Finding life we can't imagine | Christoph Adami

44,061 views ใƒป 2011-10-04

TED


ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุฃุฏู†ุงู‡ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ.

ุงู„ู…ุชุฑุฌู…: Ahmed Bamarouf ุงู„ู…ุฏู‚ู‘ู‚: Anwar Dafa-Alla
00:15
So, I have a strange career.
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ู„ุฏูŠ ู…ู‡ู†ุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ
00:17
I know it because people come up to me, like colleagues, and say,
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ุฃุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุฃุชูˆู† ุฅู„ูŠ, ุฒู…ู„ุงุฆูŠ ู…ุซู„ุงู‹
00:20
"Chris, you have a strange career."
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ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„ูˆู† ,"ูƒุฑูŠุณ, ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู…ู‡ู†ุฉ ุบุฑูŠุจุฉ."
00:22
(Laughter)
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(ุถุญูƒ)
00:24
And I can see their point,
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ูˆูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุชูู‡ูู… ูˆุฌู‡ุฉ ู†ุธุฑู‡ู…
00:25
because I started my career as a theoretical nuclear physicist.
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ู„ุงู†ู†ูŠ ุจุฏุฃุช ู…ู‡ู†ุชูŠ
ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠ ู†ูˆูˆูŠ ู†ุธุฑูŠ
00:30
And I was thinking about quarks and gluons and heavy ion collisions,
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ู…ู‡ุชู…ุงู‹ ุจ "ูƒูˆุงุฑูƒุณ" ูˆ " ุฌู„ูˆู†ุณ" (ูˆู‡ูŠ ุฌุณูŠู…ุงุช ุชุญุช ุฐุฑูŠุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุงุฏุฉ)
ุชุตุงุฏู…ุงุช ุงู„ุฃูŠูˆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ
00:34
and I was only 14 years old --
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ู…ู†ุฐ ูƒู†ุช ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ ู…ู† ุนู…ุฑูŠ
00:36
No, no, I wasn't 14 years old.
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ู„ุง ,ู„ุง, ู„ู… ุฃูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ุฑุงุจุนุฉ ุนุดุฑ.
00:40
But after that,
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ู„ูƒู† ุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ
ุงู…ุชู„ูƒุช ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจูŠ
00:43
I actually had my own lab
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ููŠ ู‚ุณู… ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
00:45
in the Computational Neuroscience department,
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ูˆู„ู… ุงูƒู† ุงู‚ูˆู… ุจุฃูŠ ุญุณุงุจุงุช ู„ู„ุฏู…ุงุบ
00:47
and I wasn't doing any neuroscience.
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00:48
Later, I would work on evolutionary genetics,
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ู„ุงุญู‚ุงู‹, ุนู…ู„ุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุฑุงุซุฉ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑูŠุฉ
00:51
and I would work on systems biology.
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ูˆุนู…ู„ุช ููŠ ุนู„ู… ุฃุญูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ "ุจูŠูˆู„ูˆุฌูŠุง ุงู„ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ"
00:53
But I'm going to tell you about something else today.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุณูˆู ุงุฎุจุฑูƒู… ุนู† ุดูŠุก ุงุฎุฑ ุงู„ูŠูˆู…
00:56
I'm going to tell you about how I learned something about life.
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ุณูˆู ุฃุฎุจุฑูƒู…
ูƒูŠู ุชุนู„ู…ุชู ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
01:00
And I was actually a rocket scientist.
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ูˆูƒู†ุช ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุนุงู„ู… ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ
01:04
I wasn't really a rocket scientist,
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ู„ู… ุงูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุนุงู„ู… ุตูˆุงุฑูŠุฎ
01:06
but I was working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ูƒู†ุช ุงุนู…ู„
ููŠ ู…ุฎุชุจุฑุงุช ุงู„ุฏูุน ุงู„ู†ูุงุซ
ููŠ ูƒุงู„ููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ุงู„ู…ุดุฑู‚ุฉ ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ ุฏุงูุฆ
01:11
in sunny California, where it's warm;
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01:13
whereas now I am in the mid-West, and it's cold.
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ุจูŠู†ู…ุง ุงู†ุง ุงู„ุงูŽู† ููŠ ู…ู†ุชุตู ุงู„ู…ู†ุทู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุบุฑุจูŠุฉ
ูˆู‡ูŠ ุจุงุฑุฏุฉ ุงู„ุทู‚ุณ
01:17
But it was an exciting experience.
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ู…ุซูŠุฑุฉ
01:20
One day, a NASA manager comes into my office,
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ููŠ ุงุญุฏ ุงู„ุงูŠุงู… ุญุถุฑ ุงุญุฏ ู…ูุฏุฑุงุก ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ู„ุนู„ูˆู… ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุงู„ู‰ ู…ูƒุชุจูŠ
01:23
sits down and says,
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ุฌู„ุณ ูˆู‚ุงู„
01:26
"Can you please tell us, how do we look for life outside Earth?"
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"ู‡ู„ ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชูุฎุจุฑู†ุง,
ูƒูŠู ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฎุงุฑุฌ ุงู„ุงุฑุถุŸ"
ูˆูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ูุงุฌุฆุงู‹ ู„ูŠ
01:31
And that came as a surprise to me,
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุชู… ุชูˆุธูŠููŠ
01:33
because I was actually hired to work on quantum computation.
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ู„ุฃุนู…ู„ ููŠ ุญุณุงุจุงุช ุงู„ูƒู…
ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู„ุฏูŠ ุงุฌุงุจุฉ ุฌูŠุฏุฉ.
01:37
Yet, I had a very good answer.
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01:38
I said, "I have no idea."
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ู‚ูู„ุช, " ู„ุง ุนู„ู… ู„ูŠ"
01:40
(Laughter)
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01:41
And he told me, "Biosignatures, we need to look for a biosignature."
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ูู‚ุงู„ ู„ูŠ," ุขุซุงุฑ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ุจุญุซ ุนู† ุขุซุงุฑ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ"
ูู‚ู„ุช, " ูˆู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒุŸ"
01:47
And I said, "What is that?"
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01:48
And he said, "It's any measurable phenomenon
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ูู‚ุงู„,"ุฃูŠ ุธุงู‡ุฑุฉ ู‚ุงุจู„ุฉ ู„ู„ู‚ูŠุงุณ
ุชูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู…ู† ุชุญุฏูŠุฏ
01:51
that allows us to indicate the presence of life."
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ูˆูุฌูˆุฏ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ."
01:54
And I said, "Really?
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ูู‚ู„ุช ,"ุญู‚ุงู‹ุŸ
01:56
Because isn't that easy?
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ุฃู„ูŠุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุณู‡ู„ุงู‹ุŸ
01:58
I mean, we have life.
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ุฃุนู†ูŠ , ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุญูŠุงุฉ.
02:00
Can't you apply a definition,
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ุชุทุจูŠู‚ ุงู„ุชุนุฑูŠู,
02:02
for example, a Supreme Court-like definition of life?"
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ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„, ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ู…ู† ุฌู‡ุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู„ู…ุญูƒู…ุฉ ุงู„ุนูู„ูŠุงุŸ"
ูˆุซู… ููƒุฑุช ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹, ูˆู‚ู„ุช,
02:07
And then I thought about it a little bit, and I said,
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"ุญุณู†ุงู‹,ู‡ู„ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉุŸ
02:09
"Well, is it really that easy?
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ู„ุงู†ู‡,ู†ุนู…,ุฅุฐุง ุฑุฃูŠุช ุดูŠุฆุง ูƒู‡ุฐุง
02:11
Because, yes, if you see something like this,
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02:13
then all right, fine, I'm going to call it life --
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ุงุฐุงู‹ ุญุณู†ุง, ุณูˆู ุงุณู…ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ--
02:15
no doubt about it.
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ู„ุง ุดูƒ ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ.
02:17
But here's something."
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ู„ูƒู† ู‡ู†ุง ุดูŠุฆุง ู…ุง."
02:19
And he goes, "Right, that's life too. I know that."
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ูˆูˆุงุตู„ ู‡ูˆ,"ุญุณู†ุง ุชู„ูƒ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุญูŠุงุฉ ,ุฃุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ"
02:22
Except, if you think that life is also defined by things that die,
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ุจุงุณุชุซู†ุงุก,ุงุฐุง ููƒุฑุช ููŠ ุงู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุชูุนุฑู ุงูŠุถุงู‹
ุจุฃู†ู‡ุง ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชู…ูˆุช
02:26
you're not in luck with this thing,
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ุณูˆู ุชูƒูˆู† ุบูŠุฑ ู…ุญุธูˆุธ ุจู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก
02:28
because that's actually a very strange organism.
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ู„ุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูƒุงุฆู† ุญูŠ ุบุฑูŠุจ
02:30
It grows up into the adult stage like that
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ุฅู†ู‡ ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ ุงู„ุจู„ูˆุบ ู‡ูƒุฐุง
ูˆูŠู…ุฑ ุจู…ุฑุญู„ุฉ "ุจูŠู†ุฌู…ู† ุจูˆุชูˆู†" ุงู„ุดูŠุฎูˆุฎุฉ ุงู„ุนูƒุณูŠุฉ
02:33
and then goes through a Benjamin Button phase,
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02:35
and actually goes backwards and backwards until it's like a little embryo again,
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ูˆูŠุนูˆุฏ ู„ู„ูˆุฑุงุก ูˆู„ู„ูˆุฑุงุก
ุญุชู‰ ูŠุตุจุญ ุฌู†ูŠู†ุงู‹ ู…ุฑุฉ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
ุซู… ูŠู†ู…ูˆุง ุซู… ูŠุตุบุฑ ุซู… ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰-- ู…ุดุงุจู‡ ู„ู„ุนุจุฉ ูŠูˆ ูŠูˆ--
02:40
and then actually grows back up, and back down and back up --
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ูˆู„ุง ูŠู…ูˆุช ุงุจุฏุงู‹
02:43
sort of yo-yo -- and it never dies.
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02:44
So it's actually life,
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ุงุฐุงู‹ ู‡ูŠ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุญูŠุงุฉ
ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ูŠุณุช ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
02:47
but it's actually not as we thought life would be.
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ู…ู† ู…ู†ุธูˆุฑ ุชุนุฑูŠูู†ุง ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
02:51
And then you see something like that.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชุดุงู‡ุฏ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
02:53
And he was like, "My God, what kind of a life form is that?"
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ูˆูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุณุงู† ุงู„ุญุงู„ ู‡ูˆ," ูŠุง ุฅู„ู‡ูŠ ,ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูƒู„ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ"
ู‡ู„ ูŠุนุฑู ุงูŠ ุงุญุฏุŸ
02:56
Anyone know?
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ุงู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุญูŠุงุฉ, ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจู„ูˆุฑุฉ
02:58
It's actually not life, it's a crystal.
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ุญูŠู†ู…ุง ุชุจุฏุฃ ุชู†ุธุฑ ูˆุชู†ุธุฑ
03:01
So once you start looking and looking at smaller and smaller things --
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ููŠ ุงุดูŠุงุก ุฃุตุบุฑ ูˆ ุฃุตุบุฑ --
03:04
so this particular person wrote a whole article and said,
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ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดุฎุต ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุงู‹
ูƒุชุจ ู…ู‚ุงู„ุง ูˆู‚ุงู„" ุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง"
03:08
"Hey, these are bacteria."
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03:09
Except, if you look a little bit closer,
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ุฅู„ุง ุงู†ูƒ ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุนู† ูƒุซุจ
03:11
you see, in fact, that this thing is way too small to be anything like that.
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ุชูุดุงู‡ุฏ ,ููŠ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ุฉ,ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ู‡ูˆ ุตุบูŠุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู„ูŠุจุฏูˆ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ.
ูˆูƒุงู† ู…ู‚ุชู†ุนุงู‹
03:15
So he was convinced, but, in fact, most people aren't.
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุนุธู… ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ุบูŠุฑ ู…ู‚ุชู†ุนูŠู†
ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ,ุจุงู„ุทุจุน
03:19
And then, of course, NASA also had a big announcement,
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ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ูƒุงู† ู„ู‡ุง ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ุฅุนู„ุงู† ูƒุจูŠุฑ
03:22
and President Clinton gave a press conference,
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ูˆู‚ุงู… ุงู„ุฑุฆูŠุณ ูƒู„ูŠู†ุชูˆู† ุจุนู…ู„ ู…ุคุชู…ุฑ ุตุญููŠ
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ู…ูุฏู‡ุด
03:25
about this amazing discovery of life in a Martian meteorite.
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ุญูˆู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ู†ูŠุฒูƒ ู…ุฑูŠุฎูŠ
ู…ุง ุนุฏุง ุงู†ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงูŠุงู…ู†ุง ู‡ุฐู‡,ุฐู„ูƒ ู…ุชู†ุงุฒุน ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุจุดุฏุฉ.
03:30
Except that nowadays, it's heavily disputed.
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ู„ูˆ ุฃุฎุฐุช ุฏุฑุณุงู‹ ู…ู† ูƒู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุตูˆุฑ
03:34
If you take the lesson of all these pictures,
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03:36
then you realize, well, actually, maybe it's not that easy.
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ุชูุฏุฑูƒ ุฃู† ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู„ูŠุณ ุจู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ
ุฑูุจู…ุง ุฃุญุชุงุฌ
03:39
Maybe I do need a definition of life
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ุงู„ู‰ ุชุนุฑูŠู ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
03:42
in order to make that kind of distinction.
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ู„ูƒูŠ ุงู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชู…ูŠูŠุฒ
ู‡ู„ ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ
03:45
So can life be defined?
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ูƒูŠู ุชุตู„ ุงู„ูŠู‡
03:47
Well how would you go about it?
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุจุงู„ุทุจุน,
03:49
Well of course, you'd go to Encyclopedia Britannica and open at L.
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ุชุฐู‡ุจ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุณูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุจุฑูŠุทุงู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุชูุชุญ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฑู "L"
ู„ุง,ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู„ู† ุชู‚ูˆู… ุจุฐู„ูƒ, ุณูˆู ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ู…ุญุฑูƒ ุงู„ุจุญุซ ุฌูˆุฌู„
03:53
No, of course you don't do that; you put it somewhere in Google.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ู…ุง
03:56
And then you might get something.
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03:57
(Laughter)
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03:58
And what you might get --
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ูˆู…ุงุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡ --
04:00
and anything that actually refers to things that we are used to,
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ูˆ ุฃูŠ ุดูŠุก ูŠูุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ุนุชุงุฏูŠู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
ุชู„ู‚ูŠู‡ุง ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹
04:04
you throw away.
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ูˆุจุนุฏ ุฐู„ูƒ ุฑุจู…ุง ุชุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุดูŠุก ูŠุดุจู‡ ู‡ุฐุง
04:05
And then you might come up with something like this.
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ูŠู‚ูˆู„ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู…ุนู‚ุฏุฉ
04:07
And it says something complicated with lots and lots of concepts.
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ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู…
ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠูƒุชุจ ุดูŠุฆุงู‹
04:11
Who on Earth would write something as convoluted and complex and inane?
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ู…ูู„ุชู ูˆ ู…ุนู‚ุฏ
ูˆุชุงูู‡ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
ู‡ูŠ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนู‡ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู…
04:18
Oh, it's actually a really, really, important set of concepts.
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ุงู†ุง ูู‚ุท ุฃุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ูƒู„ู…ุงุช
04:22
So I'm highlighting just a few words
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04:24
and saying definitions like that rely on things
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ูˆ ู‚ูˆู„ ุชุนุฑูŠู ู…ุซู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
ูŠุนุชู…ุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุง ุชุณุชู†ุฏ
04:28
that are not based on amino acids or leaves or anything that we are used to,
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ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
ุฃูˆ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุนุชุฏู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡ุง
ู„ูƒู† ูŠุณุชู†ุฏ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ูู‚ุท
04:34
but in fact on processes only.
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ุฅุฐุง ุงู„ู‚ูŠุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุฐู„ูƒ
04:36
And if you take a look at that,
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจ ู…ู† ุชุฃู„ูŠููŠ ูŠุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉ
04:38
this was actually in a book that I wrote that deals with artificial life.
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูŠููุณุฑ ู„ู…ุงุฐุง
04:41
And that explains why that NASA manager was actually in my office to begin with.
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุฏูŠุฑ ู…ู† ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง ููŠ ู…ูƒุชูŠ ู„ูŠุจุฏุฃ ุงู„ุญุฏูŠุซ ู…ุนูŠ
04:45
Because the idea was that, with concepts like that,
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ู„ุงู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ,ููŠ ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ูƒุชู„ูƒ
04:48
maybe we can actually manufacture a form of life.
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ุฑูุจู…ุง ูŠูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตูู†ุน
ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
04:52
And so if you go and ask yourself, "What on Earth is artificial life?",
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ูุฅุฐุง ุณุฃู„ุช ู†ูุณูƒ
"ู…ุง ุงู„ู…ู‚ุตูˆุฏ ุจุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉุŸ"
04:57
let me give you a whirlwind tour of how all this stuff came about.
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ุฏุนูˆู†ูŠ ุงูŽุฎุฐูƒู… ููŠ ุฌูˆู„ุฉ ุณุฑูŠุนุฉ
ุชููˆุถุญ ูƒูŠู ุจุฏุฃ ูƒู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
05:01
And it started out quite a while ago,
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ูˆุจุฏุฃ ู…ู†ุฐ ูุชุฑุฉ ูˆุฌูŠุฒุฉ
05:04
when someone wrote one of the first successful computer viruses.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ูƒุชุจ ุฃุญุฏู‡ู…
ุฃุญุฏ ุฃู†ุฌุญ ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„ุญุงุณุจ ุงู„ุงูŽู„ูŠ
ูˆู„ุฃูˆู„ุฆูƒ ุงู„ุตุบุงุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุณู†
05:09
And for those of you who aren't old enough,
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05:11
you have no idea how this infection was working --
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ู„ุง ุชุนู„ู…ูˆู† ูƒูŠู ูƒุงู†ุช ุชุชู… ุงู„ุนุฏูˆู‰
05:14
namely, through these floppy disks.
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ูƒุงู† ุฐู„ูƒ ุชุญุฏูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ุงู„ุงู‚ุฑุงุต ุงู„ู…ุฑู†ุฉ
05:16
But the interesting thing about these computer virus infections
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ู…ุซูŠุฑ ู„ู„ุงู‡ุชู…ุงู… ุญูˆู„ ุนุฏูˆู‰ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
ุฃู†ู‡ ุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุงู„ู‰ ู…ูุนุฏู„
05:20
was that, if you look at the rate at which the infection worked,
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ู†ุฌุงุญ ุงู„ุงุตุงุจุฉ
05:23
they show this spiky behavior that you're used to from a flu virus.
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ุชูุธู‡ุฑ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ุดุงุฆูƒ
ูŠูุดุจู‡ ุณู„ูˆูƒ ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„ุงู†ููˆู†ุฒุง
05:27
And it is in fact due to this arms race
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุณุจุจ ุณุจุงู‚ ุงู„ุชุณู„ูุญ
05:30
between hackers and operating system designers
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ุจูŠู† ู…ุฎุชุฑู‚ูŠู† ุงู„ุญูˆุงุณูŠุจ ูˆู…ุตู…ู…ูŠ ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุชุดุบูŠู„
05:33
that things go back and forth.
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ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุดุฏ ูˆุฌุฐุจ
05:35
And the result is kind of a tree of life of these viruses,
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ูˆุงู„ู†ุชูŠุฌุฉ ูƒุงู†ุช ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุดุฌุฑุฉ ุญูŠุงุฉ
ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช
05:39
a phylogeny that looks very much like the type of life
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ุณูู„ุงู„ุฉ ุชูุดุงุจู‡ ูƒุซูŠุฑุงู‹
ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุงุนุชุฏู†ุง ุนู„ูŠู‡,ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุฃู‚ู„
05:43
that we're used to, at least on the viral level.
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05:45
So is that life?
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ู‡ู„ ู†ุนุชุจุฑ ุฐู„ูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ู„ุงุŸ
05:47
Not as far as I'm concerned.
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ู„ู…ุงุฐุงุŸ ู„ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฃุดูŠุงุก ู„ุง ุชุชุทูˆุฑ ู…ู† ุชู„ู‚ุงุก ุฐุงุชู‡ุง
05:49
Why? Because these things don't evolve by themselves.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู‡ูู†ุงูƒ ู…ูุฎุชุฑู‚ูŠู† ู‚ุงู…ูˆุง ุจูƒุชุงุจุชู‡ุง
05:52
In fact, they have hackers writing them.
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ู„ูƒู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ ุชู… ุงู„ุชู‚ุฏู… ุจู‡ุง ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุง
05:54
But the idea was taken very quickly a little bit further,
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05:57
when a scientist working at the Santa Fe Institute decided,
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ู‚ุฑุฑ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู…ู„ูŠู† ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠ
06:00
"Why don't we try to package these little viruses
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"ู„ู…ุงุฐุง ู„ุง ู†ุญุงูˆู„ ุญุฒู… ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ุงู„ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ
06:03
in artificial worlds inside of the computer
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ููŠ ุงู„ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุญุงุณูˆุจ
ูˆู†ุฏุนู‡ุง ุชุชุทูˆุฑุŸ"
06:06
and let them evolve?"
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06:07
And this was Steen Rasmussen.
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ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงู† "ุณุชูŠู† ุฑุงุณู…ูˆุณูŠู†"
06:09
And he designed this system, but it really didn't work,
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ูˆุตู…ู… ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู… ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู„ู… ูŠู†ุฌุญ
06:11
because his viruses were constantly destroying each other.
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ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ููŠุฑูˆุณุงุช ูƒุงู†ุช ุจุงุณุชู…ุฑุงุฑ ุชูุฏู…ุฑ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
06:14
But there was another scientist who had been watching this, an ecologist.
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ู„ูƒู† ูƒุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนุงู„ู… ุงูŽุฎุฑ ูŠูุชุงุจุน ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ, ุนุงู„ู… ุจูŠุฆูŠ
ูˆุนุงุฏ ุงู„ู‰ ู…ู†ุฒู„ู‡ ูˆ ู‚ุงู„ ,"ุฃู†ุง ุฃุนู„ู… ูƒูŠู ุฃูุตู„ุญ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ"
06:18
And he went home and says, "I know how to fix this."
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06:20
And he wrote the Tierra system,
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ูˆูƒุชุจ ู†ุธุงู… "ุชูŠุฑุง"
06:22
and, in my book,
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ูˆ,ููŠ ูƒุชุงุจูŠ, ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฃุญุฏ ุงูˆุงุฆู„
06:23
is in fact one of the first truly artificial living systems --
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ุฃู„ุงู†ุธู…ุฉ ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุตุทู†ุงุนูŠุฉ ุงู„ุญู‚ูŠู‚ูŠุฉ
06:27
except for the fact that these programs didn't really grow in complexity.
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ุจุฅุณุชุซู†ุงุก ุญู‚ูŠุฉ ุฃู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุญ ู„ุง ุชู†ู…ูˆุง ุจุดูƒู„ ู…ูุนู‚ุฏ
06:30
So having seen this work, worked a little bit on this,
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ูˆุจุฑุคูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ูŠู†ุฌุญ,ุนู…ู„ุชู ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹ ุนู„ูŠู‡,
06:33
this is where I came in.
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ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู„ุญุธุฉ ุญูŠุซ ููƒุฑุช
06:35
And I decided to create a system that has all the properties
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ูˆู‚ุฑุฑุช ุฃู† ุฃูู†ุดูŠุก ู†ุธุงู…
ูŠุญุชูˆูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุฎุตุงุฆุต ุงู„ุถุฑูˆุฑูŠุฉ
06:39
that are necessary to see, in fact, the evolution of complexity,
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ู„ุฃุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุชุทูˆุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุนู‚ุฏ
ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ูˆุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุดุงูƒู„ ุงู„ู…ูุนู‚ุฏุฉ ูˆุงู„ู…ุชุทูˆุฑุฉ ุจุดูƒู„ ุซุงุจุช
06:43
more and more complex problems constantly evolving.
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ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ุจู…ุง ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ู„ุง ุฃุนุฑู ูƒูŠู ุฃูƒุชุจ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ,ุญุตู„ุช ุนู„ู‰ ู…ุณุงุนุฏุฉ ููŠ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ุฌุงู„
06:46
And of course, since I really don't know how to write code, I had help in this.
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ุณุงุนุฏู†ูŠ ุงุซู†ุงู† ู…ู† ุทู„ุจุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ุนู„ูŠุง
06:50
I had two undergraduate students
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ููŠ ู…ุนู‡ุฏ ูƒุงู„ูŠููˆุฑู†ูŠุง ู„ู„ุชูƒู†ู„ูˆุฌูŠุง.ุนู…ู„ุง ู…ุนูŠ
06:51
at California Institute of Technology that worked with me.
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ู‡ุฐุง "ุดุงุฑู„ุฒ ุงูˆูุฑูŠุง" ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠุณุงุฑ , ูˆ " ุชูŠุชูˆุณ ุจุฑุงูˆู†" ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูŠู…ูŠู†
06:54
That's Charles Ofria on the left, Titus Brown on the right.
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ูƒู„ ู…ู†ู‡ู… ุงู„ุงูŽู† ุจุฑูˆููŠุณูˆุฑ ู…ุญุชุฑู…
06:57
They are now, actually, respectable professors
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06:59
at Michigan State University,
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ููŠ ุฌุงู…ุนุฉ ู…ูŠุชุดุบู†
07:01
but I can assure you, back in the day, we were not a respectable team.
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูŠ ุงู„ุชุฃูƒูŠุฏ ู„ูƒูู… ุฃู†ู†ุง ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
ู„ู… ู†ูƒู† ูุฑูŠู‚ุงู‹ ู…ูุญุชุฑู…ุงู‹
ูˆุฃู†ุง ุณุนูŠุฏ ุฃู†ู‡ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุฃูŠ ุตูˆุฑุฉ
07:06
And I'm really happy that no photo survives
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ุชูุธู‡ุฑู†ุง ุฌู…ูŠุนุงู‹ ุจุงู„ู‚ุฑุจ ู…ู† ุจุนุถู†ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ.
07:08
of the three of us anywhere close together.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ู‡ูˆ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…ุŸ
07:11
But what is this system like?
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ูŠ ุงู„ุฎูˆุถ ููŠ ุงู„ุชูุงุตูŠู„
07:13
Well I can't really go into the details,
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07:15
but what you see here is some of the entrails.
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุชูุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ู‡ู†ุง ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุญุดุงุก
ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุฃุฑูŠุฏ ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ ุนู„ูŠู‡
07:18
But what I wanted to focus on is this type of population structure.
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ู‡ูˆ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุนูŠุฉ ู…ู† ู‡ูŠูƒู„ ุงู„ุนูŠู†ุงุช
ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ูู†ุงูƒ ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 10,000 ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ
07:22
There's about 10,000 programs sitting here.
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07:24
And all different strains are colored in different colors.
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ูˆูƒูู„ ุณูู„ุงู„ุฉ ู…ูุฎุชู„ูุฉ ู…ูู„ูˆู†ุฉ ุจู„ูˆู† ู…ูุฎุชู„ู
07:27
And as you see here, there are groups that are growing on top of each other,
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ูˆูƒู…ุง ุชูุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู† ู‡ู†ุง,ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุงุช ุชู†ู…ูˆุง ููˆู‚ ุจุนุถู‡ุง ุงู„ุจุนุถ
ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ู…ูู†ุชุดุฑุฉ
07:31
because they are spreading.
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07:32
Any time there is a program that's better at surviving in this world,
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ููŠ ูƒู„ ูˆู‚ุช ู‡ูู†ุงูƒ ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ
ุฃูุถู„ ููŠ ุฅู†ู‚ุงุฐ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
07:36
due to whatever mutation it has acquired,
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ุจุณุจุจ ุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ุงุช ุงู„ู…ููƒุชุณุจุฉ,
07:38
it is going to spread over the others and drive the others to extinction.
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ุณูˆู ุชู†ุชุดุฑ ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุฃูุฎุฑู‰ ูˆุชุฏูุน ุงู„ุฃุฎุฑู‰ ู„ู„ุงู†ู‚ุฑุงุถ
ุณูˆู ุงุนุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ูŠูู…ูƒู†ูƒู… ู…ู† ุฑุคูŠุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุฏูŠู†ุงู…ูŠูƒูŠุฉ
07:42
So I'm going to show you a movie
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07:43
where you're going to see that kind of dynamic.
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ุชูุจุฏุฃ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฌุงุฑุจ
07:46
And these kinds of experiments are started with programs that we wrote ourselves.
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ุจุจุฑุงู…ุญ ูƒุชุจู†ุงู‡ุง ุจุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
ูƒุชุจู†ุง ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุฎุงุตุฉ ุจู†ุง, ูƒุฑุฑู†ุงู‡ุง
07:50
We write our own stuff, replicate it, and are very proud of ourselves.
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ูˆู†ุญู† ูุฎูˆุฑูˆู† ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุจุฃู†ูุณู†ุง
07:53
And we put them in, and what you see immediately
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ูˆูˆุถุนู†ุงู‡ุง ู…ุนุงู‹ , ูˆู…ุง ุชูุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู†ู‡ ููˆุฑุงู‹
07:56
is that there are waves and waves of innovation.
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ุฃู†ู‡ ูŠููˆุฌุฏ ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ูˆุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุฅุณุชุญุฏุงุซ
07:59
By the way, this is highly accelerated,
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ุจุงู„ู…ู†ุงุณุจุฉ ,ุฅู†ู‡ุง ู…ูุชุณุงุฑุนุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
08:01
so it's like a 1000 generations a second.
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ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ ุขู„ุงู ุงู„ุงุฌูŠุงู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุซุงู†ูŠุฉ
08:03
But immediately, the system goes like, "What kind of dumb piece of code was this?
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ู„ูƒู† ููˆุฑุง ูŠุตุจุญ ู„ุณุงู† ุญุงู„ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…
"ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ ุงู„ุบุจูŠุฉ ู‡ุฐุงุŸ
08:07
This can be improved upon in so many ways, so quickly."
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ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุชุทูˆูŠุฑ ู‡ุฐุง ุจุทุฑู‚ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุฉ
ูˆุจุณุฑุนุฉ"
08:11
So you see waves of new types taking over the other types.
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ุชูุดุงู‡ุฏูˆู† ุฃู…ูˆุงุฌ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฌุฏูŠุฏุฉ
ุชุทุบู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู†ูˆุงุน ุงู„ุฃูุฎุฑู‰
08:15
And this type of activity goes on for quite a while,
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ูˆู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุดุงุท ูŠุณุชู…ุฑ ู„ูุชุฑุฉ
08:17
until the main easy things have been acquired by these programs.
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ุญุชู‰ ู†ูƒุชุณุจ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉ ุจูˆุงุณุทุฉ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุจุฑุงู…ุฌ
08:22
And then, you see sort of like a stasis coming on
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ูˆุซู… ุชู„ุงุญุธูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูƒูˆุฏ
08:26
where the system essentially waits
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠู†ุชุธุฑ ุงู„ู†ุธุงู…
08:28
for a new type of innovation, like this one,
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ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุจุชูƒุงุฑ ู…ุซู„ ู‡ุฐุง
08:31
which is going to spread over all the other innovations that were before
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ูˆุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠู†ุชุดุฑ
ูˆูŠุทุบู‰ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ู…ุง ุณุจู‚ู‡
08:35
and is erasing the genes that it had before,
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ูˆูŠู…ุญูŠ ุงู„ุฌูŠู†ุงุช ุงู„ุณุงุจู‚ุฉ,
08:38
until a new type of higher level of complexity has been achieved.
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ุญุชู‰ ูŠุชู… ุงู„ุญุตูˆู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู†ูˆุน ุฌุฏูŠุฏ ุฐูˆ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงุนู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ
08:42
And this process goes on and on and on.
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ูˆุชุณุชู…ุชุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ู…ุฑุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆู…ุฑุงุฑุงู‹ ูˆู…ุฑุงุฑุงู‹.
08:45
So what we see here
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ู…ุง ู†ูุดุงู‡ุฏู‡ ู‡ู†ุง
08:47
is a system that lives in very much the way we're used to how life goes.
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ู‡ูˆ ู†ุธุงู… ูŠุนูŠุด
ุจุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู†ูุณู‡ุง ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุนุชุฏู†ุง ุงู„ุนูŠุด ุจู‡ุง
08:51
But what the NASA people had asked me really was,
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุง ุณุฃู„ู†ูŠ ุนู†ู‡ ู…ูˆุธููŠ ูˆูƒุงู„ุฉ ู†ุงุณุง
ูƒุงู† "ู‡ู„ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก
08:56
"Do these guys have a biosignature?
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุจุตู…ุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉุŸ
08:59
Can we measure this type of life?
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ู‡ู„ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ู‚ูŠุงุณ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉุŸ
09:01
Because if we can,
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ู„ุฃู†ู‡ ุงุฐุง ุงู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ
09:02
maybe we have a chance of actually discovering life somewhere else
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ุฑูุจู…ุง ุฃู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ููŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ู…ุง
09:06
without being biased by things like amino acids."
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ุจุฏูˆู† ุงู† ู†ูƒูˆู† ู…ูุชุญูŠุฒูŠู†
ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ."
09:10
So I said, "Well, perhaps we should construct a biosignature
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ู‚ูู„ุช,"ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุฑูุจู…ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ุจู†ูŠ
ุจุตู…ุฉ ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ
09:15
based on life as a universal process.
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ุงุนุชู…ุงุฏุงู‹ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูƒุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ ุดุงู…ู„ุฉ
09:18
In fact, it should perhaps make use of the concepts that I developed
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุฑูุจู…ุง ุงุณุชูุงุฏ
ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ูู‡ูˆู… ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุทูˆุฑุชู‡
ูู‚ุท ู…ู† ุงุฌู„ ุงู„ูˆุตูˆู„
09:23
just in order to sort of capture what a simple living system might be."
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ู„ุฑุจู…ุง ุŒ ู…ุงู‡ูŠุฉ ู†ุธุงู… ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ุงู„ุจุณูŠุท."
ูˆุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชูˆุตู„ุช ุงู„ูŠู‡--
09:27
And the thing I came up with --
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09:28
I have to first give you an introduction about the idea,
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ูŠุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ุฅุนุทุงุกูƒู… ู…ุชู‚ุฏู…ุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ,
09:32
and maybe that would be a meaning detector,
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ูˆุฑูุจู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุฐู„ูƒ ูƒุงุดู ู„ู„ู…ุนู†ู‰
ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ูƒุงุดู ู„ู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
09:36
rather than a life detector.
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09:38
And the way we would do that --
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ูˆุงู„ุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจู‡ุง ุจุฐู„ูƒ--
09:40
I would like to find out how I can distinguish text
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ุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุงุนุฑู ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุฃู…ูŠุฒ
09:42
that was written by a million monkeys, as opposed to text that is in our books.
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ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูƒูุชุจุช ุนู† ุทุฑูŠู‚ ู…ู„ุงูŠูŠู† ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุฏ
ููŠ ู…ูู‚ุงุจู„ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ ููŠ ูƒูุชุจู†ุง
09:47
And I would like to do it in such a way
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ูˆุงุฑูŠุฏ ุงู† ุงู‚ูˆู… ุฐู„ูƒ ุจุทุฑูŠู‚ุฉ ู…ุนูŠู†ุฉ
09:49
that I don't actually have to be able to read the language,
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ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠุชูˆุฌุจ ุนู„ูŠ ู…ุนุฑูุฉ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ
ู„ุงู†ู†ูŠ ู…ุชูŠู‚ู† ุงู†ู†ูŠ ู„ู† ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ู‚ุฑุงุกุชู‡ุง
09:52
because I'm sure I won't be able to.
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ุนู„ู‰ ุญุฏ ุนู„ู…ูŠ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ูู†ุงูƒ ุฃุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ
09:54
As long as I know that there's some sort of alphabet.
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ุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุฑุณู… ุชูƒุฑุงุฑูŠ
09:57
So here would be a frequency plot
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ูŠุจูŠู† ู…ุนุฏู„
09:59
of how often you find each of the 26 letters of the alphabet
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ุธู‡ูˆุฑ ูƒู„ ุญุฑู ู…ู† ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุงุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ 26
10:02
in a text written by random monkeys.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุฏ
10:05
And obviously, each of these letters comes off about roughly equally frequent.
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ู…ู† ุงู„ูˆุงุถุญ ุงู† ูƒู„ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุฑูˆู
ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ
ู„ูƒู† ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุงู„ู‰ ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ููŠ ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ
10:10
But if you now look at the same distribution in English texts,
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10:13
it looks like that.
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ูƒู‡ุฐุง.
10:15
And I'm telling you, this is very robust across English texts.
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ูˆู„ู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ูŠุฉ,ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุธู‡ุฑ ุจู‚ูˆุฉ ููŠ ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ
ูˆุฅุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู†ุตูˆุต ุงู„ูุฑู†ุณูŠุฉ ูŠุจุฏูˆ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุงู‹ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุงู‹
10:19
And if I look at French texts, it looks a little bit different,
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ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงูŠุทุงู„ูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงู„ู…ุงู†ูŠุฉ
10:22
or Italian or German.
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ุฌู…ูŠุนู‡ุง ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุชูƒุฑุงุฑู‡ุง ุงู„ุชุฑุฏุฏูŠ ุงู„ุฎุงุต ุจู‡ุง
10:23
They all have their own type of frequency distribution,
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ู„ูƒู†ู‡ ู‚ูˆูŠ
10:26
but it's robust.
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ุจุบุถ ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ุฃูƒุงู†ุช ุงู„ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุนู† ุงู„ุณูŠุงุณุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุนู„ูˆู…
10:28
It doesn't matter whether it writes about politics or about science.
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ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุณูˆุงุก ุฃูƒุงู†ุช ู‚ุตูŠุฏุฉ
10:31
It doesn't matter whether it's a poem or whether it's a mathematical text.
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ุงูˆ ุฃูŠ ู†ุต ุญุณุงุจูŠ
ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุตู…ุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ
10:37
It's a robust signature,
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ูˆุซุงุจุชุฉ ุฌุฏุงู‹
10:39
and it's very stable.
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10:40
As long as our books are written in English --
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ุทุงู„ู…ุง ูƒุงู†ุช ูƒูุชุจู†ุง ู…ูƒุชูˆุจุฉ ุจุงู„ุงู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ --
ู„ุฃู† ุงู„ู†ุงุณ ูŠุนูŠุฏูˆู† ูƒุชุจุงุชู‡ุง ูˆูŠู†ุณุฎูˆู†ู‡ุง --
10:43
because people are rewriting them and recopying them --
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10:45
it's going to be there.
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ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู„ุจุตู…ุฉ ู…ูˆุฌูˆุฏุฉ
10:47
So that inspired me to think about, well, what if I try to use this idea
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู‡ู…ู†ูŠ ู„ู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู…ุฑ
ุญุณู†ุงู‹, ุงุฐุง ุญุงูˆู„ุช ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
ูˆุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ู†ุต ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠ
10:53
in order, not to detect random texts from texts with meaning,
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ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุต ุฐูŠ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰
10:56
but rather detect the fact that there is meaning
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ุจุฏู„ุงู‹ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู†ูƒุชุดู ุงู† ู‡ูู†ุงูƒ ู…ุนู†ู‰
11:00
in the biomolecules that make up life.
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ููŠ ุงู„ุฌุฒูŠุฆุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠูˆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชูุดูƒู„ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
ู„ูƒู† ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ุงุณุฃู„ ุงูˆู„ุงู‹
11:03
But first I have to ask:
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11:04
what are these building blocks,
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ู…ุงู‡ูŠ ุงุญุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก ุงู„ู…ูุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ุญุฑูˆู ุงู„ุงุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนุฑุถุชู‡ุง ุนู„ูŠูƒู…ุŸ
11:05
like the alphabet, elements that I showed you?
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ุงุชุถุญ ุงู†ู‡ ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู† ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆู„
11:08
Well it turns out, we have many different alternatives
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ู„ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงุญุฌุงุฑ ุงู„ุจู†ุงุก
11:11
for such a set of building blocks.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
11:13
We could use amino acids,
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11:14
we could use nucleic acids, carboxylic acids, fatty acids.
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ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ, ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ูƒุงุฑุจูˆูƒู„ุณูŠุฉ, ุงูˆ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุฏู‡ู†ูŠุฉ
11:17
In fact, chemistry's extremely rich, and our body uses a lot of them.
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ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุบู†ูŠุฉ, ูˆุฃุฌุณุงู…ู†ุง ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง
ุฅุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู„ุงุฎุชุจุงุฑ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ููƒุฑุฉ
11:21
So that we actually, to test this idea,
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11:23
first took a look at amino acids and some other carboxylic acids.
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ุงูˆู„ุงู‹ ุฃุฎุฐุช ู†ุธุฑุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ูˆุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ูƒุฑุจูˆูƒุณูŠู„ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
ูˆู‡ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ู†ุชุงุฆุฌ.
11:27
And here's the result.
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11:28
Here is, in fact, what you get
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ู‡ุฐุง ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู…ุง ุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
11:31
if you, for example, look at the distribution of amino acids
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ุงุฐุง ู†ุธุฑุช ุนู„ู‰ ุณุจูŠู„ ุงู„ู…ุซุงู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
11:34
on a comet or in interstellar space or, in fact, in a laboratory,
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ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฐู†ู‘ุจ ุงูˆ ุงู„ูุถุงุก ุจูŠู† ุงู„ู†ุฌูˆู…
ุงูˆ ููŠ ุงู„ู…ุฎุชุจุฑ
11:39
where you made very sure that in your primordial soup,
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ุญูŠุซ ุชุชุฃูƒุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ููŠ ุญุณุงุฆูƒ ุงู„ุจุฏุงุฆูŠ
ู„ุง ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุงูŠ ุงุดูŠุงุก ุญูŠุฉ
11:42
there is no living stuff in there.
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ู…ุง ุชุฌุฏู‡ ู‡ูˆ ุบุงู„ุจุงู‹ ุงู„ุฌูŠู„ุงูƒูŠู† ูˆุงู„ุงู†ูŠู†
11:44
What you find is mostly glycine and then alanine
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ู‚ู„ูŠู„ุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
11:47
and there's some trace elements of the other ones.
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11:49
That is also very robust --
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู‚ูˆูŠ --
11:52
what you find in systems like Earth
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ุชุฌุฏู‡ ููŠ ุฃู†ุธู…ุฉ ู…ุดุงุจู‡ุฉ ู„ู„ุงุฑุถ
11:55
where there are amino acids, but there is no life.
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ุญูŠุซ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
ู„ูƒู† ุจุฏูˆู† ูˆุฌูˆุฏ ุญูŠุงุฉ
11:59
But suppose you take some dirt and dig through it
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ู„ูƒู† ุฅูุชุฑุถ ุงู†ูƒ ุงุฎุฐุช ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู‚ุฐุงุฑุฉ
ูˆุจุญุซุช ุฎู„ุงู„ู‡ุง
12:03
and then put it into these spectrometers,
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ูˆูˆุถุนุชู‡ ููŠ ู…ุญู„ู„ ุงู„ุทูŠู
12:06
because there's bacteria all over the place;
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจูƒุชุฑูŠุง ููŠ ูƒู„ ู…ูƒุงู†,
12:08
or you take water anywhere on Earth,
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ุงูˆ ุงุฎุฐุช ุดูŠุก ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุงุก ู…ู† ุงูŠ ู…ูƒุงู† ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
ู„ุงู†ู‡ ู…ุฑุชุจุท ุจุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ,
12:11
because it's teaming with life,
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12:12
and you make the same analysis;
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ูˆุฃุฎุฐุช ู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุญู„ูŠู„
12:14
the spectrum looks completely different.
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ุงู„ุทูŠู ูŠุจุฏูˆ ู…ุฎุชู„ูุงู‹ ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹
ุจุงู„ุทุจุน ู„ุง ูŠุฒุงู„ ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ุฌู„ุงูƒูŠู† ูˆ ุฃู„ุงู†ูŠู†,
12:17
Of course, there is still glycine and alanine,
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12:20
but in fact, there are these heavy elements, these heavy amino acids,
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ู„ูƒู† ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ูŠูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ, ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ ุงู„ุซู‚ูŠู„ุฉ
12:23
that are being produced because they are valuable to the organism.
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ุฃู†ุชุฌุช
ู„ุฃู†ู‡ุง ุฐุงุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู„ูƒุงุฆู† ุงู„ุญูŠ.
ูˆุจุนุถ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰
12:28
And some other ones that are not used in the set of 20,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ู… ุชุณุชุฎุฏู… ุถู…ู† ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ุงู„ุนุดุฑูŠู†
ู„ุง ุชุธู‡ุฑ ุงุทู„ุงู‚ุงู‹
12:32
they will not appear at all in any type of concentration.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุฑูƒูŠุฒ
12:35
So this also turns out to be extremely robust.
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ูˆุฃูŠุถุงู‹ ุฅุชุถุญ ุฃู† ุฐู„ูƒ ู‚ูˆูŠ ู„ู„ุบุงูŠุฉ
12:37
It doesn't matter what kind of sediment you're using to grind up,
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ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ุฃูŠ ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุฑูˆุงุณุจ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ุงู„ุทุญู†
ุณูˆุงุก ูƒุงู†ุช ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง ุงูˆ ุงูŠ ู…ู† ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช ุงู„ุงุฎุฑู‰ ุงูˆ ุงู„ุญูŠูˆุงู†ุงุช.
12:41
whether it's bacteria or any other plants or animals.
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ููŠ ุฃูŠ ู…ู† ูƒุงู† ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ ุญูŠุงุฉ
12:44
Anywhere there's life,
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12:45
you're going to have this distribution,
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ุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
12:47
as opposed to that distribution.
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ููŠ ู…ู‚ุงุจู„ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
12:49
And it is detectable not just in amino acids.
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ูˆู‡ูˆ ู‚ุงุจู„ ู„ู„ุงูƒุชุดุงู ู„ูŠุณ ูู‚ุท ููŠ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
12:52
Now you could ask:
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ุงู„ุงู† ุจุฅู…ูƒุงู†ูƒ ุงู„ุณุคุงู„
12:54
Well, what about these Avidians?
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ู„ูƒู† ู…ุงุฐุง ุนู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ "ุงููŠุฏุงู†ุณ"
ุงู„"ุงููŠุฏุงู†ุณ" ู‡ู… ุณููƒุงู† ุนุงู„ู… ุงู„ุญุงุณุจ ุงู„ุงูŽู„ูŠ
12:57
The Avidians being the denizens of this computer world
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13:00
where they are perfectly happy replicating and growing in complexity.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠุชูƒุงุซุฑูˆู† ุจุณุนุงุฏุฉ ูˆูŠูƒุจุฑูˆู† ููŠ ุงู„ุชุนู‚ูŠุฏ
13:03
So this is the distribution that you get if, in fact, there is no life.
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ู‡ุฐุง ู‡ูˆ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุณูˆู ุชุญุตู„ ุนู„ูŠู‡
ุงุฐุง ู„ู… ุชูƒู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉ.
13:08
They have about 28 of these instructions.
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ู„ุฏูŠู‡ุง ุญูˆุงู„ูŠ 20 ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช
13:11
And if you have a system where they're being replaced one by the other,
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ูˆุงุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ู†ุธุงู… ุญูŠุซ ูŠูุณุชุจุฏู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ุจุงู„ุงุฎุฑ
ุชูุดุงุจู‡ ูƒุชุงุจุฉ ุงู„ู‚ุฑูˆุฏ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงู‹ู„ุฉ ุงู„ูƒุงุชุจุฉ
13:15
it's like the monkeys writing on a typewriter.
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ูƒู„ ูˆุงุญุฏ ู…ู† ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุงูˆุงู…ุฑ ุชุธู‡ุฑ
13:17
Each of these instructions appears with roughly the equal frequency.
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ุจู†ูุณ ุงู„ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุชู‚ุฑูŠุจุง
13:22
But if you now take a set of replicating guys
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ู„ูƒู† ุงุฐุง ุงุฎุฐุช ู…ุฌู…ูˆุนุฉ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ ุงู„ู…ูุชูƒุฑุฑุฉ
ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏุชูˆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ
13:27
like in the video that you saw,
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ุชุจุฏูˆ ู‡ูƒุฐุง
13:29
it looks like this.
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ุชูˆุฌุฏ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช
13:31
So there are some instructions
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13:32
that are extremely valuable to these organisms,
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ู‡ูŠ ุฐุงุช ู‚ูŠู…ุฉ ู„ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ูƒุงุฆู†ุงุช ุงู„ุญูŠุฉ
ูˆุชุฑุฏุฏู‡ุง ุณูˆู ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนุงู„ูŠ
13:35
and their frequency is going to be high.
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13:37
And there's actually some instructions that you only use once, if ever.
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ูˆู‡ู†ุงูƒ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุจุนุถ ุงู„ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุงุช
ุงู„ุชูŠ ุชุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ู…ุฑุฉ ูˆุงุญุฏุฉ
13:41
So they are either poisonous
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ูู‡ูŠ ุงู…ุง ุณุงู…ุฉ
13:43
or really should be used at less of a level than random.
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ุงูˆ ูŠุฌุจ ุงุณุชุฎุฏู…ู‡ุง ููŠ ู…ุณุชูˆู‰ ุงู‚ู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุนุดูˆุงุฆูŠุฉ
13:47
In this case, the frequency is lower.
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ููŠ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ุญุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุงู‚ู„
ุงู„ุงู‹ู† ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู† ู†ุฑู‰, ู‡ู„ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุญู‚ุงู‹ ุจุตู…ุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉุŸ
13:51
And so now we can see, is that really a robust signature?
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13:53
I can tell you indeed it is,
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ุงุณุชุทูŠุน ุงู„ู‚ูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ู†ุนู… ู‡ูŠ ูƒุฐู„ูƒ
13:55
because this type of spectrum, just like what you've seen in books,
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ู„ุฃู† ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ูˆุน ู…ู† ุงู„ุทูŠู, ุชู…ุงู…ุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏุชูˆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ูƒูุชุจ
13:58
and just like what you've seen in amino acids,
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ูˆุงูŠุถุงู‹ ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุดุงู‡ุฏุชูˆู‡ ููŠ ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
14:00
it doesn't really matter how you change the environment,
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ู„ุง ูŠู‡ู… ูƒูŠู ุชูุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ , ุงู†ู‡ุง ุจุตู…ุฉ ู‚ูˆูŠุฉ
14:03
it's very robust, it's going to reflect the environment.
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ุณูˆู ุชุนูƒุณ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ
ุณูˆู ุงุนุฑุถ ุนู„ูŠูƒู… ุงู„ุงู‹ู† ุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุตุบูŠุฑุฉ ู‚ูู…ู†ุง ุจู‡ุง.
14:06
So I'm going to show you now a little experiment that we did.
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ูˆูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ุฃุดุฑุญ ู„ูƒู…,
14:09
And I have to explain to you,
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ุงุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ุฑุณู…
14:10
the top of this graph
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14:11
shows you that frequency distribution that I talked about.
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ูŠูุจูŠู† ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ุฐูŠ ุชุญุฏุซุช ุนู†ู‡
14:14
Here, that's the lifeless environment
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ู‡ู†ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุจู‡ุง ุญูŠุงุฉ
ุญูŠุซ ุชุธู‡ุฑ ูƒู„ ุชุนู„ูŠู…ุฉ
14:18
where each instruction occurs at an equal frequency.
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ุจุชุฑุฏุฏ ู…ุชุณุงูˆูŠ
ูˆููŠ ุงู„ุงุณูู„ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุง, ุฃุจูŠู‘ู†
14:22
And below there, I show, in fact, the mutation rate in the environment.
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ู…ูุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ููŠ ุงู„ุจูŠุฆุฉ
14:27
And I'm starting this at a mutation rate that is so high
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ูˆุฃุจุฏุฃ ู‡ุฐุง ุจู…ุนุฏู„ ุชุญูˆู„ ุนุงู„ูŠ ุฌุฏุงู‹
14:30
that even if you would drop a replicating program
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ุจุญูŠุซ ุงู†ูƒ ุงุฐุง ุงุณู‚ุทุช
ุจุฑู†ุงู…ุฌ ุชูƒุฑุงุฑูŠ
14:34
that would otherwise happily grow up to fill the entire world,
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ุณูˆู ูŠู†ู…ูˆ ุจุณุนุงุฏุฉ
ู„ูŠู…ู„ุฃ ูƒู„ ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…
ู„ูˆ ุงุณู‚ุทุชู‡ , ุณูˆู ูŠุตูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ู…ูˆุช ู…ุจุงุดุฑุฉ
14:39
if you drop it in, it gets mutated to death immediately.
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14:42
So there is no life possible at that type of mutation rate.
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ู„ุง ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุญูŠุงุฉ
ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนุฏู„ ู…ู† ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„
14:47
But then I'm going to slowly turn down the heat, so to speak,
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุณูˆู ุงูุฎูุถ ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ุจุจุทุฆ
14:51
and then there's this viability threshold
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ูˆุฃุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุนุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู‰
14:53
where now it would be possible for a replicator to actually live.
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุงู„ุงู‹ู†
ู„ู„ู…ูุชูƒุฑุฑ ุงู† ูŠุนูŠุด
14:57
And indeed, we're going to be dropping these guys into that soup all the time.
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ูˆููŠ ุงู„ูˆุงู‚ุน ุณูˆู ู†ู‚ูˆู… ุจุงุณู‚ุงุท ุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ุนู†ุงุตุฑ
ููŠ ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุญุณุงุก ุทูˆุงู„ ุงู„ูˆู‚ุช
ุฏุนูˆู†ุง ู†ู†ุธุฑ ูƒูŠู ุชุจุฏูˆ
15:03
So let's see what that looks like.
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ุงูˆู„ุงู‹ , ู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู„ุง ุดูŠุก ู„ุงุดูŠุก
15:05
So first, nothing, nothing, nothing.
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ุญุงุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹ ุญุงุฑ ุฌุฏุงู‹
15:08
Too hot, too hot.
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15:09
Now the viability threshold is reached,
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ุงู„ุงู† ูˆุตู„ู†ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุนุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู‰
15:12
and the frequency distribution has dramatically changed
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ูˆ ุชุฑุฏุฏ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
ุชุบูŠุฑ ุจุฏุฑุงู…ุงุชูŠูƒูŠุฉ, ูˆุฃุณุชู‚ุฑ
15:16
and, in fact, stabilizes.
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ูˆุงู„ุขู† ู…ุง ูุนู„ุชู‡ ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
15:18
And now what I did there
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15:19
is, I was being nasty, I just turned up the heat again and again.
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ุฃู†ู†ูŠ ูƒูู†ุช ู…ูƒู‘ุงุฑ, ูˆุฑูุนุช ุงู„ุญุฑุงุฑุฉ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ูˆู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰
ูˆุจุงู„ุทุจุน ูˆุตู„ ุงู„ู‰ ุนุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู‰
15:23
And of course, it reaches the viability threshold.
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15:25
And I'm just showing this to you again because it's so nice.
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ูˆุฃุฑูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุงู‡ ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰ ู„ุงู†ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠู„ ุฌุฏุงู‹
15:28
You hit the viability threshold.
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ุชู„ุงู…ุณ ุนุชุจุฉ ุงู„ุฌุฏูˆู‰
15:30
The distribution changes to "alive!"
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ูŠุชุบูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน ุงู„ู‰ "ุญูŠ"
15:32
And then, once you hit the threshold
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ูˆุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุชู„ุงู…ุณ ุงู„ุนุชุจุฉ
15:35
where the mutation rate is so high that you cannot self-reproduce,
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ุญูŠุซ ูŠูƒูˆู† ู…ุนุฏู„ ุงู„ุชุญูˆู„ ุนุงู„ูŠ
ุจุญูŠุซ ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงุนุงุฏุฉ ุงู†ุชุงุฌ ู†ูุณูƒ
ู„ุง ูŠู…ูƒู†ูƒ ู†ุณุฎ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
15:40
you cannot copy the information forward to your offspring
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ูˆุชุญูˆูŠู„ู‡ุง ุงู„ู‰ ุณู„ุงู„ุฉ
15:44
without making so many mistakes that your ability to replicate vanishes.
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ุจุฏูˆู† ุนู…ู„ ุงุฎุทุงุก ูƒุซูŠุฑุฉ
ุจุญูŠุซ ุชู†ุนุฏู… ู‚ุงุจู„ูŠุชูƒ ู„ู„ุชูƒุฑุงุฑ
15:49
And then, that signature is lost.
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุชุถูŠุน ุงู„ุจุตู…ุฉ
ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡ ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
15:53
What do we learn from that?
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15:54
Well, I think we learn a number of things from that.
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ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู†ุง ู†ุชุนู„ู… ุนุฏุฉ ุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ู† ุฐู„ูƒ
15:58
One of them is,
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ุงุญุฏู‡ุง
16:00
if we are able to think about life in abstract terms --
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ุงุฐุง ุงู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
ุจุดูƒู„ ุชุฌุฑูŠุฏูŠ --
16:05
and we're not talking about things like plants,
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ูˆุจุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงุดูŠุงุก ู…ุซู„ ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช
ูˆู†ุญู† ู„ุง ู†ุชูƒู„ู… ุนู† ุงู„ุงุญู…ุงุถ ุงู„ุงู…ูŠู†ูŠุฉ
16:08
and we're not talking about amino acids,
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ูˆู„ุง ู†ุชุญุฏุซ ุนู† ุงู„ุจูƒุชูŠุฑูŠุง
16:10
and we're not talking about bacteria,
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16:11
but we think in terms of processes --
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ู†ููƒุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
ู…ู† ุซู… ูŠูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุจุฏุก ููŠ ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ,
16:14
then we could start to think about life
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16:16
not as something that is so special to Earth,
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ุนู„ู‰ ุงู†ู‡ุง ู„ูŠุณุช ุดูŠุก ุฎุงุต ุจูƒูˆูƒุจ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
16:18
but that, in fact, could exist anywhere.
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ู„ูƒู† ูŠูู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชูˆุฌุฏ ููŠ ุงูŠ ู…ูƒุงู†
16:21
Because it really only has to do with these concepts of information,
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ู„ุงู†ู‡ุง ูŠุฌุจ ุง ู† ุชุชู…
ุจุชู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ูุงู‡ูŠู… ู…ู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช,
16:25
of storing information within physical substrates --
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ุจุชุฎุฒูŠู† ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช
ุถู…ู† ุฑูƒุงุฆุฒ ููŠุฒูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ
16:29
anything: bits, nucleic acids, anything that's an alphabet --
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ุงูŠ ุดูŠุก:ุจุงูŠุชุงุช ,ุงุญู…ุงุถ ู†ูˆูˆูŠุฉ
ุงูŠ ุดูŠุก ุฐูˆ ุงุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ--
16:33
and make sure that there's some process
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ู„ู†ุชุฃูƒุฏ ุงู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ ุนู…ู„ูŠุฉ
16:35
so that this information can be stored for much longer than you would expect --
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ุจุญูŠุซ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุฎุฒู† ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุฉ
ู„ูุชุฑุฉ ุงุทูˆู„ ู…ู…ุง ุชุชูˆู‚ุน
ุงู„ู…ุฏู‰ ุงู„ุฒู…ู†ูŠ ู„ุชุฏู…ูŠุฑ ุงู„ู…ุนู„ูˆู…ุงุช.
16:40
the time scales for the deterioration of information.
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ูˆุงุฐุง ุงู…ูƒู†ูƒ ูุนู„ ุฐู„ูƒ
16:44
And if you can do that, then you have life.
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ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุญูŠุงุฉ
16:47
So the first thing that we learn
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ุงุฐุงู‹ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ุงู„ุงูˆู„ ุงู„ุฐูŠ ู†ุชุนู„ู…ู‡
16:49
is that it is possible to define life in terms of processes alone,
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ุฃู†ู‡ ุจุงู„ุงู…ูƒุงู† ุชุนุฑูŠู ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
ู…ู† ุญูŠุซ ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ูู‚ุท
16:55
without referring at all to the type of things that we hold dear,
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ุจุฏูˆู† ุงู„ุงุดุงุฑุฉ ู…ูุทู„ู‚ุงู‹
ุงู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุงุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ู†ุญุจู‡ุง ุจู‚ูˆุฉ,
ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุดูŠุก ุงู„ุชูŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ุงุฑุถ
17:00
as far as the type of life on Earth is.
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17:02
And that, in a sense, removes us again,
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ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ู…ุนู†ู‰ ูŠู†ุฒุนู†ุง ู…ุฑุฉ ุงุฎุฑู‰
17:05
like all of our scientific discoveries, or many of them --
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ู…ุซู„ู…ุง ุชูุนู„ู‡ ุฌู…ูŠุน ุงูƒุชุดุงูุงุชู†ุง ุงู„ุนู„ู…ูŠุฉ ุงูˆ ุงู„ูƒุซูŠุฑ ู…ู†ู‡ุง --
17:08
it's this continuous dethroning of man --
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ุงู†ู‡ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู†ุฒุน ุงู„ู…ุชูƒุฑุฑ ู„ู„ุงู†ุณุงู† --
ุญูŠุซ ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู†ุง ู…ุชู…ูŠุฒูˆู† ู„ุฃู†ู†ุง ุจุดุฑ
17:11
of how we think we're special because we're alive.
344
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17:13
Well, we can make life; we can make life in the computer.
345
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ูŠู‹ู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุตู†ุน ุญูŠุงุฉ, ูŠูู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุนู…ู„ ุญูŠุงุฉ ุฏุงุฎู„ ุงู„ุญุงุณุจ ุงู„ุงู„ูŠ
17:16
Granted, it's limited,
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ูŠุญุจ ุงู† ู†ุนุฑู ุฐู„ูƒ,ู„ูƒู†ู‡ุง ู…ุญุฏูˆุฏุฉ
17:18
but we have learned what it takes in order to actually construct it.
347
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ุชุนู„ู…ู†ุง ู…ุงู„ุฐูŠ ูŠุชุทู„ุจู‡
ู…ู† ุฃุฌู„ ุจู†ุงุฆู‡ุง
17:23
And once we have that,
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ูˆุญูŠู†ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ู„ุฏูŠู†ุง ุฐู„ูƒ
17:26
then it is not such a difficult task anymore
349
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ุชุตุจุญ ู…ู‡ู…ุฉ ู„ูŠุณุช ุตุนุจุฉ
17:29
to say, if we understand the fundamental processes
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ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„,ุงุฐุง ูู‡ู…ู†ุง ุงู„ุนู…ู„ูŠุงุช ุงู„ุงุณุงุณูŠุฉ
17:33
that do not refer to any particular substrate,
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ุงู„ุชูŠ ู„ุง ุชูุดูŠุฑ ุงู„ู‰ ุงูŠ ุฑูƒูŠุฒุฉ
17:36
then we can go out and try other worlds,
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ูุฅุฐุงู‹ ูŠู…ูƒู†ู†ุง ุงู„ุฎุฑูˆุฌ
ูˆุชุฌุฑุจุฉ ุนูˆุงู„ู… ุงูุฎุฑู‰
17:40
figure out what kind of chemical alphabets might there be,
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ูˆู…ุนุฑูุฉ ู…ุง ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุงุจุฌุฏูŠุฉ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุฆูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ
ู†ุชุนุฑู ุจู…ุง ูŠูƒููŠ ุนู„ู‰ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ุงุนุชูŠุงุฏูŠุฉ
17:45
figure enough about the normal chemistry, the geochemistry of the planet,
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ูˆุฌุบุฑุงููŠุฉ ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ุงู„ู†ุจุงุชุงุช
ุจุญูŠุซ ู†ุนุฑู ู…ุง ูŠูƒูˆู† ุนู„ูŠู‡ ุงู„ุชูˆุฒูŠุน
17:50
so that we know what this distribution would look like in the absence of life,
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ููŠ ุบูŠุงุจ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
17:53
and then look for large deviations from this --
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ูˆู…ู† ุซู… ุงู„ู†ุธุฑ ููŠ ุงู„ุงู†ุญุฑุงูุงุช ุงู„ูƒุจูŠุฑุฉ ุจุนูŠุฏุงู‹ ุนู† ู‡ุฐุง
17:56
this thing sticking out, which says, "This chemical really shouldn't be there."
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ุฐู„ูƒ ุงู„ุดูŠุก ูŠุฎุฑุฌ, ูˆูŠู‚ูˆู„
"ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก ูŠุฌุจ ุงู† ู„ุง ุชูƒูˆู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ"
18:01
Now we don't know that there's life then,
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ุงู„ุงู† ู„ุง ู†ุนุฑู ุงู†ู‡ ุชูˆุฌุฏ ุญูŠุงุฉ
18:03
but we could say,
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ู„ูƒู†ู†ุง ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ู†ู‚ูˆู„
18:05
"Well at least I'm going to have to take a look very precisely at this chemical
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"ุญุณู†ุงู‹ ุณูˆู ุงู„ู‚ูŠ ู†ุธุฑุฉ ู…ุญุฏุฏุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ู‡ุฐู‡ ุงู„ูƒูŠู…ูŠุงุก
18:08
and see where it comes from."
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ูˆุฃู†ุธุฑ ู…ู† ุงูŠู† ุงุชุช"
ูˆุฐู„ูƒ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ูŠูƒูˆู† ูุฑุตุชู†ุง
18:11
And that might be our chance of actually discovering life
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ููŠ ุงูƒุชุดุงู ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
18:14
when we cannot visibly see it.
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ููŠ ุญุงู„ ุนุฏู… ู‚ุฏุฑุชู†ุง ุนู„ู‰ ุฑุคูŠุชู‡ุง ุจูˆุถูˆุญ
18:16
And so that's really the only take-home message that I have for you.
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ูˆุชู„ูƒ ู‡ูŠ ุงู„ุฑุณุงู„ุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ุงุฑูŠุฏูƒู… ุงู† ุชุฃุฎุฐูˆู‡ุง ู…ุนูƒู…
ุณูˆู ุงุนุทูŠูƒู… ุงูŠุงู‡ุง
18:21
Life can be less mysterious than we make it out to be
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ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุงู‚ู„ ุบู…ูˆุถุงู‹
ุงูƒุซุฑ ู…ู† ู…ุง ุงุฑุฏู†ุง ู„ู‡ุง ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู†
18:25
when we try to think about how it would be on other planets.
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ุนู†ุฏู…ุง ุญุงูˆู„ู†ุง ุงู„ุชููƒูŠุฑ ูƒูŠู ูŠู…ูƒู† ุงู† ุชูƒูˆู† ุนู„ู‰ ูƒูˆุงูƒุจ ุฃุฎุฑู‰
18:29
And if we remove the mystery of life,
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ูˆุฅุฐุง ุงุฒู„ู†ุง ุบู…ูˆุถ ุงู„ุญูŠุงุฉ
18:32
then I think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live,
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ุงุนุชู‚ุฏ ุงู†ู‡ ุงูƒุซุฑ ุณู‡ูˆู„ุฉ
ุจุงู„ู†ุณุจุฉ ู„ู†ุง ุญูˆู„ ูƒูŠู ู†ุนูŠุด
18:37
and how perhaps we're not as special as we always think we are.
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ูˆูƒูŠู ุงู†ู†ุง ู„ุณู†ุง ู…ู…ูŠุฒูŠู† ูƒู…ุง ู†ุนุชู‚ุฏ ุฏุงุฆู…ุง
18:40
And I'm going to leave you with that.
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ูˆุณูˆู ุงุชุฑูƒูƒู… ู…ุน ู‡ุฐุง.
ุดูƒุฑุงู‹ ู„ูƒู…
18:43
And thank you very much.
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18:44
(Applause)
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(ุชุตููŠู‚)
ุญูˆู„ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน

ุณูŠู‚ุฏู… ู„ูƒ ู‡ุฐุง ุงู„ู…ูˆู‚ุน ู…ู‚ุงุทุน ููŠุฏูŠูˆ YouTube ุงู„ู…ููŠุฏุฉ ู„ุชุนู„ู… ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ. ุณุชุฑู‰ ุฏุฑูˆุณ ุงู„ู„ุบุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ุชูŠ ูŠุชู… ุชุฏุฑูŠุณู‡ุง ู…ู† ู‚ุจู„ ู…ุฏุฑุณูŠู† ู…ู† ุงู„ุฏุฑุฌุฉ ุงู„ุฃูˆู„ู‰ ู…ู† ุฌู…ูŠุน ุฃู†ุญุงุก ุงู„ุนุงู„ู…. ุงู†ู‚ุฑ ู†ู‚ุฑู‹ุง ู…ุฒุฏูˆุฌู‹ุง ููˆู‚ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุฉ ุงู„ุฅู†ุฌู„ูŠุฒูŠุฉ ุงู„ู…ุนุฑูˆุถุฉ ุนู„ู‰ ูƒู„ ุตูุญุฉ ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู„ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ ู…ู† ู‡ู†ุงูƒ. ูŠุชู… ุชู…ุฑูŠุฑ ุงู„ุชุฑุฌู…ุงุช ุจุงู„ุชุฒุงู…ู† ู…ุน ุชุดุบูŠู„ ุงู„ููŠุฏูŠูˆ. ุฅุฐุง ูƒุงู† ู„ุฏูŠูƒ ุฃูŠ ุชุนู„ูŠู‚ุงุช ุฃูˆ ุทู„ุจุงุช ุŒ ูŠุฑุฌู‰ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ุจู†ุง ุจุงุณุชุฎุฏุงู… ู†ู…ูˆุฐุฌ ุงู„ุงุชุตุงู„ ู‡ุฐุง.

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