Louise Fresco on feeding the whole world

67,842 views ใƒป 2009-05-08

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'm not at all a cook.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืœื ื˜ื‘ื—ื™ืช.
00:14
So don't fear, this is not going to be a cooking demonstration.
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ืื– ืืœ ืชื—ืฉืฉื•, ื–ื• ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื’ืžืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ.
00:17
But I do want to talk to you about something
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื›ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
00:19
that I think is dear to all of us.
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ืฉืœื“ืขืชื™ ื™ืงืจ ืœืœื‘ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
00:22
And that is bread -- something which is as simple
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืœื—ื -- ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜
00:25
as our basic, most fundamental human staple.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืจืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:29
And I think few of us spend the day
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื
00:32
without eating bread in some form.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™.
00:35
Unless you're on one of these Californian low-carb diets,
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ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ืฉืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื“ืœืช-ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
00:39
bread is standard.
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉื”ืœื—ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ.
00:41
Bread is not only standard in the Western diet.
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ืœื—ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ืช.
00:43
As I will show to you, it is actually
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืืจืื” ืœื›ื, ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
00:45
the mainstay of modern life.
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ื”ืžืฉืขื ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
00:48
So I'm going to bake bread for you.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืืคื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื ืœื—ื.
00:50
In the meantime I'm also talking to you,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื’ื ืื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื›ื,
00:53
so my life is going to be complicated. Bear with me.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžืกื•ื‘ืš. ืชื”ื™ื• ืกื‘ืœื ื™ื™ื ืื™ืชื™.
00:56
First of all, a little bit of audience participation.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ืœ, ืงืฆืช ื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืงื”ืœ.
01:00
I have two loaves of bread here.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื›ืืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื›ื™ื›ืจื•ืช ืœื—ื.
01:03
One is a supermarket standard:
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ืžืจื›ื•ืœื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™,
01:06
white bread, pre-packaged,
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ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ, ืืจื•ื–,
01:08
which I'm told is called a Wonderbread.
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ื•ืืžืจื• ืœื™ ืฉืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื "ืœื—ื-ืคืœื".
01:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:12
I didn't know this word until I arrived.
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ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืืชื™ ื”ื ื”.
01:14
And this is more or less,
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ื•ื–ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:17
a whole-meal, handmade,
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ื›ื™ื›ืจ-ืœื—ื ืžื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื”,
01:19
small-bakery loaf of bread.
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ืžืœืื›ืช-ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืžืืคื™ื” ืงื˜ื ื”.
01:21
Here we go. I want to see a show of hands.
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ื”ื ื” ืื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื. ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืจืžืช ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
01:24
Who prefers the whole-meal bread?
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ืžื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื ืžื—ื™ื˜ื” ืžืœืื”?
01:29
Okay let me do this differently. Is anybody preferring the Wonderbread at all?
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ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืื—ืจืช. ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืœื—ื-ืคืœื?
01:33
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:34
I have two tentative male hands.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืกืกื ื™ื•ืช.
01:38
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:41
Okay, now the question is really,
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
01:44
why is this so?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื–ื” ื›ื›ื”?
01:46
And I think it is because
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืฉื–ื” ื›ืš ืžืฉื•ื
01:48
we feel that this kind of bread
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืœื—ื
01:51
really is about authenticity.
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ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืื•ืชื ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
01:54
It's about a traditional way of living.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื“ืจืš-ื—ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
01:57
A way that is perhaps more real, more honest.
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ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:01
This is an image from Tuscany, where we feel
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”, ื•ืฉื ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื
02:04
agriculture is still about beauty.
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ืฉื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื™ื•ืคื™.
02:06
And life is really, too.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:08
And this is about good taste, good traditions.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœืžืกื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช.
02:12
Why do we have this image?
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ืžื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•?
02:14
Why do we feel that this is more true than this?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื—ืฉื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื™ืชื™ ืžื–ื”?
02:19
Well I think it has a lot to do with our history.
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ืœื“ืขืชื™ ื–ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžืื“ ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
02:22
In the 10,000 years since agriculture evolved,
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ื‘-10,000 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื– ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
02:25
most of our ancestors have actually been agriculturalists
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ืจื•ื‘ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืงืœืื™ื
02:29
or they were closely related to food production.
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ืื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ื–ื™ืงื” ื—ื–ืงื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
02:32
And we have this mythical image
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™
02:34
of how life was in rural areas in the past.
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ืฉืžืชืืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ื›ืคืจ.
02:38
Art has helped us to maintain that kind of image.
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ื”ืืžื ื•ืช ืขื–ืจื” ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
02:41
It was a mythical past.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ืจ ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
02:44
Of course, the reality is quite different.
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ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืฉื•ื ื”.
02:46
These poor farmers
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ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืžืกื›ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
02:48
working the land by hand or with their animals,
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ืฉืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืื• ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง ืฉืœื”ื,
02:50
had yield levels that are comparable
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ื”ื ื™ื‘ื• ืชืฉื•ืื” ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจื›ื”
02:53
to the poorest farmers today in West Africa.
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ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
02:56
But we have, somehow,
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ืืš ืื ื•, ืžืฉื•ื-ืžื”,
02:58
in the course of the last few centuries, or even decades,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:02
started to cultivate an image of
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ื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœื˜ืคื— ื“ื™ืžื•ื™
03:04
a mythical, rural agricultural past.
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ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ืจ ื—ืงืœืื™ ื•ื›ืคืจื™.
03:08
It was only 200 years ago
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ 200 ืฉื ื”
03:10
that we had the advent of the Industrial Revolution.
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ื”ื—ืœื” ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช.
03:13
And while I'm starting to make some bread for you here,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœืืคื•ืช ื›ืืŸ ืœื—ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื›ื,
03:16
it's very important to understand
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
03:18
what that revolution did to us.
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ืžื” ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
03:21
It brought us power. It brought us mechanization, fertilizers.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื ื• ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืžื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื“ืฉื ื™ื.
03:27
And it actually drove up our yields.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
03:29
And even sort of horrible things, like picking beans by hand,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืจืื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืงื˜ื™ืฃ ืฉืขื•ืขื™ืช ื‘ื™ื“,
03:33
can now be done automatically.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœื”ืชื‘ืฆืข ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช.
03:36
All that is a real, great improvement, as we shall see.
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื”.
03:41
Of course we also, particularly in the last decade,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื’ื ืื ื•, ื‘ื™ื—ื•ื“ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ,
03:45
managed to envelop the world
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœื›ืกื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
03:47
in a dense chain of supermarkets,
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ืฆืคื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื•ืœื™ื,
03:50
in a chain of global trade.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™.
03:53
And it means that you now eat products,
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื,
03:55
which can come from all around the world.
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
03:58
That is the reality of our modern life.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
04:01
Now you may prefer this loaf of bread.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ื™ื›ืจ ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื–ื•.
04:05
Excuse my hands but this is how it is.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื” ืฉืื ื™ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื, ืืš ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ.
04:08
But actually the real relevant bread,
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ืืš ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื•ื”ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™,
04:11
historically, is this white Wonder loaf.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื-ื”ืคืœื ื”ื–ื”.
04:15
And don't despise the white bread
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ื•ืืœ ืชื–ืœื–ืœื• ื‘ืœื—ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ
04:18
because it really, I think,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช, ืœื“ืขืชื™,
04:21
symbolizes the fact that bread and food
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ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืœื—ื ื•ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
04:24
have become plentiful and affordable to all.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืคืข ื•ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื•ืœื.
04:28
And that is a feat that we
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื™ืฉื’ ืฉืื ื•
04:30
are not really conscious of that much.
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ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื•.
04:33
But it has changed the world.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:35
This tiny bread that is tasteless in some ways
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ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ืกืจ-ื˜ืขื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช
04:38
and has a lot of problems
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
04:40
has changed the world.
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:43
So what is happening?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”?
04:45
Well the best way to look at that is to do a tiny bit of simplistic statistics.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช.
04:49
With the advent of the Industrial Revolution
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ืขื ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช
04:52
with modernization of agriculture
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ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
04:54
in the last few decades, since the 1960s,
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ื‘ืžืจื•ืฆืช ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื, ืžืื– ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60,
04:58
food availability, per head, in this world,
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ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืœื ืคืฉ, ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
05:01
has increased by 25 percent.
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ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘-25 ืื—ื•ื–.
05:04
And the world population in the meantime has doubled.
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ืคืœื”.
05:08
That means that we have now more food available
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ืžื™ืŸ
05:11
than ever before in human history.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื™-ืคืขื ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
05:13
And that is the result, directly,
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืชื•ืฆืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”,
05:15
of being so successful
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ืžื›ืš ืฉื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
05:17
at increasing the scale and volume of our production.
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื•ื”ื ืคื— ืฉืœ ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื ื•.
05:21
And this is true, as you can see, for all countries,
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ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช,
05:24
including the so-called developing countries.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช.
05:26
What happened to our bread in the meantime?
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ืœืœื—ื ืฉืœื ื•?
05:29
As food became plentiful here,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ืคืข ื›ืืŸ,
05:31
it also meant that we were able to decrease
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ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช
05:33
the number of people working in agriculture
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ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
05:37
to something like, on average, in the high income countries,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื•, ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
05:41
five percent or less of the population.
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ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ื”.
05:45
In the U.S. only one percent of the people are actually farmers.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืจืง ืื—ื•ื– ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ื›ืจื™ื.
05:49
And it frees us all up to do other things --
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื --
05:52
to sit at TED meetings and not to worry about our food.
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ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื•ืช TED ื•ืœื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืžื–ื•ื ื ื•.
05:55
That is, historically, a really unique situation.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื–ื”ื• ืžืฆื‘ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืืžืช.
05:59
Never before has the responsibility to feed the world
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื›ืœืช ื”ืขื•ืœื
06:03
been in the hands of so few people.
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ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
06:05
And never before have so many people
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš
06:08
been oblivious of that fact.
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ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื–ื•.
06:11
So as food became more plentiful, bread became cheaper.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฉืคืข, ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
06:15
And as it became cheaper, bread manufacturers decided to add in all kinds of things.
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจื• ื™ืจื“, ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
06:19
We added in more sugar.
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ืกื•ื›ืจ.
06:21
We add in raisins and oil and milk
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ื”ื•ืกืคื ื• ืคื ื™ืžื” ืฆื™ืžื•ืงื™ื, ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื—ืœื‘,
06:27
and all kinds of things to make bread,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ื,
06:29
from a simple food into kind of a support for calories.
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ืžืžื–ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžืขื™ืŸ ืžืื›ืœ ืขืชื™ืจ-ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:34
And today, bread now is associated with obesity,
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ื”ืœื—ื ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืขื ื”ืฉืžื ืช-ื™ืชืจ,
06:38
which is very strange.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“.
06:40
It is the basic, most fundamental food
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
06:42
that we've had in the last ten thousand years.
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.
06:45
Wheat is the most important crop -- the first crop we domesticated
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ื—ื™ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ-- ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื™ืชื ื•
06:49
and the most important crop we still grow today.
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ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื›ื™ื•ื.
06:51
But this is now this strange concoction
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ืืš ืขืชื” ื–ื”ื• ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืžื•ื–ืจ
06:54
of high calories.
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ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
06:56
And that's not only true in this country,
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ื•ื–ื” ื›ืš ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื–ื•,
06:59
it is true all over the world.
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ื–ื” ื›ืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื›ื•ืœื•.
07:01
Bread has migrated to tropical countries,
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ื”ืœื—ื ื”ื™ื’ืจ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช
07:03
where the middle classes now eat French rolls and hamburgers
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ืฉื ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื—ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื‘ื•ืจื’ืจื™ื
07:07
and where the commuters
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ื•ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช
07:10
find bread much more handy to use
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ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืœื—ื
07:12
than rice or cassava.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื– ืื• ื‘ืงืกื‘ื”.
07:14
So bread has become from a main staple,
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืœื—ื ื”ืคืš ืžืžืฆืจืš ืขื™ืงืจื™,
07:18
a source of calories
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ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืœืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช
07:20
associated with obesity
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช-ื™ืชืจ
07:22
and also a source of modernity,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื•ืช,
07:24
of modern life.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื.
07:26
And the whiter the bread, in many countries, the better it is.
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืœื—ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:29
So this is the story of bread as we know it now.
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื–ื”ื• ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื.
07:32
But of course the price of mass production
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ืืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื”ืžื•ื ื™
07:36
has been that we moved large-scale.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
07:39
And large-scale has meant destruction of many of our landscapes,
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ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื ื•ืคื™ื ื•,
07:43
destruction of biodiversity --
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ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ --
07:45
still a lonely emu here
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืืžื• ื‘ื•ื“ื“
07:47
in the Brazilian cerrado soybean fields.
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ื‘ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื™ื” ื”ืกื’ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ.
07:50
The costs have been tremendous --
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ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื --
07:52
water pollution, all the things you know about, destruction of our habitats.
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ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืžื™ื, ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื, ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื ื•.
07:56
What we need to do is to go back to understanding what our food is about.
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ืžื” ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
08:01
And this is where I have to query all of you.
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืฉืืœื” ืœื›ื•ืœื›ื.
08:03
How many of you can actually tell wheat apart from other cereals?
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืœื“ื’ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื?
08:07
How many of you actually can make a bread
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ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืœื—ื
08:10
in this way, without starting with a bread machine
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•, ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ืžื›ื•ื ืช-ืœื—ื
08:13
or just some kind of packaged flavor?
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ืื• ืกืชื ืื™ื–ืฉื”ื• ื˜ืขื ื‘ืงื•ืคืกื”?
08:17
Can you actually bake bread? Do you know how much a loaf of bread actually costs?
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ื”ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืืคื•ืช ืœื—ื? ื”ืื ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ืœื” ื›ื™ื›ืจ-ืœื—ื?
08:21
We have become very removed
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ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื“ ืžื ื•ืชืงื™ื
08:23
from what our bread really is,
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ืžืžื”ื•ืชื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœื ื•,
08:25
which, again, evolutionarily speaking,
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช
08:27
is very strange.
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ื–ื” ืžืื“ ืžื•ื–ืจ.
08:29
In fact not many of you know that
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
08:31
our bread, of course, was not a European invention.
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ืฉื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฆืื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช.
08:33
It was invented by farmers in Iraq
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจืง
08:35
and Syria in particular.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืจื™ื”.
08:37
The tiny spike on the left to the center
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ื”ืงื•ืฅ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืžืืœ ืœืžืจื›ื–
08:40
is actually the forefather of wheat.
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ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื˜ื”.
08:43
This is where it all comes from,
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ืžืžื ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
08:45
and where these farmers who actually, ten thousand years ago,
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ื•ืžื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉืœืคื ื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืฉื ื”
08:48
put us on the road of bread.
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ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืœื—ื.
08:51
Now it is not surprising
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืคืœื
08:53
that with this massification and large-scale production,
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ืฉืขื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ
08:56
there is a counter-movement that emerged --
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ื”ืชืคืชื—ื” ืชื ื•ืขืช-ื ื’ื“ --
08:58
very much also here in California.
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ื’ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
09:00
The counter-movement says, "Let's go back to this.
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ืชื ื•ืขืช-ื”ื ื’ื“ ืื•ืžืจืช, "ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืื—ื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”.
09:03
Let's go back to traditional farming.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช.
09:05
Let's go back to small-scale, to farmers' markets,
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื ื” ื”ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืงื˜ืŸ, ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ื”ืื™ื›ืจื™ื,
09:09
small bakeries and all that." Wonderful.
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ืœืžืืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื›ืœ ื–ื”". ื ืคืœื.
09:12
Don't we all agree? I certainly agree.
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื? ืื ื™ ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืžืกื›ื™ืžื”.
09:14
I would love to go back to Tuscany
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื˜ื•ืกืงื ื”
09:16
to this kind of traditional setting,
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจืงืข ืžืกื•ืจืชื™,
09:18
gastronomy, good food.
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ืฉืœ ื’ืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘.
09:20
But this is a fallacy.
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ืืš ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืืฉืœื™ื”.
09:22
And the fallacy comes from idealizing
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ื•ื”ืืฉืœื™ื” ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื”
09:25
a past that we have forgotten about.
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ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื• ืฉื›ื—ื ื•.
09:28
If we do this, if we want to stay with traditional small-scale farming
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ืื ื ืขืฉื” ื–ืืช, ืื ื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืขื ื—ื•ื•ืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืงื˜ื ืช-ื”ื™ืงืฃ
09:32
we are going, actually, to relegate
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื’ืจื•ื
09:35
these poor farmers and their husbands --
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ืœืื™ื›ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื•ืœื‘ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ,
09:38
among whom I have lived for many years,
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ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช,
09:40
working without electricity and water, to try to improve their food production --
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ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืœืœื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื--
09:43
we relegate them to poverty.
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ืื ื• ื’ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขื•ื ื™.
09:46
What they want are implements
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื•ื ืืžืฆืขื™ื
09:48
to increase their production:
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ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ืฉืœื”ื:
09:50
something to fertilize the soil,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืœื“ืฉืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืจืงืข,
09:52
something to protect their crop and to bring it to a market.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ืฉืœื”ื ื•ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœืฉื•ืง.
09:55
We cannot just think that small-scale
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืกืชื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื”ืงื˜ื ืช ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ
09:57
is the solution to the world food problem.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช.
10:00
It's a luxury solution for us who can afford it,
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ื–ื”ื• ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืœืขืฆืžื•,
10:03
if you want to afford it.
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ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ื–ืืช.
10:05
In fact we do not want this poor woman
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ืžืกื›ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
10:07
to work the land like this.
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ืชืขื‘ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื–ื•.
10:09
If we say just small-scale production,
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ืื ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
10:11
as is the tendency here,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ืืŸ,
10:13
to go back to local food means that a poor man like Hans Rosling
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ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืฉืื“ื ืขื ื™ ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืก ืจื•ืกืœื™ื ื’
10:16
cannot even eat oranges anymore
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ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื
10:18
because in Scandinavia we don't have oranges.
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืกืงื ื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืชืคื•ื–ื™ื.
10:21
So local food production is out.
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ืื ื›ืš ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืขืฉื™.
10:23
But also we do not want
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:25
to relegate to poverty in the rural areas.
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ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืขื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
10:28
And we do not want to relegate
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
10:30
the urban poor to starvation.
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ืœื’ื–ื•ืจ ืจืขื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ.
10:33
So we must find other solutions.
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ืื– ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื.
10:36
One of our problems is that world food production
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
10:38
needs to increase very rapidly --
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืžืื“--
10:40
doubling by about 2030.
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ืขื“ ื‘ืขืจืš 2030.
10:43
The main driver of that is actually meat.
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ื”ืžื ื™ืข ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ื‘ืฉืจ.
10:46
And meat consumption in Southeast Asia and China in particular
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื” ื•ื‘ืกื™ืŸ
10:49
is what drives the prices of cereals.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ื“ื’ื ื™ื.
10:54
That need for animal protein is going to continue.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื‘ื•ืŸ ืžืŸ ื”ื—ื™ ื™ื™ืžืฉืš.
10:58
We can discuss alternatives in another talk, perhaps one day,
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ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจืฆืื” ืื—ืจืช. ืื•ืœื™ ืคืขื.
11:01
but this is our driving force.
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ืืš ื–ื”ื• ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ืžื ื™ืข ืื•ืชื ื•.
11:03
So what can we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
11:05
Can we find a solution to produce more?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืขื•ื“?
11:09
Yes. But we need mechanization.
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ื›ืŸ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ.
11:13
And I'm making a real plea here.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ื’ื” ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช.
11:15
I feel so strongly that you cannot ask a small farmer
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ืื ื™ ื›ื” ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ื•ื•ืื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
11:19
to work the land and bend over to grow a hectare of rice,
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ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ื“ืœ 10 ื“ื•ื ื ืื•ืจื–, ื•ืœื”ืชื›ื•ืคืฃ
11:22
150,000 times, just to plant a crop and weed it.
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150 ืืœืฃ ืคืขื ืจืง ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืœืฉืชื•ืœ ื™ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืœืขืฉื‘ ืื•ืชื•.
11:26
You cannot ask people to work under these conditions.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.
11:29
We need clever low-key mechanization
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื—ื›ื
11:32
that avoids the problems of the large-scale mechanization that we've had.
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ืฉื™ืžื ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื›ืฉื•ืจ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•.
11:36
So what can we do?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
11:38
We must feed three billion people in cities.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ื›ืจื—ื™ื ืœื”ืื›ื™ืœ 3 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ื.
11:41
We will not do that through small farmers' markets
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื ืฉื™ื’ ื–ืืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
11:43
because these people have no small farmers' markets at their disposal.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืฉื•ื•ืงื™ ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
11:47
They have low incomes. And they benefit
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื›ื ืกื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”, ื•ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช
11:50
from cheap, affordable, safe and diverse food.
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ืžืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ืœ, ื‘ืจ-ื”ืฉื’ื”, ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ.
11:53
That's what we must aim for in the next 20 to 30 years.
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ืœื›ืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืจื™ื ืขื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช.
11:56
But yes there are some solutions.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช.
11:58
And let me just do one simple conceptual thing:
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ืืฆื™ื’ ืœื›ื ืจืง ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ ืื—ื“:
12:02
if I plot science as a proxy
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ืช ืืช ื”ืžื“ืข ื›ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
12:05
for control of the production process and scale.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ.
12:09
What you see is that we've started
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื•
12:11
in the left-hand corner with traditional agriculture,
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ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ืขื ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช,
12:14
which was sort of small-scale and low-control.
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื”ื™ืงืฃ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื‘ืจืžืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
12:17
We've moved towards large-scale and very high control.
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ื”ืชืงื“ืžื ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื“.
12:21
What I want us to do is to keep up the science and even get more science in there
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ืข ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืข
12:26
but go to a kind of regional scale --
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื ืคื ื” ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ --
12:28
not just in terms of the scale of the fields,
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ืœื ืจืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฉื“ื•ืช,
12:30
but in terms of the entire food network.
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ืืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืฉืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื”.
12:33
That's where we should move.
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ืœืฉื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืงื“ื.
12:35
And the ultimate may be, but it doesn't apply to cereals,
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ, ืืš ื–ื” ืœื ืชืงืฃ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื“ื’ื ื™ื,
12:38
that we have entirely closed ecosystems --
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ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ --
12:41
the horticultural systems right at the top left-hand corner.
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ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืคื™ื ื” ื”ืฉืžืืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”.
12:45
So we need to think differently about agriculture science.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื” ืขืœ ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช.
12:49
Agriculture science for most people -- and there are not many farmers
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ืžื“ืข ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื•ืื™ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื™ื›ืจื™ื
12:51
among you here --
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ื›ืืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื--
12:53
has this name of being bad,
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ื™ืฆื ืœื• ืฉื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจืข,
12:56
of being about pollution, about large-scale,
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ืฉื”ื ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
12:58
about the destruction of the environment.
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ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื“ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
13:00
That is not necessary.
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ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื›ืš.
13:02
We need more science and not less. And we need good science.
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ืื ื• ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ืข, ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช. ื•ืœืžื“ืข ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™.
13:05
So what kind of science can we have?
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ืื– ืื™ื–ื” ืžื™ืŸ ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื•?
13:07
Well first of all I think
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
13:09
we can do much better on the existing technologies.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
13:12
Use biotechnology where useful,
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™,
13:14
particularly in pest and disease resistance.
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ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืžื ื™ืขืชื ืฉืœ ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืช.
13:17
There are also robots, for example,
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ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
13:19
who can recognize weeds
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืขืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื
13:21
with a resolution of half an inch.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืคืจื“ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืื™ื ืฅ'.
13:24
We have much cleverer irrigation.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ื” ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
13:26
We do not need to spill the water if we don't want to.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืš.
13:30
And we need to think very dispassionately
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงืจื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช
13:33
about the comparative advantages
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ืขืœ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื™ื
13:35
of small-scale and large-scale.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
13:38
We need to think that land is multi-functional.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ืงืจืงืข ื”ื™ื ืจื‘-ืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ืช.
13:40
It has different functions.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
13:42
There are different ways in which we must use it --
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ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื” --
13:45
for residential, for nature, for agriculture purposes.
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ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืœื˜ื‘ืข, ืœืžื˜ืจื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช.
13:48
And we also need to re-examine livestock.
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ื•ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ื—ื™.
13:51
Go regional and go to urban food systems.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืจื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
13:54
I want to see fish ponds in parking lots and basements.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืจืฉื™ ื—ื ื™ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืจืชืคื™ื.
13:58
I want to have horticulture
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื’ื™ื ื•ืช
14:00
and greenhouses on top of residential areas.
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ื•ื—ืžืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื.
14:03
And I want to use the energy that comes from those greenhouses
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ืžืžื•ืช
14:06
and from the fermentation of crops
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ื•ื‘ืชืกื™ืกื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื
14:08
to heat our residential areas.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืžื ืืช ืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
14:10
There are all kinds of ways we can do it.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
14:12
We cannot solve the world food problem
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ืื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื‘ืขื™ื™ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™
14:14
by using biological agriculture.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช.
14:16
But we can do a lot more.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
14:19
And the main thing that I would really ask all of you
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ืžื›ื•ืœื›ื
14:22
as you go back to your countries, or as you stay here:
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ื›ืฉืชืฉื•ื‘ื• ืœืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื›ื, ืื• ืื ืืชื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื›ืืŸ,
14:25
ask your government for an integrated food policy.
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ื“ื™ืจืฉื• ืžืŸ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช.
14:29
Food is as important as energy,
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ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
14:32
as security, as the environment.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.
14:34
Everything is linked together.
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ื”ื›ืœ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ื™ื•.
14:36
So we can do that. In fact in a densely populated country
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฆืคื•ืคืช-ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืŸ
14:39
like the River Delta, where I live in the Netherlands,
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ื›ืžื• ืื–ื•ืจ ื ื”ืจ ื“ืœืชื, ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื™ื” ื‘ื”ื•ืœื ื“,
14:42
we have combined these functions.
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ืื ื• ืฉื™ืœื‘ื ื• ืืช ื”ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•.
14:44
So this is not science fiction. We can combine things
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืžื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™. ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
14:47
even in a social sense of making
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
14:49
the rural areas more accessible to people --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื --
14:51
to house, for example, the chronically sick.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ื™ื.
14:54
There is all kinds of things we can do.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
14:56
But there is something you must do. It's not enough for me to say,
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ืืš ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืขืœื™ื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ืœื ื“ื™ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืžืจ,
14:59
"Let's get more bold science into agriculture."
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"ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื›ื ื™ืก ืขื•ื“ ืžื“ืข ื ื•ืขื– ืœื—ืงืœืื•ืช."
15:02
You must go back
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ,
15:04
and think about your own food chain.
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
15:06
Talk to farmers. When was the last time
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ื”ื—ื•ื•ืื™ื. ืžืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืคืขื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”
15:08
you went to a farm and talked to a farmer?
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ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื ืœื—ื•ื•ื” ื•ืฉื•ื—ื—ืชื ืขื ืื™ื›ืจ?
15:10
Talk to people in restaurants.
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ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช.
15:12
Understand where you are in the food chain,
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื›ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
15:14
where your food comes from.
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
15:16
Understand that you are part
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ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื—ืœืง
15:18
of this enormous chain of events.
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ืžืฉืจืฉืจืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื.
15:20
And that frees you up to do other things.
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ืฉืžืฉื—ืจืจืช ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:23
And above all, to me, food is about respect.
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ื•ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ, ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“,
15:27
It's about understanding, when you eat,
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
15:29
that there are also many people who are still in this situation,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื–ื”,
15:33
who are still struggling for their daily food.
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ืžื.
15:36
And the kind of simplistic solutions that we sometimes have,
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ื•ื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืœืขืชื™ื ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื:
15:39
to think that doing everything by hand
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื™ื
15:41
is going to be the solution,
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ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืชืจื•ืŸ,
15:43
is really not morally justified.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ืฆื•ื“ืง ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช.
15:46
We need to help to lift them out of poverty.
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืขื•ื ื™.
15:48
We need to make them proud of being a farmer
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื
15:52
because they allow us to survive.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
15:55
Never before, as I said,
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจืชื™,
15:57
has the responsibility for food
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ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
15:59
been in the hands of so few.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ื™ื.
16:01
And never before have we had the luxury
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ื•ืžืขื•ืœื ืœืคื ื™-ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช
16:03
of taking it for granted
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ืฉืœ ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ืœื›ืš ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•
16:05
because it is now so cheap.
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื–ื” ื›ื” ื–ื•ืœ.
16:08
And I think there is nobody else who has expressed
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ื•ืœื“ืขืชื™, ืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืข
16:10
better, to me, the idea that food, in the end,
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ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื™ื ื™, ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ,
16:14
in our own tradition, is something holy.
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ื‘ืžืกื•ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืงื“ื•ืฉ.
16:17
It's not about nutrients and calories.
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ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช .
16:19
It's about sharing. It's about honesty. It's about identity.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืชื•ืฃ. ืขืœ ื™ื•ืฉืจ. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขืœ ื–ื”ื•ืช.
16:23
Who said this so beautifully was Mahatma Gandhi,
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ืžื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื–ืืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ื” ื™ืคื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื”ื˜ืžื” ื’ื ื“ื™,
16:26
75 years ago, when he spoke about bread.
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ืœืคื ื™ 75 ืฉื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืœื—ื.
16:29
He did not speak about rice, in India. He said,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืจื– ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•. ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ,
16:32
"To those who have to go without two meals a day,
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"ืœืืœื• ืฉื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืฉืชื™ ืืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื,
16:36
God can only appear as bread."
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืจืง ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืœื—ื."
16:39
And so as I'm finishing my bread here --
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ืื– ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ืžืช ืืช ื”ื›ื ืช ื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืืŸ --
16:43
and I've been baking it, and I'll try not to burn my hands.
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ืืคื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•. ืื ืกื” ืฉืœื ืœื›ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื™ื“ื™.
16:47
Let me share
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ืœืง
16:49
with those of you here in the first row.
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ืœื›ื, ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
16:51
Let me share some of the food with you.
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ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืื™ืชื›ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
16:53
Take some of my bread.
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ืงื—ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืœื—ืžื™.
16:55
And as you eat it, and as you try it --
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื›ื ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• --
16:58
please come and stand up.
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ืื ื ืขื™ืžื“ื•.
17:00
Have some of it.
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ืงื—ื• ืงืฆืช ืžื–ื”.
17:02
I want you to think that every bite connects you
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ืกื” ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืืชื›ื
17:05
to the past and the future:
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ืืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื•ืืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“,
17:07
to these anonymous farmers,
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ืœืื•ืชื ืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืืœืžื•ื ื™ื,
17:09
that first bred the first wheat varieties;
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ืœืื•ืชื• ืœื—ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืœืื•ืชื ื–ื ื™ ื—ื™ื˜ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
17:13
and to the farmers of today,
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ื•ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
17:15
who've been making this. And you don't even know who they are.
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ืฉืขืฉื• ืืช ื–ื”. ื•ืืชื ืื™ื ื›ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ื”ื.
17:18
Every meal you eat
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ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
17:20
contains ingredients from all across the world.
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ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื” ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
17:24
Everything makes us so privileged,
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื›ื” ื‘ืขืœื™-ื–ื›ื•ืช,
17:27
that we can eat this food, that we don't struggle every day.
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื”, ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื ืื‘ืงื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื• ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื.
17:30
And that, I think,
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ื•ื–ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ืช,
17:32
evolutionarily-speaking is unique.
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ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
17:34
We've never had that before.
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ื–ื” ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•.
17:36
So enjoy your bread.
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ืื– ืชื™ื”ื ื• ืžื”ืœื—ื ืฉืœื›ื.
17:38
Eat it, and feel privileged.
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ืื™ื›ืœื• ืื•ืชื•, ื•ื—ื•ืฉื• ืฉื ืคืœื” ืœื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื–ื›ื•ืช.
17:40
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
17:42
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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