช.
06:56
That all changed in 1991.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืฉืชื ื” ื‘- 1991.
06:59
A couple of astronomers --
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ื–ื•ื’ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื --
07:01
Alexander Lyne -- Andrew Lyne, pardon me --
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื™ืŸ -- ืื ื“ืจื• ืœื™ืŸ, ืกืœื™ื—ื” --
07:03
and Matthew Bailes,
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ื•ืžืช'ื™ื• ื‘ื™ื™ืœืก,
07:04
had a huge announcement.
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ืžืกืจื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
07:06
They had found a planet orbiting another star.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืื—ืจ.
07:09
And not just any star, but a pulsar,
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ื•ืœื ืกืชื ื›ื•ื›ื‘, ืืœื ืคื•ืœืกืจ,
07:12
and this is the remnant of a star that has previously exploded.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื”ืชืคื•ืฆืฅ.
07:16
It's blasting out radiation.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืคืฆื™ืฅ ืงืจื™ื ื”.
07:18
This is the last place in the universe you would expect to find a planet,
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ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช,
07:23
but they had very methodically looked at this pulsar,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืชื•ื“ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืžืื“ ื‘ืคื•ืœืกืจ ื”ื–ื”,
07:25
and they detected the gravitational tug of this planet as it orbited the pulsar.
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ื•ื”ื ื–ื™ื”ื• ืืช ื›ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ื” ื›ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœืกืจ.
07:30
It looked really good.
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ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:32
The first planet orbiting another star had been found ...
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ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืžืงื™ืฃ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืชื’ืœื” --
07:35
except not so much.
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ืืœื ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš.
07:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
07:39
After they made the announcement,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืกืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื”,
07:40
a bunch of other astronomers commented on it,
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
07:42
and so they went back and looked at their data
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื—ื–ืจื• ื•ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
07:45
and realized they had made a very embarrassing mistake.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื ืขืฉื• ื˜ืขื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ื›ื” ืžืื“.
07:47
They had not accounted for some very subtle characteristics
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ื”ื ืœื ืœืงื—ื• ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ืžืื“
07:51
of the Earth's motion around the Sun,
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ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
07:53
which affected how they measured this planet going around the pulsar.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื“ื“ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืžืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœืกืจ.
07:57
And it turns out that when they did account for it correctly,
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื›ืฉื”ื ืœืงื—ื• ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
08:00
poof -- their planet disappeared.
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ืคื•ืฃ -- ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ืขืœื.
08:02
It wasn't real.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืžื™ืชื™.
08:04
So Andrew Lyne had a very formidable task.
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ืœืื ื“ืจื• ืœื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช.
08:07
He had to admit this.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื”.
08:09
So in 1992 at the American Astronomical Society meeting,
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ื‘- 1992, ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื’ื•ื“ื” ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช,
08:13
which is one of the largest gatherings of astronomers on the planet,
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื,
08:16
he stood up and announced that he had made a mistake
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ื”ื•ื ืงื ื•ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืฉื”ื•ื ื˜ืขื”
08:20
and that the planet did not exist.
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ื•ืฉื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ืœื ืงื™ื™ื.
08:23
And what happened next --
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื– --
08:25
oh, I love this --
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ืื•, ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื–ื” --
08:27
what happened next was wonderful.
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื– ื”ื™ื” ื ืคืœื.
08:29
He got an ovation.
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ื”ื•ื ื–ื›ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืื•ืช.
08:31
The astronomers weren't angry at him;
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืœื ื›ืขืกื• ืขืœื™ื•;
08:34
they didn't want to chastise him.
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ื”ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืœื ื–ื•ืฃ ื‘ื•.
08:35
They praised him for his honesty and his integrity.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ืœืœื• ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ื•ืฉืจื” ืฉืœื•.
08:38
I love that!
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ืื ื™ ืžืช ืขืœ ื–ื”!
08:40
Scientists are people.
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ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
08:41
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:42
And it gets better!
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ื•ื–ื” ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืชืคืจ!
08:43
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
08:45
Lyne steps off the podium.
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ืœื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื“ ืžื”ืคื•ื“ื™ื•ื.
08:46
The next guy to come up is a man named Aleksander Wolszczan
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ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ื”ื•ื ืื“ื ืฉืฉืžื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื•ืœืฉืŸ.
08:49
He takes the microphone and says,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ืคื•ืŸ ื•ืื•ืžืจ,
08:51
"Yeah, so Lyne's team didn't find a pulsar planet,
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"ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืฆื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœืกืจ,
08:55
but my team found not just one
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ืžืฆื ืœื ืื—ื“
08:57
but two planets orbiting a different pulsar.
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ืืœื ืฉื ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืคื•ืœืกืจ ืื—ืจ.
09:00
We knew about the problem that Lyne had,
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœืœื™ืŸ,
09:02
we checked for it, and yeah, ours are real."
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ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื›ืŸ, ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ื ืืžื™ืชื™".
09:06
And it turns out he was right.
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ื•ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง.
09:08
And in fact, a few months later,
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
09:10
they found a third planet orbiting this pulsar
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœืกืจ
09:12
and it was the first exoplanet system ever found --
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืžืฆืื” ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ --
09:16
what we call alien worlds -- exoplanets.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื ื™ื™ื -- ืืงืกื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
09:20
That to me is just wonderful.
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ื–ื”, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื™, ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืคืœื.
09:23
At that point the floodgates were opened.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืกื›ืจ ื ืคืจืฅ.
09:26
In 1995 a planet was found around a star more like the Sun,
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1995 ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืžืฉ,
09:31
and then we found another and another.
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ื•ืื– ืžืฆืื ื• ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
09:34
This is an image of an actual planet orbiting an actual star.
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืœื›ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืืžื™ืชื™.
09:39
We kept getting better at it.
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืคืจ ื‘ื›ืš.
09:40
We started finding them by the bucketload.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช.
09:42
We started finding thousands of them.
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ื.
09:44
We built observatories specifically designed to look for them.
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ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื• ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืœื—ืคืฉ ืื•ืชื.
09:48
And now we know of thousands of them.
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืœืคื™ื ืžื”ื.
09:50
We even know of planetary systems.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช.
09:52
That is actual data, animated, showing four planets orbiting another star.
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ื–ื” ืžื™ื“ืข ืžืžืฉื™, ืžื•ื ืคืฉ, ืฉืžืจืื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช ืฉืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
09:58
This is incredible. Think about that.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื. ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
10:00
For all of human history,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช,
10:02
you could count all the known planets in the universe on two hands --
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืขืœ ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื --
10:07
nine -- eight?
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ืชืฉืขื” -- ืฉืžื•ื ื”?
10:08
Nine? Eight -- eight.
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ืชืฉืขื”? ืฉืžื•ื ื” -- ืฉืžื•ื ื”.
10:09
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:13
Eh.
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ืื”..
10:14
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:15
But now we know they're everywhere.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
10:17
Every star --
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ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ --
10:19
for every star you see in the sky there could be three, five, ten planets.
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื—ืžื™ืฉื”, ืขืฉืจื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืช.
10:22
The sky is filled with them.
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ื”ืฉืžื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื”ื.
10:26
We think that planets may outnumber stars in the galaxy.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ ื”ืœื›ืช ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”.
10:29
This is a profound statement,
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ื–ื” ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืขืžื•ืง,
10:31
and it was made because of science.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข.
10:33
And it wasn't made just because of science and the observatories and the data;
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืจืง ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืข, ืžืฆืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื;
10:37
it was made because of the scientists who built the observatories,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื• ืืช ืžืฆืคื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
10:40
who took the data,
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ืฉืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข,
10:42
who made the mistakes and admitted them
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ
10:43
and then let other scientists build on their mistakes
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ื•ืื– ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
10:47
so that they could do what they do
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื•
10:49
and figure out where our place is in the universe.
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ื•ื™ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื ื• ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
10:53
That is how you find the truth.
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ื›ืš ืžื’ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
10:56
Science is at its best when it dares to be human.
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ื”ืžื“ืข ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืขื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™.
11:01
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
11:02
(Applause and cheers)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื ื•ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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