Finding life we can't imagine | Christoph Adami

44,018 views ใƒป 2011-10-04

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : Kyo young Chu
00:15
So, I have a strange career.
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์ €๋Š” ํŠน์ดํ•œ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:17
I know it because people come up to me, like colleagues, and say,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์™€์„œ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ
00:20
"Chris, you have a strange career."
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โ€œํฌ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ•œ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”,โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:22
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
00:24
And I can see their point,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์š”์ ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:25
because I started my career as a theoretical nuclear physicist.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ €๋Š” ์ €์˜ ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์„
์ด๋ก  ํ•ต ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
00:30
And I was thinking about quarks and gluons and heavy ion collisions,
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์ €๋Š” ์ฟผํฌ์™€ ๊ธ€๋ฃจ์•ˆ,
๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ฒ ์˜ ์ถฉ๋Œ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ 
00:34
and I was only 14 years old --
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง€ 14์‚ด ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:36
No, no, I wasn't 14 years old.
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์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”, ์ œ๊ฐ€ 14์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:40
But after that,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ํ›„,
์ €๋Š” ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด
00:43
I actually had my own lab
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์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ๊ณผํ•™ ๋ถ€์„œ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
00:45
in the Computational Neuroscience department,
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณผํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:47
and I wasn't doing any neuroscience.
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00:48
Later, I would work on evolutionary genetics,
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์ดํ›„์—, ์ €๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์  ์œ ์ „ํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
00:51
and I would work on systems biology.
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์กฐ์ง ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์ง€์š”
00:53
But I'm going to tell you about something else today.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–˜๊ธฐํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:56
I'm going to tell you about how I learned something about life.
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์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šด
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:00
And I was actually a rocket scientist.
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:04
I wasn't really a rocket scientist,
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์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋กœ์ผ“ ๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
01:06
but I was working at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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์ €๋Š”
์ œํŠธ ์ถ”์ง„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”
์–‘์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„์—์„œ ๊ทผ๋ฌดํ–ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
01:11
in sunny California, where it's warm;
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01:13
whereas now I am in the mid-West, and it's cold.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฉด์— ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ค‘์„œ๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜์ฃ ,
์ฐธ ์ถ”์šด ๊ณณ์ด์—์š”
01:17
But it was an exciting experience.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”
01:20
One day, a NASA manager comes into my office,
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์–ด๋Š๋‚ , NASA์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์— ์™€์„œ
01:23
sits down and says,
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์•‰์œผ๋ฉด์„œ
01:26
"Can you please tell us, how do we look for life outside Earth?"
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โ€œ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ €ํฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?โ€๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”
์ œ ์ž„๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€
01:31
And that came as a surprise to me,
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์–‘์ž ๊ณ„์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
01:33
because I was actually hired to work on quantum computation.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋†€๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ œ๊ฒ ๊ธฐ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ 
01:37
Yet, I had a very good answer.
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01:38
I said, "I have no idea."
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์ €๋Š”, "์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋Š”๊ฑธ์š”"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
01:40
(Laughter)
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01:41
And he told me, "Biosignatures, we need to look for a biosignature."
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฒŒ "์ƒ์ฒด์ง€ํ‘œ,
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค."๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€, "๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€์š”" ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ
01:47
And I said, "What is that?"
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01:48
And he said, "It's any measurable phenomenon
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "๊ทธ๊ฑด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ
๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
01:51
that allows us to indicate the presence of life."
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์ธก์ •๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์ฃ " ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”
01:54
And I said, "Really?
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „ "์ •๋ง์š”?
01:56
Because isn't that easy?
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”?
01:58
I mean, we have life.
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๋ฌด์Šจ ๋ง์ด๋ƒ๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ž–์•„์š”
02:00
Can't you apply a definition,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค๋ฉด,
02:02
for example, a Supreme Court-like definition of life?"
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๋Œ€๋ฒ•์›์—์„œ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ 
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚˜์„œ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณธ ๋’ค์— ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
02:07
And then I thought about it a little bit, and I said,
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"์Œ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฌ์šด๊ฐ€์š”?
02:09
"Well, is it really that easy?
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์š”, ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:11
Because, yes, if you see something like this,
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02:13
then all right, fine, I'm going to call it life --
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์ข‹์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฅด์ฃ --
02:15
no doubt about it.
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์˜์‹ฌํ•  ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”
02:17
But here's something."
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”,"
02:19
And he goes, "Right, that's life too. I know that."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ "๋งž์•„์š”, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ฃ . ์ €๋„ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”
02:22
Except, if you think that life is also defined by things that die,
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๋‹จ, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
'์ฃฝ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค'์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋ฉด
02:26
you're not in luck with this thing,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์—๋Š” ์šด์ด ์—†๋Š”๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”
02:28
because that's actually a very strange organism.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง ์ด์ƒํ•œ ์กฐ์ง์ฒด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
02:30
It grows up into the adult stage like that
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์„ฑ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž๋ผ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š”
๋ฒค์ž๋ฏผ ๋ฒ„ํŠผ ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๊พธ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์น˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:33
and then goes through a Benjamin Button phase,
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02:35
and actually goes backwards and backwards until it's like a little embryo again,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐฐ์•„์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
๊ฑฐ์Šฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค์Œ
์š”์š”๊ฐ™์ด ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ , ์ž‘์•„์ง€๊ณ  ๋˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ
02:40
and then actually grows back up, and back down and back up --
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์ ˆ๋Œ€ ์ฃฝ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:43
sort of yo-yo -- and it never dies.
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02:44
So it's actually life,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์ด์ง€๋งŒ
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”
02:47
but it's actually not as we thought life would be.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:51
And then you see something like that.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ €๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:53
And he was like, "My God, what kind of a life form is that?"
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๊ทธ๋Š” "์„ธ์ƒ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๊ตฐ์š”
์•„์‹œ๋Š” ๋ถ„ ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
02:56
Anyone know?
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:58
It's actually not life, it's a crystal.
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ ์  ๋” ์ž‘์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„
03:01
So once you start looking and looking at smaller and smaller things --
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๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค
03:04
so this particular person wrote a whole article and said,
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์ด ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
๋…ผ๋ฌธ ์ „์ฒด๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๊ณ ๋Š”, "์ด๋ด, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์•ผ" ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”
03:08
"Hey, these are bacteria."
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03:09
Except, if you look a little bit closer,
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๋‹จ, ๋” ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด,
03:11
you see, in fact, that this thing is way too small to be anything like that.
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์ด๊ฑด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ž‘์•„์š”.
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™•์‹ ์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ
03:15
So he was convinced, but, in fact, most people aren't.
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๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ฌผ๋ก ,
03:19
And then, of course, NASA also had a big announcement,
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NASA๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
03:22
and President Clinton gave a press conference,
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ํด๋ฆฐํ„ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€
ํ™”์„ฑ ์šด์„์—์„œ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์šด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
03:25
about this amazing discovery of life in a Martian meteorite.
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๊ธฐ์žํšŒ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๋‹จ ์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€์š”
03:30
Except that nowadays, it's heavily disputed.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๋“ค๋กœ ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:34
If you take the lesson of all these pictures,
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03:36
then you realize, well, actually, maybe it's not that easy.
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฌ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹˜์„ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ๋ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์•„๋งˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜
03:39
Maybe I do need a definition of life
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๊ตฌ๋ณ„์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
03:42
in order to make that kind of distinction.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์˜๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ •์˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
03:45
So can life be defined?
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
03:47
Well how would you go about it?
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๋ฌผ๋ก ,
03:49
Well of course, you'd go to Encyclopedia Britannica and open at L.
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๋ธŒ๋ฆฌํƒœ๋‹ˆ์ปค ๋ฐฑ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ 'L' ์ž ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ฒ ์ฃ 
์•„๋‹ˆ์˜ˆ์š”, ๋ฌผ๋ก  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๊ธ€์— ์ž…๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:53
No, of course you don't do that; you put it somewhere in Google.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:56
And then you might get something.
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03:57
(Laughter)
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03:58
And what you might get --
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๋˜ ์–ป์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:00
and anything that actually refers to things that we are used to,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์ „๋ถ€
๋ฒ„๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:04
you throw away.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:05
And then you might come up with something like this.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ
04:07
And it says something complicated with lots and lots of concepts.
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๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ด ๋‚œํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ 
04:11
Who on Earth would write something as convoluted and complex and inane?
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๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ณ  ์–ด๋ฆฌ์„์€
๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์“ธ๊นŒ์š”?
์•„, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:18
Oh, it's actually a really, really, important set of concepts.
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์ €๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜ ์žŽ ๋˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ
04:22
So I'm highlighting just a few words
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04:24
and saying definitions like that rely on things
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์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์„ ๋‘์–ด
์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
04:28
that are not based on amino acids or leaves or anything that we are used to,
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๊ณผ์ • ์ž์ฒด์—๋งŒ ์˜์กดํ•œ
๋ช‡ ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ
์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
but in fact on processes only.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
04:36
And if you take a look at that,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์“ด ์ธ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋Š” ์ฑ…์— ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:38
this was actually in a book that I wrote that deals with artificial life.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ NASA ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž๊ฐ€
04:41
And that explains why that NASA manager was actually in my office to begin with.
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๋‹น์ดˆ์— ์ œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์„ ์ฐพ์•„์˜จ ์ด์œ ์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:45
Because the idea was that, with concepts like that,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ
04:48
maybe we can actually manufacture a form of life.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜๋„
์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์—์„œ์˜€์ฃ 
04:52
And so if you go and ask yourself, "What on Earth is artificial life?",
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Šค์Šค๋กœ
โ€œ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ธ๊ณต ์ƒ๋ช…์ด๋ž€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ž…๋‹ˆ๊นŒ? " ๋ฌป๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด,
04:57
let me give you a whirlwind tour of how all this stuff came about.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒŒ ๋œ
๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์žฌ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:01
And it started out quite a while ago,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ์˜ค๋ž˜์ „์—
05:04
when someone wrote one of the first successful computer viruses.
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๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜
์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ๋ช‡๋ช‡ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋ถ„๋“ค์€
05:09
And for those of you who aren't old enough,
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05:11
you have no idea how this infection was working --
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”Œ๋กœํ”ผ ๋””์Šคํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด
05:14
namely, through these floppy disks.
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:16
But the interesting thing about these computer virus infections
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ๊ฐ์—ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํฅ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์€
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์—ผ์ด
05:20
was that, if you look at the rate at which the infection worked,
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์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์†๋„๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด
05:23
they show this spiky behavior that you're used to from a flu virus.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋…๊ฐ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€
๋พฐ์กฑํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:27
And it is in fact due to this arms race
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค
05:30
between hackers and operating system designers
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ํ•ด์ปค์™€ ์šด์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์„ค๊ณ„์ž ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ
05:33
that things go back and forth.
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์น˜๊ณ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:35
And the result is kind of a tree of life of these viruses,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋‚˜๋ฌด
์ ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ
05:39
a phylogeny that looks very much like the type of life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•ด์ ธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์™€
์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ฐœ์ƒ๋ก ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:43
that we're used to, at least on the viral level.
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05:45
So is that life?
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒ๋ช…์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
05:47
Not as far as I'm concerned.
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์™œ์ฃ ? ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:49
Why? Because these things don't evolve by themselves.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•ด์ปค๋“ค์ด ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:52
In fact, they have hackers writing them.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฐํƒ€ํŽ˜ ๊ณผํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€,
05:54
But the idea was taken very quickly a little bit further,
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05:57
when a scientist working at the Santa Fe Institute decided,
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"์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ธ๊ณต ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
06:00
"Why don't we try to package these little viruses
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋ฅผ ํŒจํ‚ค์ง€๋กœ ํ•ด์„œ
06:03
in artificial worlds inside of the computer
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?"๋ผ๊ณ 
๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์•„์ฃผ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋”์šฑ ์‹ฌํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:06
and let them evolve?"
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06:07
And this was Steen Rasmussen.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์Šคํ‹ด ๋ผ์Šค๋ฌด์„ผ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:09
And he designed this system, but it really didn't work,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:11
because his viruses were constantly destroying each other.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐ”์ด๋Ÿฌ์Šค๋“ค์ด ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„œ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์‹œ์ผฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:14
But there was another scientist who had been watching this, an ecologist.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜, ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒํƒœํ•™์ž๊ฐ€, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, โ€œ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ์•„"
06:18
And he went home and says, "I know how to fix this."
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06:20
And he wrote the Tierra system,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ํ‹ฐ์—๋ผ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ผ๊ณ 
06:22
and, in my book,
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์ œ ์ฑ…์†์— ์žˆ๋Š”, ์ตœ์ดˆ์˜
06:23
is in fact one of the first truly artificial living systems --
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์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ธ๊ณต ์ƒ๋ช… ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ค‘์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:27
except for the fact that these programs didn't really grow in complexity.
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์ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ๋ณต์žกํ•จ์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ œ์™ธํ•˜๋ฉด์š”
06:30
So having seen this work, worked a little bit on this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ณด์•„์„œ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ์ผ ํ–ˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:33
this is where I came in.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€์š”
06:35
And I decided to create a system that has all the properties
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์ €๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์ง„ํ™”,
๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ
06:39
that are necessary to see, in fact, the evolution of complexity,
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๋”์šฑ ๋ณต์žกํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ
๋ชจ๋“  ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:43
more and more complex problems constantly evolving.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ด์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋„์›€์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:46
And of course, since I really don't know how to write code, I had help in this.
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ช…์˜
06:50
I had two undergraduate students
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์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™์˜ ํ•™๋ถ€ ํ•™์ƒ๊ณผ ์ผํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:51
at California Institute of Technology that worked with me.
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์ €๊ธฐ ์™ผ์ชฝ์ด ์ฐฐ์Šค ์˜คํ”„๋ฆฌ์•„์ด๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ์ด ํ‹ฐ๋”์Šค ๋ธŒ๋ผ์šด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:54
That's Charles Ofria on the left, Titus Brown on the right.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ๋ฏธ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ฃผ๋ฆฝ ๋Œ€ํ•™์—์„œ
06:57
They are now, actually, respectable professors
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06:59
at Michigan State University,
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์กด๊ฒฝ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ต์ˆ˜์ง€๋งŒ
07:01
but I can assure you, back in the day, we were not a respectable team.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋‹ดํ•˜๊ฑด๋ฐ, ์˜ˆ์ „์—๋Š”,
์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์กด๊ฒฝํ• ๋งŒ ํ•œ ํŒ€์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์…‹์ด์„œ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์ด ์ฐ์€ ์‚ฌ์ง„์ด
07:06
And I'm really happy that no photo survives
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๋‚จ์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:08
of the three of us anywhere close together.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡๊ฐ™์€๊ฐ€์š”?
07:11
But what is this system like?
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์„ธ๋ถ€์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ
07:13
Well I can't really go into the details,
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07:15
but what you see here is some of the entrails.
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๊ฑด ์ฐฝ์ž์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘๊ณ ์ž ์›ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
07:18
But what I wanted to focus on is this type of population structure.
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์ธ๊ตฌ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์•ฝ 10,000๊ฐœ์˜ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:22
There's about 10,000 programs sitting here.
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07:24
And all different strains are colored in different colors.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ณ€์ข…์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์œผ๋กœ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:27
And as you see here, there are groups that are growing on top of each other,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์œ„์—์„œ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ 
07:31
because they are spreading.
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07:32
Any time there is a program that's better at surviving in this world,
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
๋” ๋‚˜์€ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
07:36
due to whatever mutation it has acquired,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ํš๋“ํ•œ ์–ด๋–ค ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ผ์ง€๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„
07:38
it is going to spread over the others and drive the others to extinction.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ํ™•์‚ฐ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฉธ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ๋ชฐ์•„๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ์ผ์ข…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋  ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:42
So I'm going to show you a movie
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07:43
where you're going to see that kind of dynamic.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ์‹คํ—˜๋“ค์€
07:46
And these kinds of experiments are started with programs that we wrote ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์“ด ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ , ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ ,
07:50
We write our own stuff, replicate it, and are very proud of ourselves.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:53
And we put them in, and what you see immediately
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ง‘์–ด๋„ฃ์œผ๋ฉด, ์ฆ‰์‹œ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:56
is that there are waves and waves of innovation.
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ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ํŒŒ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:59
By the way, this is highly accelerated,
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์–ด์จŒ๋“ , ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ€์†ํ™” ๋˜์–ด์„œ
08:01
so it's like a 1000 generations a second.
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1์ดˆ์— ์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:03
But immediately, the system goes like, "What kind of dumb piece of code was this?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
โ€œ์ด๊ฑด ์–ด๋–ค์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ จํ•œ ์ฝ”๋“œ์ธ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?โ€ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:07
This can be improved upon in so many ways, so quickly."
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฉด์—์„œ
๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:11
So you see waves of new types taking over the other types.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์žฅ์•…ํ•˜๋Š”
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ํŒŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:15
And this type of activity goes on for quite a while,
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ™œ๋™๋“ค์€ ํ•œ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณ„์†๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:17
until the main easy things have been acquired by these programs.
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ๋“ค๋กœ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ํš๋“๋ ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
08:22
And then, you see sort of like a stasis coming on
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์€ ์ •์ง€์ƒํƒœ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:26
where the system essentially waits
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์ด๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์ฒ ์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ
08:28
for a new type of innovation, like this one,
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ํ˜์‹ ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ
08:31
which is going to spread over all the other innovations that were before
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์ด์ „์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ˜์‹ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์— ํ™•์‚ฐ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜๊ณ 
08:35
and is erasing the genes that it had before,
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๊ทธ ์ „์— ์žˆ๋˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ง€์šฐ๋ฉด์„œ
08:38
until a new type of higher level of complexity has been achieved.
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๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€
08:42
And this process goes on and on and on.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:45
So what we see here
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
08:47
is a system that lives in very much the way we're used to how life goes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์นœ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:51
But what the NASA people had asked me really was,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ NASA์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์€
โ€œ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”
08:56
"Do these guys have a biosignature?
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์ƒ์ฒด์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜โ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์ง€์š”
08:59
Can we measure this type of life?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ข…์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
09:01
Because if we can,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
09:02
maybe we have a chance of actually discovering life somewhere else
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์—์„œ
09:06
without being biased by things like amino acids."
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์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ์˜ํ•œ ํŽธ๊ฒฌ์—†์ด
์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
09:10
So I said, "Well, perhaps we should construct a biosignature
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, โ€œ๊ธ€์Ž„์š”, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋งˆ
๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดˆ์„์œผ๋กœ
09:15
based on life as a universal process.
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์ƒ์ฒด์ง€ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•  ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:18
In fact, it should perhaps make use of the concepts that I developed
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋งˆ๋„
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ด๋–จ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋…์„
09:23
just in order to sort of capture what a simple living system might be."
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์ด์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์€ โ€“
09:27
And the thing I came up with --
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09:28
I have to first give you an introduction about the idea,
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์ €๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ๋‹น์‹ ์—๊ฒŒ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์•ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
09:32
and maybe that would be a meaning detector,
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š”
์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์˜๋ฏธ ํƒ์ง€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:36
rather than a life detector.
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09:38
And the way we would do that --
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ โ€“
09:40
I would like to find out how I can distinguish text
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์— ์žˆ๋Š”
09:42
that was written by a million monkeys, as opposed to text that is in our books.
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ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์™€ ๋Œ€์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์›์ˆญ์ด์— ์˜ํ•ด ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„
ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:47
And I would like to do it in such a way
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๊ทธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฝ์„ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”
09:49
that I don't actually have to be able to read the language,
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๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Œ์„ ํ™•์‹ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”
09:52
because I'm sure I won't be able to.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„๋Š” ์ด์ƒ ๋ง์ด์ฃ 
09:54
As long as I know that there's some sort of alphabet.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”
09:57
So here would be a frequency plot
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์–ด๋–ค ์›์ˆญ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์„ฑํ•œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ
09:59
of how often you find each of the 26 letters of the alphabet
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์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ 26 ๊ธ€์ž์—์„œ ๊ฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋นˆ๋„๋ฅผ
10:02
in a text written by random monkeys.
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์ œ๋„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์–ด์š”
10:05
And obviously, each of these letters comes off about roughly equally frequent.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ๊ธ€์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ
๋Œ€๋žต ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ์ผ๊ด€ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด,
10:10
But if you now look at the same distribution in English texts,
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10:13
it looks like that.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:15
And I'm telling you, this is very robust across English texts.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜์–ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ํ”„๋ž‘์Šค์–ด ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋‚˜,
10:19
And if I look at French texts, it looks a little bit different,
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์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋…์ผ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„ ๋‹ค๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:22
or Italian or German.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
10:23
They all have their own type of frequency distribution,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:26
but it's robust.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณผํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์“ฐ๋Š”์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:28
It doesn't matter whether it writes about politics or about science.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‹œ๋“ ์ง€
10:31
It doesn't matter whether it's a poem or whether it's a mathematical text.
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์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์ด ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์„œ๋ช…์ด๊ณ 
10:37
It's a robust signature,
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์•„์ฃผ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:39
and it's very stable.
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10:40
As long as our books are written in English --
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์ €ํฌ ์ฑ…์ด ์˜์–ด๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ ธ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•œ
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์žฌ๋ณต์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
10:43
because people are rewriting them and recopying them --
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10:45
it's going to be there.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:47
So that inspired me to think about, well, what if I try to use this idea
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œ๊ฒŒ
์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ, ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ํ…์ŠคํŠธ์—์„œ
์–ด๋–ค ํ…์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง€ํ• ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:53
in order, not to detect random texts from texts with meaning,
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์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ์ฒด๋ถ„์ž์—
10:56
but rather detect the fact that there is meaning
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์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์ธ์ง€ํ• ๊ฒƒ์„
11:00
in the biomolecules that make up life.
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์‹œ๋„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ์˜๊ฐ์„ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
11:03
But first I have to ask:
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11:04
what are these building blocks,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ๊ฐ™์€ ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ธ, ์ด ๋นŒ๋”ฉ ๋ธ”๋ก์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
11:05
like the alphabet, elements that I showed you?
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ๋ฐ”์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ๋ธ”๋ก์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
11:08
Well it turns out, we have many different alternatives
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:11
for such a set of building blocks.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
11:13
We could use amino acids,
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11:14
we could use nucleic acids, carboxylic acids, fatty acids.
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ํ•ต์‚ฐ, ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹œ์‚ฐ(ํƒ„์‚ฐ)๊ณผ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์‚ฐ๋„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:17
In fact, chemistry's extremely rich, and our body uses a lot of them.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ํ™”ํ•™์€ ๊ทน๋„๋กœ ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ
11:21
So that we actually, to test this idea,
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11:23
first took a look at amino acids and some other carboxylic acids.
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๋จผ์ € ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์นด๋ฅด๋ณต์‹œ์‚ฐ(ํƒ„์‚ฐ)์„ ์ข€ ๋ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:27
And here's the result.
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11:28
Here is, in fact, what you get
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์–ป๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:31
if you, for example, look at the distribution of amino acids
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ํ˜œ์„ฑ์ด๋‚˜ ์„ฑ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ
11:34
on a comet or in interstellar space or, in fact, in a laboratory,
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์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋‚˜
์‹คํ—˜์‹ค์—์„œ
11:39
where you made very sure that in your primordial soup,
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ํ•œ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์Šคํ”„์—์„œ
์–ป๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:42
there is no living stuff in there.
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์ด๋ฉฐ
11:44
What you find is mostly glycine and then alanine
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ผ๋ถ€ ๋ฏธ๋Ÿ‰ ์›์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:47
and there's some trace elements of the other ones.
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11:49
That is also very robust --
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:52
what you find in systems like Earth
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์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒ๋ช…์€ ์—†๋Š”
11:55
where there are amino acids, but there is no life.
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์ง€๊ตฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„
๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
11:59
But suppose you take some dirt and dig through it
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ํ™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ,
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํŒŒ์„œ
12:03
and then put it into these spectrometers,
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๋ถ„์„๊ธฐ์— ๋„ฃ๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”
12:06
because there's bacteria all over the place;
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„๊ฐ€ ์˜จํ†ต ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐจ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ ;
12:08
or you take water anywhere on Earth,
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๋˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์ƒ๋ช…์œผ๋กœ ํŒ€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—์š”,
12:11
because it's teaming with life,
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12:12
and you make the same analysis;
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
12:14
the spectrum looks completely different.
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๊ทธ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ธ€๋ฆฌ์‹ ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ผ๋‹Œ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
12:17
Of course, there is still glycine and alanine,
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12:20
but in fact, there are these heavy elements, these heavy amino acids,
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:23
that are being produced because they are valuable to the organism.
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์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ ์›์†Œ๋“ค์€
์œ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  20๊ฐœ์˜ ์„ธํŠธ์—์„œ
12:28
And some other ones that are not used in the set of 20,
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์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€,
์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ง‘์ค‘์—์„œ๋„
12:32
they will not appear at all in any type of concentration.
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๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:35
So this also turns out to be extremely robust.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ ๋˜ํ•œ ๋งค์šฐ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:37
It doesn't matter what kind of sediment you're using to grind up,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ธ๊ท ์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‹๋ฌผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋™๋ฌผ์ธ์ง€์˜ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๊ณ ,
๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์นจ์ „๋ฌผ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:41
whether it's bacteria or any other plants or animals.
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋Š”,
12:44
Anywhere there's life,
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12:45
you're going to have this distribution,
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์ € ๋ฐฐํฌ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š”,
12:47
as opposed to that distribution.
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฐํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:49
And it is detectable not just in amino acids.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๊ฐ์ง€๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:52
Now you could ask:
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์ด์ œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€:
12:54
Well, what about these Avidians?
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์ด ์•„๋น„๋””์•ˆ์€ ์–ด๋–จ๊นŒ?์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์•„๋น„๋””์•ˆ์€ ๋ณต์žก์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๊ณ 
12:57
The Avidians being the denizens of this computer world
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13:00
where they are perfectly happy replicating and growing in complexity.
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์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:03
So this is the distribution that you get if, in fact, there is no life.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
ํš๋“ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„ํฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:08
They have about 28 of these instructions.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ง€์นจ์˜ ์•ฝ 28 ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:11
And if you have a system where they're being replaced one by the other,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์”ฉ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต์ฒด๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํƒ€์ž๊ธฐ์— ๊ธ€์„ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์›์ˆญ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:15
it's like the monkeys writing on a typewriter.
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๊ฐ ์ง€์นจ์€
13:17
Each of these instructions appears with roughly the equal frequency.
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๋Œ€๋žต ๋™์ผํ•œ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:22
But if you now take a set of replicating guys
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์•˜๋˜ ๊ทธ ๋™์˜์ƒ์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด
๋ณต์ œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
13:27
like in the video that you saw,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:29
it looks like this.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์— ๋งค์šฐ ๊ท€์ค‘ํ•œ
13:31
So there are some instructions
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13:32
that are extremely valuable to these organisms,
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์นจ์ด ์žˆ๊ณ ,
๊ทธ ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋†’์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:35
and their frequency is going to be high.
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13:37
And there's actually some instructions that you only use once, if ever.
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๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ง€์นจ์€
๋‹จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์š”
13:41
So they are either poisonous
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋…ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜
13:43
or really should be used at less of a level than random.
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๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌด์ž‘์œ„์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์ดํ•˜๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:47
In this case, the frequency is lower.
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์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š”, ๋นˆ๋„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์ง€์š”
์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€, ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ์ง€ํ‘œ์ธ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:51
And so now we can see, is that really a robust signature?
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13:53
I can tell you indeed it is,
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์ €๋Š” ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:55
because this type of spectrum, just like what you've seen in books,
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์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ์˜ ์ข…๋ฅ˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
13:58
and just like what you've seen in amino acids,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ,
14:00
it doesn't really matter how you change the environment,
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๋‹น์‹ ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ •๋ง ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค;
14:03
it's very robust, it's going to reflect the environment.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:06
So I'm going to show you now a little experiment that we did.
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์„ค๋ช…๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€,
14:09
And I have to explain to you,
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์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์ด
14:10
the top of this graph
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14:11
shows you that frequency distribution that I talked about.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ ๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:14
Here, that's the lifeless environment
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ ์ง€์นจ์ด
๋™์ผํ•œ ๋นˆ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”
14:18
where each instruction occurs at an equal frequency.
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์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ ์•„๋ž˜์—์„œ๋Š”
14:22
And below there, I show, in fact, the mutation rate in the environment.
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ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ์˜ ๋ณ€์ด์†๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:27
And I'm starting this at a mutation rate that is so high
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•„์ฃผ ๋†’์€ ๋ณ€์ด ์†๋„์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
14:30
that even if you would drop a replicating program
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ
14:34
that would otherwise happily grow up to fill the entire world,
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๋ณต์ œ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„,
๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ฉด,
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์ฃฝ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€์ด๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:39
if you drop it in, it gets mutated to death immediately.
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14:42
So there is no life possible at that type of mutation rate.
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข…์˜ ๋ณ€์ด ์†๋„์—์„œ
๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ์ƒ๋ช…์€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:47
But then I'm going to slowly turn down the heat, so to speak,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š”, ๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด, ์—ด์„ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๋‚ฎ์ถ”๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
14:51
and then there's this viability threshold
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋ณต์ œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ
14:53
where now it would be possible for a replicator to actually live.
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์‚ด๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ
์ƒ์กด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:57
And indeed, we're going to be dropping these guys into that soup all the time.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ
๊ทธ ์ˆ˜ํ”„์— ๋–จ์–ด๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค
15:03
So let's see what that looks like.
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์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ์—†๊ณ , ์—†๊ณ , ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:05
So first, nothing, nothing, nothing.
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๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ณ , ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์›Œ์š”
15:08
Too hot, too hot.
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15:09
Now the viability threshold is reached,
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ ์ƒ์กด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
15:12
and the frequency distribution has dramatically changed
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๋นˆ๋„ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š”
๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์•ˆ์ •ํ™” ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:16
and, in fact, stabilizes.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ €๊ธฐ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:18
And now what I did there
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15:19
is, I was being nasty, I just turned up the heat again and again.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ์•ฝํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ณตํ•ด์„œ ์—ด์„ ๋†’์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๋ฌผ๋ก , ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์กด๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:23
And of course, it reaches the viability threshold.
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15:25
And I'm just showing this to you again because it's so nice.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์ข‹์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:28
You hit the viability threshold.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ์กด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:30
The distribution changes to "alive!"
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๊ทธ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” โ€œ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๋‹ค!"๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์ด ๋˜์ง€์š”
15:32
And then, once you hit the threshold
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—, ์ผ๋‹จ
15:35
where the mutation rate is so high that you cannot self-reproduce,
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๋ณ€์ด์†๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’์•„์„œ
์ž๊ธฐ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด,
์ž๊ธฐ๋ณต์ œํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ์„œ
15:40
you cannot copy the information forward to your offspring
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์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ๋Š”
15:44
without making so many mistakes that your ability to replicate vanishes.
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๋ณต์ œํ•  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ ธ
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ž์†๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์ค„ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ณต์ œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:49
And then, that signature is lost.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ์†์‹ค๋˜์ฃ 
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
15:53
What do we learn from that?
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15:54
Well, I think we learn a number of things from that.
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์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:58
One of them is,
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š”,
16:00
if we are able to think about life in abstract terms --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
์ถ”์ƒ์  ์šฉ์–ด๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
16:05
and we're not talking about things like plants,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋‚˜,
์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์ด๋‚˜,
16:08
and we're not talking about amino acids,
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๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:10
and we're not talking about bacteria,
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16:11
but we think in terms of processes --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ณผ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:14
then we could start to think about life
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16:16
not as something that is so special to Earth,
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์ง€๊ตฌ์—๋งŒ ํŠนํžˆ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
16:18
but that, in fact, could exist anywhere.
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์–ด๋””์—์„œ๋‚˜ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”
16:21
Because it really only has to do with these concepts of information,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋‹จ์ง€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์งˆ--
์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด๋“ : ๋น„ํŠธ, ํ•ต์‚ฐ, ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋Š ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋„โ€”
16:25
of storing information within physical substrates --
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์ด๋‚ด์— ์ €์žฅํ•˜๋Š”
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๊ณ 
16:29
anything: bits, nucleic acids, anything that's an alphabet --
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๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
์ด ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋Œ€ํ•œ
16:33
and make sure that there's some process
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ €์šธ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
16:35
so that this information can be stored for much longer than you would expect --
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ
์ €์žฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
๋ณด์žฅํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ด€์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:40
the time scales for the deterioration of information.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
16:44
And if you can do that, then you have life.
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…์ด ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:47
So the first thing that we learn
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
16:49
is that it is possible to define life in terms of processes alone,
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๊ณผ์ • ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ๋„,
์ง€๊ตฌ์œ„์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด
16:55
without referring at all to the type of things that we hold dear,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์˜
์ข…๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•จ์ด ์—†์ด
์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:00
as far as the type of life on Earth is.
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17:02
And that, in a sense, removes us again,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์˜๋ฏธ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
17:05
like all of our scientific discoveries, or many of them --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผํ•™์  ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค, ๋˜๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
17:08
it's this continuous dethroning of man --
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ณ„์†์ ์ธ ํ‡ด์œ„๋Š”
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ด์•„์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:11
of how we think we're special because we're alive.
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17:13
Well, we can make life; we can make life in the computer.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:16
Granted, it's limited,
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์„ค๋ น, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ œํ•œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค ํ•ด๋„,
17:18
but we have learned what it takes in order to actually construct it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ๋ฐฐ์› ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:23
And once we have that,
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์ผ๋‹จ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ์กฑ๋˜๋ฉด,
17:26
then it is not such a difficult task anymore
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋”์ด์ƒ ์–ธ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
17:29
to say, if we understand the fundamental processes
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์ • ๊ธฐ์งˆ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”
17:33
that do not refer to any particular substrate,
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๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ,
17:36
then we can go out and try other worlds,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹œ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ ,
ํ™”ํ•™ ์•ŒํŒŒ๋ฒณ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ข…๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€,
17:40
figure out what kind of chemical alphabets might there be,
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๊ธฐ๋ณธ ํ™”ํ•™์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ,
์ƒ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌํ™”ํ•™์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
17:45
figure enough about the normal chemistry, the geochemistry of the planet,
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์•Œ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ์š”
๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด ๋ฐฐํฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์—์„œ๋Š”
17:50
so that we know what this distribution would look like in the absence of life,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
17:53
and then look for large deviations from this --
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๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ํฐ ํŽธ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ฒŒ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ,
17:56
this thing sticking out, which says, "This chemical really shouldn't be there."
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์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
โ€œ์ด ํ™”ํ•™์€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์•ผ ํ•ด,โ€ ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜์ง€์š”
18:01
Now we don't know that there's life then,
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์ž ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์— ์ƒ๋ช…์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:03
but we could say,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
18:05
"Well at least I'm going to have to take a look very precisely at this chemical
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ์–ด๋„ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด ํ™”ํ•™์„ ๋งค์šฐ ์ •ํ™•ํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์„œ
18:08
and see where it comes from."
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ๊ฑฐ์•ผ,"
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๋•Œ
18:11
And that might be our chance of actually discovering life
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช… ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์˜
18:14
when we cannot visibly see it.
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๊ธฐํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:16
And so that's really the only take-home message that I have for you.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์ œ๊ฐ€
์ง‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:21
Life can be less mysterious than we make it out to be
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ–‰์„ฑ์ด ์–ด๋–จ ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๋•Œ
์ธ์ƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค
18:25
when we try to think about how it would be on other planets.
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๋œ ์‹ ๋น„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:29
And if we remove the mystery of life,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๋ช…์˜ ์‹ ๋น„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ฉด,
18:32
then I think it is a little bit easier for us to think about how we live,
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๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์—
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
18:37
and how perhaps we're not as special as we always think we are.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋“ฏ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์‰ฌ์›Œ์งˆ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:40
And I'm going to leave you with that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์น˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
18:43
And thank you very much.
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18:44
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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