How is power divided in the United States government? - Belinda Stutzman

美國政府的權力分立 - 貝琳達史達茲曼 (Belinda Stutzman)

3,548,370 views

2013-04-12 ・ TED-Ed


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How is power divided in the United States government? - Belinda Stutzman

美國政府的權力分立 - 貝琳達史達茲曼 (Belinda Stutzman)

3,548,370 views ・ 2013-04-12

TED-Ed


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00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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譯者: Li-yu Chen 審譯者: Allen Li
00:14
Have you ever wondered
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你是否曾經想過
00:15
who has the authority to make laws
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誰有權力制訂法律
00:17
or punish people who break them?
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或懲罰那些違法的人呢?
00:19
When we think of power in the United States,
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當提到美國的政治權力
00:21
we usually think of the President,
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我們大都想到美國總統
00:23
but he does not act alone.
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但他不是唯一的執行者
00:24
In fact, he is only one piece of the power puzzle
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事實上,他只是權力拼圖中的 一小塊而已
00:27
and for very good reason.
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而這背後是有原因的
00:29
When the American Revolution ended in 1783,
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當美國獨立革命於 1783 年結束時
00:32
the United States government was in a state of change.
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當時的政府致力於改變
00:35
The founding fathers knew
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開國元勳很清楚
00:37
that they did not want to establish another country
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他們不想建立另一個
00:39
that was ruled by a king,
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由國王統治的國家
00:40
so the discussions were centered on
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因此討論都聚焦於
00:42
having a strong and fair national government
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建立一個強大、公正的政府
00:44
that protected individual freedoms
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不但要保障個人自由
00:46
and did not abuse its power.
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也要避免權力的濫用
00:49
When the new constitution was adopted in 1787,
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當新憲法於 1787 年實施時
00:52
the structure of the infant government of the United States
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還在嬰兒期的美國政府架構
00:55
called for three separate branches,
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已包含三個不同的部門
00:57
each with their own powers,
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各有屬於自己的權力
00:59
and a system of checks and balances.
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以及分權制衡的系統
01:01
This would ensure that no one branch
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以確保沒有一個部門的權力
01:03
would ever become too powerful
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會變得太大
01:04
because the other branches would always be able
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因為每個部門總是能夠
01:06
to check the power of the other two.
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制衡其他兩個部門的權力
01:09
These branches work together to run the country
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這三個部門合作以維持國家運作
01:11
and set guidelines for us all to live by.
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並制定人民應遵循的規則
01:13
The legislative branch is described in Article 1 of the U.S. Constitution.
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立法權記載於美國憲法第一條
01:17
Many people feel that the founding fathers
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許多人認為開國元勳
01:19
put this branch in the document first
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將立法權放在憲法的第一條
01:21
because they thought it was the most important.
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是因為他們認為立法權最重要
01:24
The legislative branch is comprised of
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美國的立法權是由
01:26
100 U.S. Senators
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100 位參議員
01:27
and 435 members in the U.S. House of Representatives.
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以及 435 位眾議員組成
01:31
This is better known as the U.S. Congress.
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統稱美國國會
01:34
Making laws is the primary function of the legislative branch,
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制訂法律是立法部門的主要功能
01:37
but it is also responsible for
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但它也負責
01:40
approving federal judges and justices,
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任免聯邦法院法官、
01:42
passing the national budget,
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通過國家預算、
01:43
and declaring war.
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以及宣戰
01:45
Each state gets two Senators
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每州能選出兩位參議員
01:47
and some number of Representatives,
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並根據各州人口數
01:49
depending on how many people live in that state.
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選出數名眾議員
01:52
The executive branch is described in Article 2 of the Constitution.
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行政權記載於美國憲法第二條
01:55
The leaders of this branch of government
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行政權的領導者
01:57
are the President and Vice President,
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是總統及副總統
01:59
who are responsible for enforcing the laws
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負責執行
02:01
that Congress sets forth.
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由國會制訂的法律
02:03
The President works closely with a group of advisors,
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總統和一群顧問合作
02:05
known as the Cabinet.
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也就是內閣
02:06
These appointed helpers assist the President
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內閣協助總統
02:08
in making important decisions within their area of expertise,
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在各自的專業領域做出重大決策
02:11
such as defense,
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例如國防、
02:12
the treasury,
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財政、
02:13
and homeland security.
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和國土安全
02:15
The executive branch also appoints government officials,
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行政部門也任命部會首長、
02:18
commands the armed forces,
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統帥三軍、
02:20
and meets with leaders of other nations.
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並和其他國家的元首會面
02:23
All that combined is a lot of work for a lot of people.
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這麼多工作需要很多人才能完成
02:26
In fact, the executive branch employs
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事實上,行政部門總共雇用了
02:28
over 4 million people to get everything done.
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超過 400 萬名員工
02:31
The third brand of the U.S. government is the judicial branch
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第三個部門是司法權
02:34
and is detailed in Article 3.
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記載於憲法第三條
02:36
This branch is comprised of all the courts in the land,
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司法部門由國內所有法院組成
02:39
from the federal district courts
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從地方法院,到最高法院
02:41
to the U.S. Supreme Court.
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都包含其中
02:42
These courts interpret our nation's laws
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法院負責詮釋國家的法律
02:44
and punish those who break them.
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並處罰違法者
02:46
The highest court, the Supreme Court,
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層級最高的,也就是最高法院
02:48
settles disputes among states,
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負責調解各州間的紛爭、
02:50
hears appeals from state and federal courts,
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審理地方法院和聯邦法院的上訴、
02:52
and determines if federal laws are constitutional.
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並判斷聯邦法律是否符合憲法
02:55
There are nine justices on the Supreme Court,
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最高法院由 9 名大法官組成
02:58
and, unlike any other job in our government,
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和政府機關中其他職位不同
03:00
Supreme Court justices are appointed for life,
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大法官為終身職
03:02
or for as long as they want to stay.
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他們想當多久就當多久
03:05
Our democracy depends on an informed citizenry,
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美國民主奠基於有素養的公民
03:08
so it is our duty to know how it works
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因此我們有義務了解政府的運作
03:10
and what authority each branch of government has
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以及政府各部門
03:12
over its citizens.
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擁有的權力
03:13
Besides voting,
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除了投票
03:14
chances are that some time in your life
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或許人生中
03:16
you'll be called upon to participate in your government,
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你會被要求參與政府的公共事務
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whether it is to serve on a jury,
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不論是擔任陪審團、
03:21
testify in court,
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出庭作證、
03:22
or petition your Congress person
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或向所屬選區的議員請願
03:24
to pass or defeat an idea for a law.
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以通過或駁回某個法案
03:26
By knowning the branches,
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藉由了解各部門
03:27
who runs them,
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了解誰負責管理
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and how they work together,
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以及它們如何互相合作
03:29
you can be involved,
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你可以增加參與、
03:31
informed,
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03:31
and intelligent.
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提升素養、
進而更有智慧
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