Louise Fresco on feeding the whole world

68,036 views ใƒป 2009-05-08

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Mohamed Achraf BEN MOHAMED ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:12
I'm not at all a cook.
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ุฃู†ุง ู„ุณุช ุจุทุจู‘ุงุฎุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅุทู„ุงู‚.
00:14
So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุง ุชู‚ู„ู‚ูˆุงุŒ ู„ู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ุฐุง ุนุฑุถุง ู„ู„ุทู‘ูŽู‡ูŠ.
00:17
But I do want to talk to you about something
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุฃูˆุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ุนู† ุดูŠุก
00:19
that I think is dear to all of us.
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ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ุนุฒูŠุฒ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ู‘ ูˆูŽุงุญูุฏู ู…ูู†ู‘ูŽุง.
00:22
And that is bread -- something which is as simple
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ูˆุฃู„ุง ูˆู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ -- ุดูŠุก ููŠ ุบุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุณุงุทุฉ
00:25
as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
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ู…ูุซู€ู„ู‡ ู…ุซู€ู„ ุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุญุงุฌูŠู‘ุงุช ุงู„ุฅู†ุณุงู† ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ.
00:29
And I think few of us spend the day
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู† ู‚ูู„ู‘ูŽุฉ ู…ู†ู‘ุง ูŠูŽู…ูุฑู‘ ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ูŠูˆู…
00:32
without eating bread in some form.
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ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ููŠ ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุดูƒุงู„ู‡.
00:35
Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
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ุฅู„ุง ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุฃุญุฏ ู…ุณุชู‡ู„ูƒูŠ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุฌุจุงุช ู…ู†ุฎูุถุฉ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆู‡ูŠุฏุงุช ููŠ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุงุŒ
00:39
bread is standard.
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ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู…ูุนูŽูŠูŽุงุฑ.
00:41
Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
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ู„ุง ูŠุนุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ูู‚ุท ู…ุนูŠุงุฑุง ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธุงู… ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠ.
00:43
As I will show to you, it is actually
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ูˆุณูˆู ุฃุจูŠู‘ู† ุฐู„ูƒุŒ ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠูู…ูŽุซู‘ูู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน
00:45
the mainstay of modern life.
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ุงู„ุฏู‘ุนุงู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠุฉ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
00:48
So I'm going to bake bread for you.
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ุณูˆู ุฃู‚ูˆู… ุจูุตูู†ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู„ูƒู….
00:50
In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
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ูˆุณุฃุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุฅู„ูŠูƒู… ููŠ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช.
00:53
so my life is going to be complicated. Bear with me.
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ุณูˆู ูŠูุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏุง. ุชุญู…ู‘ู„ูˆุง ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุนูŠ.
00:56
First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุจุฏุงูŠุฉุŒ ุฃูˆุฏู‘ ุฃู† ุฃูุดุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฌู…ู‡ูˆุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง.
01:00
I have two loaves of bread here.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‘ ุฑูŽุบููŠููŽูŠู’ ุฎุจุฒ ู‡ู†ุง.
01:03
One is a supermarket standard:
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ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…ุง ุจู…ุนูŠุงุฑ ุณูˆุจุฑ ู…ุงุฑูƒุชุŒ
01:06
white bread, pre-packaged,
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ุฎุจุฒ ุฃุจูŠุถุŒ ู…ุณุจู‚ ุงู„ุชู‘ุนุจุฆุฉุŒ
01:08
which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ููŠู„ ู„ูŠ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠูุณู…ู‰ "ูˆูู†ุฏูŽุฑู’ ุฅุจู’ุฑููŠุฏู’".
01:11
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:12
I didn't know this word until I arrived.
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ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ุฃุนุฑู ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุฉ ุญุชู‰ ูˆุตู„ุช.
01:14
And this is more or less,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุงุŒ
01:17
a whole-meal, handmade,
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ุฑุบูŠู ุฎุจุฒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ ุŒ ู…ุตู†ูˆุน ูŠุฏูˆูŠู‘ุงุŒ
01:19
small-bakery loaf of bread.
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ู…ูู†ุชุฌู ููŠ ู…ุฎุงุจุฒ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ.
01:21
Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
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ู„ูู†ูŽุจู’ุฏูŽุฃ. ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุนุฑู ุฑุฃูŠูƒู… ุจุฑูุน ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏูŠ.
01:24
Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠููุถู‘ู„ ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ุฏู‘ู‚ูŠู‚ ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„ุŸ
01:29
Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
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ุญุณู†ุง ุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ. ู‡ู„ ู…ู† ุจูŽูŠู’ู†ูƒู… ู…ู† ูŠููุถู‘ู„ "ุงู„ูˆู†ุฏุฑุฅุจุฑูŠุฏ"ุŸ
01:33
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:34
I have two tentative male hands.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ูŠูŽุฏูŽุงู†ู ู…ุชุฑุฏู‘ุฏุชุงู† ู„ูุฑูŽุฌูู„ูŽูŠู’ู†ู.
01:38
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
01:41
Okay, now the question is really,
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ุญุณู†ุง ุŒ ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ุณุคุงู„ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ู‡ูˆุŒ
01:44
why is this so?
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ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุนู„ ุงู„ุฃู…ุฑ ู‡ูƒุฐุงุŸ
01:46
And I think it is because
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุณุจุจ
01:48
we feel that this kind of bread
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ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ
01:51
really is about authenticity.
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ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุตุงู„ุฉ.
01:54
It's about a traditional way of living.
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ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠู‘ุฉ.
01:57
A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
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ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฑุจู‘ู…ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ุฃูƒุซุฑ ูˆุงู‚ุนูŠู‘ุฉุŒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุตุฏู‚ุง.
02:01
This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ู† "ุชูˆุณูƒุงู†ุง" ุŒ ุญูŠุซ ู†ุดุนุฑ
02:04
agriculture is still about beauty.
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ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุชุฑู…ุฒ ู„ู„ุฌู…ุงู„.
02:06
And life is really, too.
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ูˆูƒุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง.
02:08
And this is about good taste, good traditions.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฐู‘ูˆู‚ ุงู„ุฑููŠุน ูˆุงู„ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุฌูŠู‘ุฏุฉ.
02:12
Why do we have this image?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑุฉุŸ
02:14
Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู†ุดุนุฑ ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุฃุตุฏู‚ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
02:19
Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
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ุญุณู†ุง ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู† ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุฑุชุจุท ูƒุซูŠุฑุง ุจุชุงุฑูŠุฎู†ุง.
02:22
In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
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ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุณู†ุฉ ู…ุถุช ู…ู†ุฐ ุชุทูˆู‘ุฑุช ุงู„ุฒู‘ุฑุงุนุฉุŒ
02:25
most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
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ูƒุงู† ู…ูุนุธู… ุฃุณู„ุงูู†ุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ุจุงู„ุฒู‘ุฑุงุนุฉ
02:29
or they were closely related to food production.
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ุฃูˆ ูƒุงู†ูˆุง ู…ุฑุชุจุทูŠู† ุฅุฑุชุจุงุทุง ูˆุซูŠู‚ุง ุจุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ.
02:32
And we have this mythical image
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุฃุณุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ
02:34
of how life was in rural areas in the past.
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ู„ู…ุงู‡ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฑู‘ููŠููŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ.
02:38
Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
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ูˆู‚ุฏ ุณุงุนุฏู†ุง ุงู„ูู† ู„ู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุตู‘ูˆุฑ.
02:41
It was a mythical past.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ูƒุงู† ู…ุงุถูŠู‹ุง ุฃุณุทูˆุฑูŠู‘ู‹ุง.
02:44
Of course, the reality is quite different.
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ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ุŒ ูุฅู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ูุฎุชู„ููŒ ุชู…ุงู…ู‹ุง.
02:46
These poor farmers
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูˆู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก
02:48
working the land by hand or with their animals,
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ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุฃูˆ ุจุงู„ุฅุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุชู‡ู…ุŒ
02:50
had yield levels that are comparable
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ู…ู‚ุงุฑู†ุฉ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ู…ุญุตูˆู„ ู„ุฏูŠู‡ู…
02:53
to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
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ุจุฃูู‚ุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ููŠ ุบุฑุจ ุฃูุฑูŠู‚ูŠุง ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
02:56
But we have, somehow,
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู†ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุงุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุญูˆ ู…ุงุŒ
02:58
in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
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ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆู† ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุญุชู‰ ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฒู…ู† ุŒ
03:02
started to cultivate an image of
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ุจุฅู†ุดุงุก ุตูˆุฑุฉ
03:04
a mythical, rural agricultural past.
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ู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฃุณุทูˆุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฑูŠููŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ.
03:08
It was only 200 years ago
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ู…ูŽุฑู‘ูŽุชู’ 200 ุณู†ุฉ ูู‚ุท
03:10
that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ.
03:13
And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุฃุจุฏุฃ ุจูุตูู†ู’ุนู ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู„ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
03:16
it's very important to understand
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ูุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู‡ู… ุฌุฏู‘ุง ุฃู† ู†ูู‡ู…
03:18
what that revolution did to us.
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ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู‚ุฏู‘ู…ุชู‡ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ู„ู†ุง.
03:21
It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌู„ุจุช ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูˆู‘ุฉ. ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฌู„ุจุช ู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณู…ุฏุฉ.
03:27
And it actually drove up our yields.
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ูˆู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุชูˆู„ู‘ู‰ ุฌู…ุน ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„ู†ุง
03:29
And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
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ูˆุญุชู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุตุนุจุฉุŒ ู…ุซู„ ุญุตุฏ ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจ ูŠุฏูˆูŠู‘ุงุŒ
03:33
can now be done automatically.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุขู† ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ุฃูˆุชูˆู…ุงุชูŠูƒูŠู‘ุฉ.
03:36
All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
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ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ุŒ ุชุญุณู‘ู† ูƒุจูŠุฑุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุณู†ุฑู‰.
03:41
Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
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ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู†ุญู† ุฃูŠุถุง ุŒ ูˆุจุฎุงุตุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ุฏ ุงู„ุฃุฎูŠุฑ ุŒ
03:45
managed to envelop the world
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ู…ู„ุฃู†ุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
03:47
in a dense chain of supermarkets,
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ุจุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ูƒุซูŠูุฉ ู…ู† ู…ุญู„ุงุช ุงู„ุณูˆุจุฑ ู…ุงุฑูƒุชุŒ
03:50
in a chain of global trade.
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ููŠ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุชุฌุงุฑุฉ ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
03:53
And it means that you now eat products,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู…ุง ุชุณุชู‡ู„ูƒู‡ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ู† ู…ู†ุชุฌุงุชุŒ
03:55
which can come from all around the world.
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
03:58
That is the reality of our modern life.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ูˆุงู‚ุน ุญูŠุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุนุงุตุฑุฉ.
04:01
Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
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ู‚ุฏ ุชููุถู‘ู„ูˆู† ุฑุบูŠู ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู‡ุฐุง.
04:05
Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
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ุฃุนุชุฐุฑ ุจุฎุตูˆุต ูŠุฏูŠู‘ ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู‡ูŠ ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง.
04:08
But actually the real relevant bread,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠ ุฐูˆ ุงู„ุตู‘ู„ุฉุŒ
04:11
historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
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ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠู‘ุงุŒ ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑู‘ุบูŠู ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุงุฆุน.
04:15
And don't despise the white bread
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ูˆู„ุง ุชุญุชู‚ุฑูˆุง ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ุฃุจูŠุถ
04:18
because it really, I think,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุŒ
04:21
symbolizes the fact that bread and food
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ูŠุฑู…ุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ูˆุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ
04:24
have become plentiful and affordable to all.
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ุฃุตุจุญุช ู…ูุชูŽูˆูŽูุฑุฉ ูˆุจุฃุณุนุงุฑ ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ู„ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน.
04:28
And that is a feat that we
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌุงุฒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ
04:30
are not really conscious of that much.
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ู„ุณู†ุง ูˆุงุนูŠู† ู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุชู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุง.
04:33
But it has changed the world.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
04:35
This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุจุตูˆุฑุฉ ู…ุง ู„ุง ุทุนู… ู„ู‡
04:38
and has a lot of problems
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ูˆููŠู‡ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„
04:40
has changed the world.
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ู‚ุฏ ุบูŠู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
04:43
So what is happening?
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ูู…ุง ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุญุฏุซุŸ
04:45
Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
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ุฃูุถู„ ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุญุตุงุกุงุช ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ.
04:49
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
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ู…ุน ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุซูˆุฑุฉ ุงู„ุตู†ุงุนูŠู‘ุฉ
04:52
with modernization of agriculture
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ู…ุน ุชุญุฏูŠุซ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ
04:54
in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนู‚ูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ ุŒ ู…ู†ุฐ ุงู„ุณุชูŠู†ูŠุงุชุŒ
04:58
food availability, per head, in this world,
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ุฒุงุฏ ู…ู‚ุฏุงุฑ ุชูˆุงูุฑ ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉุŒ ู„ู„ุดู‘ุฎุต ุงู„ูˆุงุญุฏุŒ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ุŒ
05:01
has increased by 25 percent.
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ุจู†ุณุจุฉ 25 ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ.
05:04
And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
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ูˆุชุถุงุนู ุนุฏุฏ ุณูƒุงู† ุงู„ุนุงู„ู… ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠ.
05:08
That means that we have now more food available
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุขู† ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆูุฑุฉ
05:11
than ever before in human history.
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ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฃูŠ ูˆู‚ุช ู…ุถู‰ ููŠ ุชุงุฑูŠุฎ ุงู„ุจุดุฑูŠู‘ุฉ.
05:13
And that is the result, directly,
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ูˆู‡ุฐู‡ ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ ุŒ
05:15
of being so successful
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ู„ู†ุฌุงุญู†ุง ููŠ
05:17
at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
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ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ูˆุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
05:21
And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุตุญูŠุญ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู† ุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ู‘ุณุจุฉ ู„ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู†ุŒ
05:24
including the so-called developing countries.
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ุจู…ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุง ูŠุณู…ู‰ ุจุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงู…ูŠุฉ.
05:26
What happened to our bread in the meantime?
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ู…ุงุฐุง ุญุฏุซ ู„ุฎุจุฒู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช ู†ูุณู‡ุŸ
05:29
As food became plentiful here,
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ู…ุน ุชูˆูู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
05:31
it also meant that we were able to decrease
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ูุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ูŠุนู†ูŠ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฃู†ู‘ู†ุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู‚ุงุฏุฑูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ุฎูŽูุถ
05:33
the number of people working in agriculture
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ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ูŠุนู…ู„ูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ
05:37
to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุง ูŠุนุงุฏู„ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุงุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุท ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฏู‘ุฎู„ ุงู„ู…ุฑุชูุนุŒ
05:41
five percent or less of the population.
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ุฎู…ุณุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ุฃูˆ ุฃู‚ู„ ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ูƒุงู†.
05:45
In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆู„ุงูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชุญุฏุฉ ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูˆู† ู†ุณุจุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฆุฉ ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
05:49
And it frees us all up to do other things --
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ูˆุณูŠุชูŠุญ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰ --
05:52
to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
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ูƒุงู„ุฌู„ูˆุณ ููŠ ุฌู„ุณุงุช ุชูŠุฏ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุดู‘ุนูˆุฑ ุจุงู„ู‚ู„ู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุบุฐุงุฆู†ุง.
05:55
That is, historically, a really unique situation.
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ูˆุชูู…ุซู‘ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุงุฑูŠุฎูŠุฉ ุŒ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง ุญู‚ุง.
05:59
Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ุทู‘ ุฃู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ู„ู„ุนุงู„ู…
06:03
been in the hands of so few people.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ.
06:05
And never before have so many people
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ูˆู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูƒุงู† ุนุฏุฏ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ
06:08
been oblivious of that fact.
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ุบุงูู„ูŠู† ุนู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ.
06:11
So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
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ู…ุน ุชูˆูู‘ุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุจุฏุฑุฌุฉ ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉุŒ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุฃุฑุฎุต.
06:15
And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
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ูˆู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุฃุตุจุญ ุฃุฑุฎุต ุŒ ู‚ุฑุฑุช ุดุฑูƒุงุช ุชุตู†ูŠุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุฃู† ุชุถูŠู ุฅู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก.
06:19
We added in more sugar.
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ุฃุถูู†ุง ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณูƒุฑ.
06:21
We add in raisins and oil and milk
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ู†ุถูŠู ุงู„ุฒู‘ุจูŠุจ ูˆุงู„ุฒูŠุช ูˆุงู„ุญู„ูŠุจุŒ
06:27
and all kinds of things to make bread,
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ูˆุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒุŒ
06:29
from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูˆุงุฏ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฏุนู… ุงู„ุณู‘ุนุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ.
06:34
And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
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ูˆููŠ ูŠูˆู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูŠุฑุชุจุท ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุงู„ุขู† ู…ุน ุงู„ุณู‘ู…ู†ุฉุŒ
06:38
which is very strange.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุฃู…ุฑ ุบุฑูŠุจ ุฌุฏุง.
06:40
It is the basic, most fundamental food
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ู…ูŽุซู‘ูŽู„ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฆูŠุณูŠ ูˆุงู„ุฃุณุงุณูŠู‘
06:42
that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
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ู„ู„ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุณู†ุฉ ุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠุฉ.
06:45
Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
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ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ุญุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ -- ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠูู…ุซู‘ู„ ุฃูˆู„ ู…ุญุตูˆู„ ุชู…ู‘ ุชุฏุฌูŠู†ู‡
06:49
and the most important crop we still grow today.
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ูˆุฃู‡ู…ู‘ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุฒุฑุน ุญุชู‰ ุงู„ูŠูˆู….
06:51
But this is now this strange concoction
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ุฃุตุจุญ ุงู„ูŠูˆู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ
06:54
of high calories.
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ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุณู‘ุนุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุนุงู„ูŠุฉ.
06:56
And that's not only true in this country,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุตุญูŠุญุง ูู‚ุท ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุจู„ุฏ ุŒ
06:59
it is true all over the world.
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ูˆู„ูƒู†ู‘ู‡ ุตุญูŠุญ ููŠ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
07:01
Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
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ุฅู†ุชู‚ู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ุงู„ู…ุฏุงุฑูŠุฉ
07:03
where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ุทุจู‚ุงุช ุงู„ู…ุชูˆุณุทุฉ ุงู„ุขู† "ุงู„ู‡ู…ุจุฑุบุฑ" ูˆุงู„ู„ู‘ูุงุช ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ
07:07
and where the commuters
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ูˆุญูŠุซ ูŠุฌุฏ ุงู„ู…ุณุงูุฑูˆู†
07:10
find bread much more handy to use
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ุฃู†ู‘ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุฃุณู‡ู„ ู…ู† ุชู†ุงูˆู„
07:12
than rice or cassava.
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ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒ ุฃูˆ ุงู„ูƒุณุงูุง.
07:14
So bread has become from a main staple,
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุชุญูˆู‘ู„ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ ุงู„ู…ุญุตูˆู„ ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠุŒ
07:18
a source of calories
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ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุณู‘ุนุฑุงุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑูŠู‘ุฉ
07:20
associated with obesity
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ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ุณู…ู†ุฉ
07:22
and also a source of modernity,
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุง ู…ุตุฏุฑ ู„ู„ุญุฏุงุซุฉุŒ
07:24
of modern life.
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ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซุฉ.
07:26
And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
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ูˆููŠ ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจู„ุฏุงู† ูƒู„ู‘ู…ุง ูƒุงู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุจูŠุงุถุงุŒ ูƒุงู† ูŠูุนุชุจุฑ ุฃูุถู„ุง.
07:29
So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ุตุฉ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุฑูู‡ุง ุงู„ุขู†.
07:32
But of course the price of mass production
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ ูƒุงู† ุซูŽู…ูŽู†ู ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุถุฎู…
07:36
has been that we moved large-scale.
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ุงู„ุฅูู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุฅู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุฃูˆุณุน.
07:39
And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
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ูˆุฃุฏู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ูˆุงุณุน ุงู„ู†ู‘ุทุงู‚ ู„ู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุธุฑ ุงู„ุทุจูŠุนูŠุฉ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŒ
07:43
destruction of biodiversity --
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ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชู‘ูŽู†ูˆู‘ุน ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠ --
07:45
still a lonely emu here
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ุจู‚ูŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทู‘ุงุฆุฑ ูˆุญูŠุฏุง ู‡ู†ุง
07:47
in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
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ููŠ ุญู‚ูˆู„ ููˆู„ ุงู„ุตูˆูŠุง ููŠ "ุณูŠุฑุงุฏูˆ" ุงู„ุจุฑุงุฒูŠู„ูŠุฉ.
07:50
The costs have been tremendous --
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ูˆูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ุชูƒุงู„ูŠู ู‡ุงุฆู„ุฉ --
07:52
water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
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ุชู„ูˆุซ ุงู„ู…ูŠุงู‡ุŒ ูˆูƒู„ู‘ ุงู„ุฃู…ูˆุฑ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุนุฑูุŒ ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุฃู…ุงูƒู† ุนูŠุด ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
07:56
What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
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ู…ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุก ู„ูู‡ู… ู…ุงู‡ูŠู‘ุฉ ุทุนุงู…ู†ุง.
08:01
And this is where I have to query all of you.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูˆุถูˆุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู„ุง ุจุฏ ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุณุฃู„ูƒู… ุนู†ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุนุง.
08:03
How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
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ูƒู… ูŠุจู„ุบ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ูŠุชุนุฑู‘ู ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญ ู…ู† ุจูŠู† ุจู‚ูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจุŸ
08:07
How many of you actually can make a bread
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ูƒู… ูŠุจู„ุบ ุนุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ูƒู… ุฃู† ูŠุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ
08:10
in this way, without starting with a bread machine
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ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉุŒ ุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุฅุณุชุนุงู†ุฉ ุจุขู„ุฉ ู„ุตู†ุน ุฎุจุฒ
08:13
or just some kind of packaged flavor?
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ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠู‘ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุตูุงุช ุงู„ู…ุนุจู‘ุฆุฉุŸ
08:17
Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุตู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒุŸ ู‡ู„ ุชุนุฑู ูƒู… ูŠุจู„ุบ ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง ุซู…ู† ุฑุบูŠู ู…ู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒุŸ
08:21
We have become very removed
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุตุจุญู†ุง ุจุนูŠุฏูŠู† ุฌุฏู‘ุง
08:23
from what our bread really is,
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ุนู† ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠู‘ ู„ู„ุฎุจุฒุŒ
08:25
which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠูุนุชุจุฑุŒ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰ุŒ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชู‘ุทูˆูŠุฑูŠู‘ุฉ
08:27
is very strange.
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ุบุฑูŠุจุง ุฌุฏู‘ุง.
08:29
In fact not many of you know that
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ุง ูŠุนู„ู… ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฃู†
08:31
our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
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ุงู„ุฎุจุฒุŒ ุจุทุจูŠุนุฉ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุŒ ู„ู… ูŠูƒู† ุงุฎุชุฑุงุนุง ุฃูˆุฑูˆุจูŠู‘ุง.
08:33
It was invented by farmers in Iraq
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ู„ู‚ุฏ ุชู…ู‘ ุงุฎุชุฑุงุนู‡ ู…ู† ู‚ูุจู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ุนุฑุงู‚
08:35
and Syria in particular.
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ูˆุณูˆุฑูŠุง ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฎุตูˆุต.
08:37
The tiny spike on the left to the center
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ุงู„ุณู‘ู†ุจู„ุฉ ุงู„ุตู‘ุบูŠุฑุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุณุท
08:40
is actually the forefather of wheat.
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ุชูู…ุซู‘ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุญุฏ ุฃุณู„ุงู ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญ.
08:43
This is where it all comes from,
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ู…ู†ุดุฃู‡ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง.
08:45
and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
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ูˆุฃูŠู† ู‚ุงู… ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ู…ู†ุฐ ุนุดุฑุฉ ุขู„ุงู ุณู†ุฉ ุฎู„ุช
08:48
put us on the road of bread.
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ุจูˆุถุนู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ.
08:51
Now it is not surprising
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ุงู„ุขู† ู„ูŠุณ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุณุชุบุฑุจ
08:53
that with this massification and large-scale production,
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ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชู‘ูˆุณู‘ุน ููŠ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ูˆุงุณุนุŒ
08:56
there is a counter-movement that emerged --
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ุธู‡ุฑุช ุญุฑูƒุฉ ู…ู†ุงู‡ุถุฉ--
08:58
very much also here in California.
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ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง.
09:00
The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
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ุดุนุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุฑูƒุฉ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงู‡ุถุฉ ูƒุงู† : "ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง.
09:03
Let's go back to traditional farming.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ.
09:05
Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
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ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฃุณูˆุงู‚ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†ุŒ
09:09
small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
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ุงู„ู…ุฎุงุจุฒ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆูƒู„ู‘ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก. ุฑุงุฆุน.
09:12
Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
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ุฃู„ุณู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุง ู…ูˆุงูู‚ูŠู†ุŸ ุฃู†ุง ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู…ูˆุงูู‚.
09:14
I would love to go back to Tuscany
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ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุฃูƒูŠุฏ ุฃูˆุฏู‘ ุฃู† ุฃุนูˆุฏ ุฅู„ู‰ "ุชูˆุณูƒุงู†ุง"
09:16
to this kind of traditional setting,
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉุŒ
09:18
gastronomy, good food.
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ูู†ู‘ ุงู„ุทุจุฎุŒ ูˆุงู„ุทู‘ุนุงู… ุงู„ุฌูŠู‘ุฏ.
09:20
But this is a fallacy.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู…ุบุงู„ุทุฉ.
09:22
And the fallacy comes from idealizing
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ูˆุงู„ู…ุบุงู„ุทุฉ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ูƒูˆู†ู†ุง ุฌูŽุนูŽู„ู’ู†ุง ู…ู†
09:25
a past that we have forgotten about.
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ู…ุงุถู ู‚ุฏ ู†ุณูŠู†ุงู‡ ู…ุซุงู„ูŠู‘ุง.
09:28
If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
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ุฅุฐุง ูุนู„ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ ุŒ ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒู‘ุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑ
09:32
we are going, actually, to relegate
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ูุณูˆู ู†ู‚ูˆู…ุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏุŒ ุจุงู„ุชุฎู„ู‘ูŠ ุนู†
09:35
these poor farmers and their husbands --
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ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑุงุก ูˆุฃุฒูˆุงุฌู‡ู†ุŒ
09:38
among whom I have lived for many years,
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนูุดู’ุชู ู…ุนู‡ู… ู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉุŒ
09:40
working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
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ู„ู„ุนู…ู„ ู…ู† ุฏูˆู† ูƒู‡ุฑุจุงุก ุฃูˆู…ุงุก ุŒ ููŠ ู…ุญุงูˆู„ุฉ ู„ุชุญุณูŠู† ุงู†ุชุงุฌู‡ู… ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠ.
09:43
we relegate them to poverty.
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ุณูˆู ู†ูŽุชู’ุฑููƒู‡ู… ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ูˆู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
09:46
What they want are implements
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ู…ุง ูŠุฑูŠุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุฃุฏูˆุงุช
09:48
to increase their production:
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ู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌู‡ู… --
09:50
something to fertilize the soil,
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ุดูŠุก ู„ุชุณู…ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฑุจุฉุŒ
09:52
something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
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ุดูŠุก ูŠุณุงุนุฏู‡ู… ุนู„ู‰ ุญู…ุงูŠุฉ ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„ู‡ู… ูˆุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„ ุจู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุณู‘ูˆู‚.
09:55
We cannot just think that small-scale
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุฅูƒุชูุงุก ุจู…ุฌุฑุฏ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุฃุตุบุฑ
09:57
is the solution to the world food problem.
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ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ู‘ ู„ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…ูŠุฉ.
10:00
It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
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ุงู†ู‡ ุญูŽู„ู‘ูŒ ู…ูุชุฑููŒ ูŠุตู„ุญ ู„ู†ุง ู†ุญู† ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชูˆููŠุฑู‡ุŒ
10:03
if you want to afford it.
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุช ุชุฑุบุจ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
10:05
In fact we do not want this poor woman
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุฑุฃุฉ ุงู„ูู‚ูŠุฑุฉ
10:07
to work the land like this.
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ุฃู† ุชุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ุญูˆ.
10:09
If we say just small-scale production,
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ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ู‘ุง ู†ู†ุงุฏูŠ ูู‚ุท ุจุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุทุงู‚ ุตุบูŠุฑุŒ
10:11
as is the tendency here,
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ูƒู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู…ูŽูŠู’ู„ ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
10:13
to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
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ูุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุนูˆุฏุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุชุนู†ูŠ ุฃู† ุฑุฌู„ุง ูู‚ูŠุฑุง ู…ุซู„ "ู‡ุงู†ุณ ุฑูˆุณู„ูŠู†ุฌ"
10:16
cannot even eat oranges anymore
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ู„ู† ูŠุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุฃูƒู„ ุงู„ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„ ุจุนุฏ ุงู„ุขู†
10:18
because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุฏู‘ููˆู„ ุงู„ุฅุณูƒู†ุฏู†ุงููŠู‘ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุจุฑุชู‚ุงู„.
10:21
So local food production is out.
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ู„ุฐุง ูุฅู†ู‘ ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ ู…ุญู„ูŠู‘ุง ุฃู…ุฑ ูŠุฌุจ ุงุณุชุจุนุงุฏู‡.
10:23
But also we do not want
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุฃูŠุถุง ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ูˆุฏู‘
10:25
to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
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ุฃู† ู†ุชุฑูƒ ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฑูŠููŠุฉ ุชูˆุงุฌู‡ ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
10:28
And we do not want to relegate
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ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ู†ุชุฑูƒ
10:30
the urban poor to starvation.
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ูู‚ุฑุงุก ุงู„ุญูŽุถูŽุฑ ูŠูˆุงุฌู‡ูˆู† ุดุจุญ ุงู„ู…ุฌุงุนุฉ.
10:33
So we must find other solutions.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุญู„ูˆู„ุง ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
10:36
One of our problems is that world food production
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ุฅุญุฏู‰ ู…ุดุงูƒู„ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุฃู† ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
10:38
needs to increase very rapidly --
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ูŠุญุชุงุฌ ุฅู„ู‰ ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ ุฌุฏุง --
10:40
doubling by about 2030.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ูŠุชุถุงุนู ุจุญู„ูˆู„ ุณู†ุฉ 2030.
10:43
The main driver of that is actually meat.
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ุงู„ู…ุญุฑู‘ูƒ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฆูŠุณูŠู‘ ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ู„ุญูˆู….
10:46
And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
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ูˆุงุณุชู‡ู„ุงูƒ ุงู„ู„ุญูˆู… ููŠ ุฌู†ูˆุจ ุดุฑู‚ ุขุณูŠุง ูˆุงู„ุตูŠู† ุนู„ู‰ ูˆุฌู‡ ุงู„ุฎุตูˆุต
10:49
is what drives the prices of cereals.
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ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ูŠุญุฏู‘ุฏ ุฃุณุนุงุฑ ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจ.
10:54
That need for animal protein is going to continue.
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ุฅู†ู‘ ุงู„ุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุจุฑูˆุชูŠู† ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠ ุณูˆู ูŠุณุชู…ุฑู‘.
10:58
We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
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ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ู†ุงู‚ุด ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆู„ ููŠ ุญุฏูŠุซ ุขุฎุฑุŒ ุฑูุจู‘ู…ุง ูŠูˆู… ู…ุง.
11:01
but this is our driving force.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ู‡ูŠ ู‚ูˆู‘ุชู†ุง ุงู„ุฏุงูุนุฉ.
11:03
So what can we do?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ุŸ
11:05
Can we find a solution to produce more?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ู†ุฌุฏ ุญูŽู„ู‘ู‹ุง ู„ุฒูŠุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌุŸ
11:09
Yes. But we need mechanization.
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ู†ุนู…. ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ุญุชุงุฌ ู„ู„ู…ูŽูŠู’ูƒูŽู†ูŽุฉู.
11:13
And I'm making a real plea here.
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ูˆุฃู†ูŽุง ุฃููˆูŽุฌู‘ูู‡ู ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ู†ุฏุงุกู‹ุง ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูู€ูŠู‘ู‹ุง.
11:15
I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
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ุฃุดุนุฑ ุจูƒู„ู‘ ู…ุง ุฃูˆุชูŠุช ู…ู† ู‚ูˆู‘ุฉ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุทู‘ู„ุจ ู…ู† ุฃุญุฏ ุตุบุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†
11:19
to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
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ุฃู† ูŠุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ูˆุงู„ุฅู†ุญู†ุงุก ู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ู‡ูƒุชุงุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒุŒ
11:22
150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
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150 ุฃู„ู ู…ุฑุฉุŒ ูู‚ุท ู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ู…ุญุตูˆู„ ูˆุชู†ุธูŠู ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ.
11:26
You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
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ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุฃู† ุชุทู„ุจ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุธู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุธุฑูˆู.
11:29
We need clever low-key mechanization
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ูู…ูŽูŠู’ูƒูŽู†ูŽุฉู ู…ุญู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ุฐูƒูŠุฉ.
11:32
that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
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ูˆุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูƒู‘ู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุชุฌู†ู‘ุจ ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุนุงู†ูŠ ู…ู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ู…ูŠูƒู†ุฉ ูˆุงุณุนุฉ ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒุงู†ุช ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง.
11:36
So what can we do?
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ูุนู„ู‡ุŸ
11:38
We must feed three billion people in cities.
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฅุทุนุงู… ุซู„ุงุซุฉ ู…ู„ูŠุงุฑุงุช ุดุฎุต ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฏู†.
11:41
We will not do that through small farmers' markets
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ู„ู† ู†ุชู…ูƒู‘ู† ู…ู† ุชุฃู…ูŠู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ุฎู„ุงู„ ุฃุณูˆุงู‚ ุตุบุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†
11:43
because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู„ู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุฃุณูˆุงู‚ูŒ ู„ุตุบุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ููŠ ู…ุชู†ุงูˆู„ู‡ู….
11:47
They have low incomes. And they benefit
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ุฏุฎู„ู‡ู… ู…ู†ุฎูุถ. ูˆูŠุณุชููŠุฏูˆู†
11:50
from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุบุฐูŠุฉ ุงู„ุฑู‘ุฎูŠุตุฉุŒ ุฐุงุช ุงู„ุฃุณุนุงุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู‚ูˆู„ุฉ ูˆุงู„ุขู…ู†ุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชู†ูˆู‘ุนุฉ.
11:53
That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุญู‚ู‘ู‚ู‡ ุฎู„ุงู„ ุงู„ุณู†ูˆุงุช ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ุซู‘ู„ุงุซูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุงุฏู…ุฉ.
11:56
But yes there are some solutions.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุจุงู„ุชู‘ุงูƒูŠุฏ ู†ุนู… ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„.
11:58
And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
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ูˆุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃูุทุจู‘ู‚ ุฃุญุฏ ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ุงู„ุจุณูŠุทุฉ :
12:02
if I plot science as a proxy
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ุฅุฐุง ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุฑุณู… ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ูƒูŽูˆูŽูƒููŠู„ู
12:05
for control of the production process and scale.
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ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุงู„ุชู‘ุญูƒู‘ู… ููŠ ุนู…ู„ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆุญุฌู… ุงู„ุฅู†ุชุงุฌ.
12:09
What you see is that we've started
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ู…ุง ุชุฑูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ูˆ ู…ุง ุจุฏุฃู†ุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡
12:11
in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰ ู…ุน ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุชู‚ู„ูŠุฏูŠุฉ ุŒ
12:14
which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุตู‘ุบูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุญูƒู‘ู… ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠู‘.
12:17
We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
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ุซู…ู‘ ุงู†ุชู‚ู„ู†ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ูˆุงุณุน ูˆุงู„ุชู‘ุญูƒู‘ู… ุงู„ูƒุงู…ู„.
12:21
What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
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ู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญูุงุธ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆุญุชู‘ูŠ ุงู‚ุญุงู… ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ููŠู‡
12:26
but go to a kind of regional scale --
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุฅู†ุชู‚ุงู„ ุงู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ูŠ --
12:28
not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
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ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ู…ุณุงุญุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูˆู„ ุŒ
12:30
but in terms of the entire food network.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุดุจูƒุฉ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ุจุฃูƒู…ู„ู‡ุง.
12:33
That's where we should move.
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ุญูŠุซ ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุชุญุฑู‘ูƒ.
12:35
And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
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ูˆุฑุจู…ุง ุณูŽู†ูŽุชูŽู…ูŽูƒู‘ูŽู†ู ููŠ ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุทุงูุŒ ูˆู„ูˆ ุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ุง ูŠู†ุทุจู‚ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญุจูˆุจุŒ
12:38
that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
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ู…ู† ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ุธู… ุฅูŠูƒูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ ู…ุบู„ู‚ุฉ ุชู…ุงู…ุง --
12:41
the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
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ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธู… ุงู„ุจุณุชุงู†ูŠู‘ุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุงูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ูŠุณุฑู‰ ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง.
12:45
So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ูู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ุฎุชู„ู ุญูˆู„ ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฒู‘ุฑุงุนุฉ.
12:49
Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
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ุนู„ู… ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุŒ ูˆู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†
12:51
among you here --
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ุจูŠู†ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุง ุŒ
12:53
has this name of being bad,
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ู‡ูˆ ุฅุณู… ุณูŠุฆุŒ
12:56
of being about pollution, about large-scale,
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ู…ุฑุงุฏู ู„ู„ุชู‘ู„ูˆู‘ุซุŒ ู…ุฑุงุฏู ู„ู„ู†ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ูˆุงุณุนุŒ
12:58
about the destruction of the environment.
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ู…ุฑุงุฏู ู„ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
13:00
That is not necessary.
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุถู‘ุฑูˆุฑุฉ.
13:02
We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูˆู„ูŠุณ ุฃู‚ู„. ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุนู„ู… ุณู„ูŠู….
13:05
So what kind of science can we have?
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ุฃูŠู‘ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุงุŸ
13:07
Well first of all I think
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ุญุณู†ุง ุฃูˆู„ุง ูˆู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ุฃุธู†ู‘
13:09
we can do much better on the existing technologies.
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ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฃูุถู„ ุจูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู…ู‘ุง ุชูˆูู‘ุฑู‡ ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุงุช ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ.
13:12
Use biotechnology where useful,
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ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุชูƒู†ูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠู‘ุฉ ูƒุงู† ุฃู…ุฑุง ู…ููŠุฏุงุŒ
13:14
particularly in pest and disease resistance.
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ูˆู„ุง ุณูŠู…ุง ููŠ ู…ูƒุงูุญุฉ ุงู„ุขูุงุช ูˆู…ู‚ุงูˆู…ุชู‡ุง ู„ู„ุฃู…ุฑุงุถ.
13:17
There are also robots, for example,
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃูŠุถุง ุงู„ุฑูˆุจูˆุชุงุช ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุŒ
13:19
who can recognize weeds
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ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ุชุนุฑู ุงู„ุฃุนุดุงุจ
13:21
with a resolution of half an inch.
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ู…ุน ุฏู‚ู‘ุฉ ุชู‚ุฏู‘ุฑ ุจู†ุตู ุจูˆุตุฉ.
13:24
We have much cleverer irrigation.
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ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุฑูŽูŠู‘ู ุงู„ุฃูƒุซุฑ ุฐูƒุงุกู‹ุง.
13:26
We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุณู†ุง ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ุฅู„ู‰ ุชุณุฑู‘ุจ ุงู„ู…ุงุก ุฅุฐุง ูƒู†ุง ู„ุง ู†ุฑูŠุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ.
13:30
And we need to think very dispassionately
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ูˆู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ู…ูุนู…ู‘ู‚ู
13:33
about the comparative advantages
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงูŠุง ุงู„ู†ุณุจูŠู‘ุฉ
13:35
of small-scale and large-scale.
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ู„ู„ู†ู‘ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ูˆุงู„ู†ู‘ุทุงู‚ ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑ.
13:38
We need to think that land is multi-functional.
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ู†ุญู† ุจุญุงุฌุฉ ู„ุฃู† ูŠุชุฑุณู‘ุฎ ููŠ ุฃุฐู‡ุงู†ู†ุง ุฃู†ู‘ ุงู„ุฃุฑุถ ู…ุชุนุฏู‘ุฏุฉ ุงู„ูˆุธุงุฆู.
13:40
It has different functions.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ูˆุธุงุฆู ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ.
13:42
There are different ways in which we must use it --
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ู†ูŽุณุชุบู„ู‘ู‡ุง ุจุทูุฑูู‚ู ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉู --
13:45
for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
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ู„ู„ุณู‘ูƒู†ุŒ ู„ู„ุทู‘ุจูŠุนุฉุŒ ู„ุฃุบุฑุงุถ ุงู„ุฒู‘ุฑุงุนุฉ.
13:48
And we also need to re-examine livestock.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ููŠ ุญุงุฌุฉ ุฃูŠุถุง ุฅู„ู‰ ุฅุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุซุฑูˆุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ูŠุฉ.
13:51
Go regional and go to urban food systems.
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ุจุฅุนุชู…ุงุฏ ู…ุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุฅู‚ู„ูŠู…ูŠู‘ุฉ ูˆ ุงู„ู†ู‘ุธู… ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠู‘ุฉ ุงู„ุญุถุฑูŠู‘ุฉ.
13:54
I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ุฃุฑู‰ ุจูุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฃุณู…ุงูƒ ููŠ ู…ูˆุงู‚ู ุงู„ุณูŠุงุฑุงุช ูˆุงู„ุทูˆุงุจู‚ ุงู„ุณูู„ูŠุฉ.
13:58
I want to have horticulture
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฃู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ุจุณุงุชูŠู†
14:00
and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
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ูˆุงู„ุฏู‘ููŠุฆุงุช ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุณุทุญ ุงู„ู…ุจุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุณู‘ูƒู†ูŠุฉ.
14:03
And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุฅุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุฃุชูŠ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏููŠุฆุงุช
14:06
and from the fermentation of crops
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ูˆู…ู† ุชุฎู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุญุงุตูŠู„
14:08
to heat our residential areas.
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ู„ุชุฏูุฆุฉ ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ู†ุง ุงู„ุณู‘ูƒู†ูŠุฉ.
14:10
There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฃู†ูˆุงุน ุนุฏูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุณู‘ุจู„ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุชุญู‚ูŠู‚ู‡ุง.
14:12
We cannot solve the world food problem
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ู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุณุชุทูŠุน ุญู„ ู…ุดูƒู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ููŠ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
14:14
by using biological agriculture.
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ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ ุงู„ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุฉ.
14:16
But we can do a lot more.
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ูุนู„ ุฃูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ.
14:19
And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
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ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณูŠ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุฃูˆุฏ ุจุญู‚ู‘ ุฃู† ุฃุทู„ุจู‡ ู…ู†ูƒู… ุฌู…ูŠุนุง
14:22
as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุนูˆุฏูˆู† ุฅู„ู‰ ุจู„ุฏุงู†ูƒู… ุŒ ุฃูˆ ุฅุฐุง ุจู‚ูŠุชู… ู‡ู†ุงุŒ
14:25
ask your government for an integrated food policy.
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ุฃู† ุชุทุงู„ุจูˆุง ุญูƒูˆู…ุชูƒู… ุจุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุบุฐุงุก ู…ุชูƒุงู…ู„ุฉ.
14:29
Food is as important as energy,
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ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ู„ุง ูŠู‚ู„ ุฃู‡ู…ูŠุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุทุงู‚ุฉ ุŒ
14:32
as security, as the environment.
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ูˆุงู„ุฃู…ู† ุŒ ูˆุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ.
14:34
Everything is linked together.
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ูƒู„ู‡ุง ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุฑุชุจุทุฉู ู…ุนุง.
14:36
So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ุชู…ูƒู† ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ. ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ููŠ ุจู„ุฏ ู…ูƒุชุธ ุจุงู„ุณูƒุงู†
14:39
like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
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ู…ุซู„ ุฏู„ุชุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ู‡ุฑุŒ ุญูŠุซ ุฃุนูŠุด ููŠ ู‡ูˆู„ู†ุฏุงุŒ
14:42
we have combined these functions.
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ู‚ู…ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงู…ู‘.
14:44
So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ู„ูŠุณ ุจุงู„ุฎูŠุงู„ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ. ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฌู…ุน ุจูŠู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก
14:47
even in a social sense of making
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ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฌุชู…ุงุนูŠุฉ ู„ุฌุนู„
14:49
the rural areas more accessible to people --
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ุงู„ู…ู†ุงุทู‚ ุงู„ุฑูŠููŠุฉ ู…ุชุงุญุฉ ู„ู„ู†ู‘ุงุณ --
14:51
to house, for example, the chronically sick.
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ู„ุฅูŠูˆุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฑุถู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒู…ู†ูŠู†ุŒ ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„.
14:54
There is all kinds of things we can do.
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ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡.
14:56
But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
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ูˆู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดูŠุฆุง ุจุงู„ุฐุงุช ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠูƒ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจู‡. ู„ูŠุณ ูƒุงููŠุง ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃู‚ูˆู„ุŒ
14:59
"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
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"ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ูู‚ู’ุญูู…ู ุงู„ู…ุฒูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ุฌุฑูŠุฆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุฒุฑุงุนุฉ".
15:02
You must go back
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ูŠุฌุจ ุฃู† ุชูุฑุฌูุน ุงู„ุจุตุฑุŒ
15:04
and think about your own food chain.
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ูˆุชูููƒู‘ูุฑ ููŠ ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุบุฐุงุฆูƒ.
15:06
Talk to farmers. When was the last time
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ุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†. ู…ุชู‰ ูƒุงู†ุช ุขุฎุฑ ู…ุฑุฉ
15:08
you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
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ุฐู‡ุจุช ููŠู‡ุง ุฅู„ู‰ ู…ุฒุฑุนุฉุŒ ูˆุชุญุฏู‘ุซุช ุฅู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†ุŸ
15:10
Talk to people in restaurants.
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ุชูŽุญุฏู‘ุซ ู…ุน ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุทุงุนู….
15:12
Understand where you are in the food chain,
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ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชูŽุนููŠูŽ ู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ุŒ
15:14
where your food comes from.
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ู…ู† ุฃูŠู† ูŠุฃุชูŠ ุทุนุงู…ูƒ.
15:16
Understand that you are part
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ุญุงูˆู„ ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู… ุฃู†ู‘ูƒ ุฌุฒุก
15:18
of this enormous chain of events.
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ู…ู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู„ุณู„ุฉ ุงู„ุถู‘ุฎู…ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุญุฏุงุซ.
15:20
And that frees you up to do other things.
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ูˆุฃู†ู‘ ู‡ุฐุง ูŠุฌุนู„ูƒ ู‚ุงุฏุฑุง ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจุฃุดูŠุงุก ุฃุฎุฑู‰.
15:23
And above all, to me, food is about respect.
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ูˆู‚ุจู„ ูƒู„ ุดูŠุกุŒ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ูŠุŒ ูุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ุงู„ุฅุญุชุฑุงู….
15:27
It's about understanding, when you eat,
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ุฃู† ุชูู‡ู… ุนู†ุฏ ุชู†ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุทุนุงู…
15:29
that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
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ุฃู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุงู„ุนุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฃุดุฎุงุต ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ูˆู† ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉุŒ
15:33
who are still struggling for their daily food.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ูˆู† ูŠูƒุงูุญูˆู† ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุทุนุงู… ูŠูˆู…ู‡ู….
15:36
And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ู‘ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญู„ูˆู„ ุงู„ุณู‘ูŽุงุฐุฌุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ููŠ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุฃุญูŠุงู†ุŒ
15:39
to think that doing everything by hand
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ุจุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ู‚ูŠุงู… ุจูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุฏูˆูŠู‘ุง
15:41
is going to be the solution,
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ุณูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุญู„ู‘ุŒ
15:43
is really not morally justified.
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ู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณ ู…ูุจูŽุฑู‘ูŽุฑู‹ุง ุฃุฎู„ุงู‚ูŠู‘ุง.
15:46
We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุงู„ู…ูุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ุฅู†ุชุดุงู„ู‡ู… ู…ู† ุงู„ูู‚ุฑ.
15:48
We need to make them proud of being a farmer
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ุนู„ูŠู†ุง ุฃู† ู†ุฌุนู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ูุฎูˆุฑูŠู† ูƒูˆู†ู‡ู… ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู†
15:52
because they allow us to survive.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ู… ูŠุณู…ุญูˆู† ู„ู†ุง ุจุงู„ุจู‚ุงุก ุนู„ู‰ ู‚ูŠุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ.
15:55
Never before, as I said,
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ู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุŒ ูƒู…ุง ู‚ู„ุช ุŒ
15:57
has the responsibility for food
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ุฃู† ูƒุงู†ุช ู…ุณุคูˆู„ูŠุฉ ุชูˆููŠุฑ ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก
15:59
been in the hands of so few.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠุฏูŠ ุนุฏุฏ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุง.
16:01
And never before have we had the luxury
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ู„ู… ูŠุญุฏุซ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุฃู† ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู‘ุฑู
16:03
of taking it for granted
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ู„ู„ุชุนุงู…ู„ ู…ุนู‡ ูƒุดูŠุก ู…ุถู…ูˆู†
16:05
because it is now so cheap.
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ุง ุฑุฎูŠุต ุงู„ุซู‘ู…ู†.
16:08
And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
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ูˆุฃุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฃู†ู‘ู‡ ู„ูŠุณ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุดุฎุต ุขุฎุฑ ุฃุนุฑุจ ู„ูŠ
16:10
better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
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ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุฃูุถู„ุŒ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุงุฆู„ุฉ ุจุฃู† ุงู„ุบุฐุงุก ุŒ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ู‡ุงูŠุฉ ุŒ
16:14
in our own tradition, is something holy.
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ููŠ ุชู‚ุงู„ูŠุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุงุตู‘ุฉ ุจู†ุง ุŒ ู‡ูˆ ุดูŠุก ู…ู‚ุฏู‘ุณ.
16:17
It's not about nutrients and calories.
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ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุบุฐุงุฆูŠุฉ ูˆุณุนุฑุงุช ุญุฑุงุฑูŠุฉ.
16:19
It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
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ุฅู†ู‘ู‡ุง ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุฅุดุชุฑุงูƒ.ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ุตุฏู‚. ู…ุณุฃู„ุฉ ู‡ูˆูŠู‘ุฉ.
16:23
Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
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ุนุจู‘ุฑ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง ุจุดูƒู„ ุฌู…ูŠู„ "ุงู„ู…ู‡ุงุชู…ุง ุบุงู†ุฏูŠ"ุŒ
16:26
75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
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ู‚ุจู„ 75 ุนุงู…ุง ุŒ ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ.
16:29
He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
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ู‡ูˆ ู„ู… ูŠุชุญุฏู‘ุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุฃุฑุฒุŒ ูˆู‡ูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู‡ู†ุฏ. ู‚ุงู„ :
16:32
"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
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"ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ู… ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุจุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌุจุชูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…ุŒ
16:36
God can only appear as bread."
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ุณูŠุธู‡ุฑ ู„ู‡ู… ุงู„ุฅู„ุงู‡ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูƒู„ ุฎุจุฒ".
16:39
And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
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ูˆู‡ูƒุฐุง ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุฃู†ุง ุจุตุฏุฏ ุงู„ุฅู†ุชู‡ุงุก ู…ู† ุตูู†ุน ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ ู‡ู†ุง --
16:43
and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
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ูˆู„ู‚ุฏ ุฃุชู…ู…ุช ุฎูŽุจู’ุฒูŽู‡ู. ุณุฃุญุงูˆู„ ุนุฏู… ุญุฑู‚ ูŠุฏูŠู‘.
16:47
Let me share
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ูˆุงุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุดุงุฑูƒ ุงู„ุฎุจุฒ
16:49
with those of you here in the first row.
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ู…ุน ู…ู† ูŠุฌู„ุณูˆู† ู…ู† ุจูŠู†ูƒู… ู‡ู†ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุตูู‘ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„.
16:51
Let me share some of the food with you.
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ุฅุณู…ุญูˆุง ู„ูŠ ุฃู† ุฃุดุงุฑูƒูƒู… ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุทุนุงู….
16:53
Take some of my bread.
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ุฎุฐูˆุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ู‚ุทุน ู…ู† ุฎุจุฒูŠ.
16:55
And as you eat it, and as you try it --
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ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุฃูƒู„ูˆู†ู‡ุŒ ูˆุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุญุงูˆู„ูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ --
16:58
please come and stand up.
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ุฑุฌุงุกุง ุงู‚ุชุฑุจูˆุง.
17:00
Have some of it.
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ุชูุถู‘ู„ ุงู„ุจุนุถ ู…ู†ู‡.
17:02
I want you to think that every bite connects you
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ุฃุฑูŠุฏูƒ ุฃู† ุชููƒู‘ุฑ ุฃู†ู‘ ูƒู„ ู‚ุทุนุฉ ุชูŽุตูู„ููƒูŽ
17:05
to the past and the future:
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ุจุงู„ู…ุงุถูŠ ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุณุชู‚ุจู„ ุŒ
17:07
to these anonymous farmers,
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ุจู‡ุคู„ุงุก ุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุฌู‡ูˆู„ูŠู†ุŒ
17:09
that first bred the first wheat varieties;
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃู†ุชุฌูˆุง ุฃูˆู‘ู„ ุตู†ู ู…ู† ุฃุตู†ุงู ุงู„ู‚ู…ุญุŒ
17:13
and to the farmers of today,
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ูˆุจุงู„ู…ุฒุงุฑุนูŠู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ูŠู‘ูŠู†ุŒ
17:15
who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
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ุงู„ุฐูŠู† ุฃู†ุชุฌูˆุง ู‡ุฐุง. ูˆุฃู†ุช ู„ุง ุชุนุฑู ุญุชู‰ ู…ู† ู‡ู….
17:18
Every meal you eat
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ูƒู„ ูˆุฌุจุฉ ุชุฃูƒู„ู‡ุง
17:20
contains ingredients from all across the world.
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ุชุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ู…ูƒูˆู†ุงุช ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู….
17:24
Everything makes us so privileged,
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ูƒู„ ุดูŠุก ูŠุฌุนู„ู†ุง ู…ู…ูŠู‘ุฒูŠู† ุฌุฏู‘ุงุŒ
17:27
that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุทุนุงู… ุŒ ุจุฏูˆู† ุฃู† ู†ูƒูุงุญ ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒู„ู‘ ูŠูˆู….
17:30
And that, I think,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุงุŒ ูƒู…ุง ุฃุนุชู‚ุฏุŒ
17:32
evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
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ูŠู…ุซู‘ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ู‘ุงุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆูŠุฑูŠู‘ุฉ ุญุงู„ุฉ ูุฑูŠุฏุฉ ู…ู† ู†ูˆุนู‡ุง.
17:34
We've never had that before.
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ู„ู… ูŠุญุตู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู‚ุทู‘.
17:36
So enjoy your bread.
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ู„ุฐู„ูƒ ุงุณุชู…ุชุนูˆุง ุจุฎุจุฒูƒู….
17:38
Eat it, and feel privileged.
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ุชู†ุงูˆู„ูˆู‡ุŒ ูˆุฅุดุนุฑูˆุง ุจุงู„ูุฎุฑ.
17:40
Thank you very much.
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ุดูƒุฑุง ุฌุฒูŠู„ุง.
17:42
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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