History vs. Augustus - Peta Greenfield & Alex Gendler

2,254,441 views ・ 2018-07-17

TED-Ed


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翻译人员: Clare Wong 校对人员: Homer Li
00:06
His reign marked the beginning of one of history’s greatest empires
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他的统治标志着史上其中一个 最伟大的帝国的掘起,
00:10
and the end of one of its first republics.
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以及史上第一个共和国的终結。
00:13
Was Rome’s first emperor
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罗马的第一个皇帝,
00:15
a visionary leader who guaranteed his civilization’s place in history
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到底是个名留青史具远见的领袖,
00:19
or a tyrant who destroyed its core values?
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还是摧毁了帝国核心价值的暴君 ?
00:22
Find out in History versus Augustus.
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请在《历史审判下的奥古斯都》中找出答案。
00:26
Order, order.
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肃静,肃静。
00:27
The defendant today is Gaius Octavius?
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今天的被告是盖乌斯·屋大维吗?
00:31
Gaius Julius Caesar/Augustus...
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尤利乌斯·凯撒/奥古斯都……
00:33
Do we have the wrong guy?
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我们抓错了人吗?
00:35
No, your Honor.
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没有,法官阁下。
00:36
Gaius Octavius, born in 63 BCE, was the grand-nephew of Julius Caesar.
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盖乌斯·屋大维,生于公元前63年, 是尤利乌斯·凯撒的甥孙。
00:42
He became Gaius Julius Caesar
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他其后继承了尤利乌斯·凯撒的名字
00:44
upon being named his great-uncle’s adoptive son and heir.
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亦成为他这叔公的养子及继承人。
00:47
And he gained the title Augustus in 27 BCE
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公元前27年, 元老院赐予他额外的荣耀,
00:51
when the Senate granted him additional honors.
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他获得了奥古斯都这个称号。
00:54
You mean when he established sole authority and became emperor of Rome.
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你的意思是他独掌政权 并成为罗马皇帝。
00:58
Is that bad?
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这是件坏事吗?
00:59
Didn’t every place have some king or emperor back then?
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以前不是每个地方都有些皇帝吗?
01:02
Actually, your Honor,
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事实上,法官阁下,
01:03
the Roman people had overthrown their kings centuries before
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罗马人在几个世纪前 推翻了他们的国王
01:06
to establish a republic,
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而建立一个共和国,
01:08
a government meant to serve the people, not the privilege of a ruling family.
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它的政府应该为人民服务, 不是为权贵服务。
01:13
And it was Octavius who destroyed this tradition.
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而屋大维破坏了这个传统。
01:16
Octavius was a model public servant.
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屋大维是个模范公仆。
01:19
At 16, he was elected to the College of Pontiffs
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16岁时,他被选中到
01:22
that supervised religious worship.
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监督宗教崇拜的大祭司团。
01:24
He fought for Rome in Hispania alongside his great-uncle Caesar
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他和他的凯撒叔公 在西班牙并肩为罗马而战。
01:27
and took up the responsibility of avenging Caesar’s death
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当元老院中腐败的寡头统治集团 背叛并且杀了凯撒后,
01:31
when the corrupt oligarchs in the Senate betrayed and murdered him.
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屋大维肩负起为凯撒报仇的责任。
01:35
Caesar had been a power-hungry tyrant who tried to make himself a king
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凯撒是位渴望权力的暴君。 他尝试令自己成为皇帝的同时,
01:39
while consorting with his Egyptian queen Cleopatra.
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还埃及的克丽奥佩脱拉女皇厮混。
01:42
After his death,
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他死后,
01:43
Octavius joined his general Mark Antony
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屋大维和他的将领马克·安东尼
01:46
in starting a civil war that tore Rome apart,
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发起了分裂罗马的内战。
01:49
then stabbed his ally in the back to increase his own power.
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然后屋大维在背后暗算自己的盟友 来增强自己的权力。
01:53
Antony was a fool.
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安东尼是个蠢材。
01:54
He waged a disastrous campaign in Parthia
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他在安息帝国发动了 一场灾难性的战役,
01:57
and plotted to turn Roman territories
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并且密谋把罗马的疆土
01:59
into personal kingdoms for himself and Cleopatra.
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变成他和克丽奥佩脱拉的私人王国。
02:03
Isn’t that what Caesar had been accused of?
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这不正是凯撒的罪名吗?
02:05
Well...
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嗯...
02:06
So Octavius destroyed Antony for trying to become a king
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就是说,屋大维因安东尼 想做皇帝而把他杀害,
02:08
and then became one himself?
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然后自己成为皇帝?
02:10
That’s right.
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没错。
02:11
You can see the megalomania even in his adopted title – "The Illustrious One."
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从他的头衔——“显赫者” 可以看出他狂妄自大。
02:16
That was a religious honorific.
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那是个宗教尊称。
02:18
And Augustus didn’t seek power for his own sake.
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奥古斯都不是为了自己才寻求权力。
02:21
As winner of the civil war and commander of the most troops,
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作为内战中的胜利者 和绝大部分部队的指挥官,
02:24
it was his duty to restore law and order to Rome
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恢复罗马的法令是他的责任,
02:27
so that other factions didn’t continue fighting.
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如此其他党派便不会继续斗争。
02:30
He didn’t restore the law - he made it subordinate to him!
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他没有恢复法令,他使法令臣服于他。
02:33
Not true.
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不是。
02:34
Augustus worked to restore the Senate’s prestige,
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奥古斯都在恢复元老院的威信,
02:37
improved food security for the lower classes,
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提升下级阶层的食品安全,
02:39
and relinquished control of the army when he resigned his consul post.
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并辞去将领职位时 撤除对军队的控制下了功夫。
02:44
Mere optics.
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这只是表面。
02:45
He used his military influence and personal wealth
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他利用自己的军事影响力 和个人财富,
02:48
to stack the Senate in his favor,
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拉拢元老院投向他的一方,
02:50
while retaining the powers of a tribune
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并保留护民官的权力
02:52
and the right to celebrate military triumphs.
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以及兴祝军事胜利的权利。
02:55
He kept control of provinces with the most legions.
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他继续掌控着拥有最多军团的行省。
02:59
And if that wasn’t enough,
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如果这还不够,
03:00
he assumed the consul position twice more to promote his grandchildren.
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他两次恢复自己执政官的职务, 来提拔他的孙子们。
03:05
He was clearly trying to establish a dynasty.
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他明显地试图建立一个皇朝。
03:07
But what did he do with all that power?
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但他用这些权力都做了些什么呢?
03:09
Glad you asked, your Honor.
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幸好你问了,法官阁下。
03:11
Augustus’s accomplishments were almost too many to name.
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奥古斯都的成就太多,无法说清。
03:14
He established consistent taxation for all provinces,
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他统一所有行省的税制,
03:18
ending private exploitation by local tax officials.
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结束了地方税吏中饱私囊的局面。
03:21
He personally financed a network of roads and employed couriers
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他自资建立道路网并聘请很多信使,
03:25
so news and troops could travel easily throughout the realm.
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使得资讯和军队在王国中容易穿行。
03:29
And it was under Augustus
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很多罗马着名的公共建筑,
03:30
that many of Rome’s famous public buildings were constructed.
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都是在奥古斯都时期兴建的。
03:34
The writers of the time were nearly unanimous in praising his rule.
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当时的作家几乎一致赞扬他的管治。
03:38
Did the writers have any other choice?
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当时的作家有其他选择吗?
03:40
Augustus exiled plenty of people on vague charges,
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奥古斯都以含糊的指控 流放了很多人,
03:44
including Ovid, one of Rome’s greatest poets.
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其中包括奥维德, 罗马其中一个最伟大的诗人。
03:47
And you forgot to mention the intrusive laws regarding citizens’ personal lives –
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你忘记提及那些 干预百姓私生活的法令——
03:51
punishing adultery,
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惩治通奸,
03:53
restricting marriage between social classes,
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限制社会各阶层间的通婚,
03:55
even penalties for remaining unmarried.
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甚至处罚不婚者。
03:58
He was trying to improve the citizenry and instill discipline.
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他尝试提升公民素质 和灌输纪律。
04:01
And he succeeded.
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而他成功了。
04:03
His legacy speaks for itself:
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他的遗产说明了一切——
04:05
40 years of internal stability,
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四十年的内部稳定 ,
04:07
a professional army that expanded Rome’s frontiers in all directions,
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一支全方面扩张罗马边境的专业军队
04:11
and a government still remembered as a model of civic virtue.
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和一个仍被记得为 公民道德模范的政府。
04:15
His legacy was an empire
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他的遗产是一个
04:17
that would go on to wage endless conquest until it collapsed,
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会发动无尽战争直至自我毁灭的帝国
04:20
and a tradition of military autocracy.
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和一个军事独裁的传统。
04:23
Any time a dictator in a general’s uniform commits atrocities
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任何时候,当一个独裁者 穿着将领的制服施行暴行,
04:27
while claiming to act on behalf of "the people,"
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同时宣称是代表“人民”执行,
04:29
we have Augustus Caesar to thank.
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那都是奥古斯都·凯撒的功劳。
04:32
So you’re saying Augustus was a good emperor,
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所以你是说奥古斯都是个好皇帝,
04:35
and you’re saying there’s no such thing?
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而你说没有这回事?
04:38
We’re used to celebrating historical leaders
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我们习惯因他们的成就和胜利,
04:40
for their achievements and victories.
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颂扬历史上的领袖。
04:42
But to ask whether an individual should have such power in the first place
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若我们问一个跟本问题—— 一个人应否有如此权力?
04:47
is to put history itself on trial.
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那就相等于将历史送上审判台。
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