A brief history of melancholy - Courtney Stephens

Translator: Azizbek Nazarov Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov

Sadness is part of the human experience,

Qayg'u — insoniyat tajribasining bir qismi,

but for centuries there has been vast disagreement

lekin asrlar davomida uning asli nima ekani haqda

over what exactly it is and what, if anything, to do about it.

va uni nimadir qilsa bo'ladimi degan bahslar bo'lgan.

In its simplest terms,

Oddiy so'z bilan aytganda,

sadness is often thought of

qayg'uni insonning qiyin

as the natural reaction to a difficult situation.

vaziyatlardagi tabiiy reaksiyasi deb qabul qilishgan.

You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies.

Siz do'stingiz ketayotganida yoki itingiz o'layotganida qayg'uga tushasiz.

When a friend says, "I'm sad,"

Do'stingiz: "Men qayg'udaman" deganida

you often respond by asking, "What happened?"

odatda siz: "Nima bo'ldi?" deb so'raysiz.

But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self

Lekin sizning qayg'u sababi tashqarida deb bilgan tahminingiz

is a relatively new idea.

aslida yangi g'oyadir.

Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way.

Qadimgi Yunonistonda qayg'uga boshqacha yondashishgan.

They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body.

Ular buning sababi tananing ichidagi qora suyuqlikda yashiringan deb bilishgan.

According to their humoral system,

Ularning gumorik tizimiga ko'ra,

the human body and soul were controlled by four fluids, known as humors,

inson tanasi va ruhini to'rt xil suyuqlik boshqaradi va ular

gumoralar deb ataladi.

and their balance directly influenced a person's health and temperament.

Ularning balansi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri inson sog'lig'iga va temperamentiga ta'sir

qiladi deb hisoblangan. Melanxoliya so'zi aslida "melaina kole"

Melancholia comes from melaina kole,

the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness.

- qayg'uning sababchisi hisoblanadigan

qora suyuqlikni, gumorani anglatadi.

By changing your diet and through medical practices,

Ovqatlanish tartibini o'zgartirib, tibbiy tajribalar bilan siz

you could bring your humors into balance.

gumoralarni balansga keltira olasiz.

Even though we now know much more about the systems

Hozirda inson tanasini boshqaruvchi tizimlar haqida

that govern the human body,

ko'p narsa ma'lum bo'lishiga qaramay,

these Greek ideas about sadness

yunonlarning qayg'u haqidagi fikrlari

resonate with current views,

zamonaviy qarashlar bilan bog'lanadi.

not on the sadness we all occasionally feel,

Lekin bizga ma'lum bo'lgan qayg'u haqidagi emas,

but on clinical depression.

klinik depressiya haqidagi fikrlar.

Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term,

Shifokorlar fikricha, ba'zi tushunarsiz, davomiy

unexplained emotional states are at least partially related to brain chemistry,

emotsional holatlar biroz bo'lsa-da miyaning

kimyosi, tuzilishi va miyadagi turli xil moddalarning

the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain.

bir-biri bilan balansiga bog'liq.

Like the Greek system,

Yunonlar sistemasida bo'lgani

changing the balance of these chemicals can deeply alter

kabi, moddalar balansining o'zgarishi bizning

how we respond to even extremely difficult circumstances.

reaksiyalarimizni o'zgartirib yubora oladi.

There's also a long tradition of attempting to discern

Shuningdek, azaldan qayg'uning mazmunini farqlashga

the value of sadness,

urinishadi va bu kabi bahslarda ham doim

and in that discussion,

qayg'u nafaqat hayotimiz-

you'll find a strong argument that sadness is not only

ning qochib qutilib bo'lmas bir qismi,

an inevitable part of life but an essential one.

balki eng zarur qismlaridan biri

hamdir deb fikr yuritiladi. Agar siz

If you've never felt melancholy,

melanxoliyani his qilmagan bo'lsangiz,

you've missed out on part of what it means to be human.

siz inson bo'lish qanaqaligini anglatuvchi qismini o'tkazib yuborgansiz.

Many thinkers contend that melancholy is necessary in gaining wisdom.

Ko'plab mutafakkirlar melanxoliya donishmandlik uchun muhim degan.

Robert Burton, born in 1577,

1577-yilda tug'ilgan Robert Byorton

spent his life studying the causes and experience of sadness.

butun umrini qayg'uning sababi va tajribasini o'rganish bilan o'tkazgan.

O'zining "Melanxoliya anatomiyasi"

In his masterpiece "The Anatomy of Melancholy,"

Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow."

asarida: "Donishmandlikni nima oshirsa, u qayg'uni ham oshiradi" degan.

The Romantic poets of the early 19th century

XIX asr romantik shoirlari ishonishganki,

believed melancholy allows us to more deeply understand other profound emotions,

melanxoliya bizga boshqa murakkab hislarni yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam beradi.

like beauty and joy.

Masalan, go'zallik va rohat.

To understand the sadness of the trees losing their leaves in the fall

Kuzda barglarini yo'qotayotgan daraxtlar qayg'usini

is to more fully understand the cycle of life that brings flowers in the spring.

tushunish - bahor ranglarini, hayot siklini tushunishdir.

Lekin donolik va emotsional intellekt talablar iyerarxiyasida juda balandda.

But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem pretty high on the hierarchy of needs.

Does sadness have value on a more basic, tangible,

Qayg'u asosli, sezilarli ma'no anglatadimi?

maybe even evolutionary level?

U evolyutsion darajada bo'lishi mumkinmi?

Scientists think that crying and feeling withdrawn

Olimlar hisoblashicha, yig'lash va izolyatsiya hissi oldinlari

is what originally helped our ancestors secure social bonds

ajdodlarimizga sotsial aloqalarda yordam bergan va

and helped them get the support they needed.

ularga kerakli yordamni olish uchun hizmat qilgan.

Sadness, as opposed to anger or violence, was an expression of suffering

Qayg'uga jaholat yoki zo'rlovning aksi sifatida qaralgan,

that could immediately bring people closer to the suffering person,

azob chekishni anglatgan va boshqalarni azoblanayotgan insonga yaqinlashtirgan.

and this helped both the person and the larger community to thrive.

Bu nafaqat inson, balki jamiyatning ham gullab-yashnashiga olib kelgan.

Perhaps sadness helped generate the unity we needed to survive,

Qayg'u birdamlikni keltirib chiqargan,

but many have wondered whether the suffering felt by others

bu esa yashab qolish uchun muhimdir. Lekin ko'pchilikni o'zimiz bilan bir xil

is anything like the suffering we experience ourselves.

aziyat chekayotgan insonning qayg'usi qiziqtiradi.

The poet Emily Dickinson wrote,

Shoira Emili Dikinson yozgan:

"I measure every Grief I meet With narrow, probing Eyes -

"Men qayg'uni ko'rganimda, Uni ko'z bilan o'lchayman,

I wonder if it weighs like MIne - Or has an Easier size."

Hajmi xuddi menikidekmi? Yoki unda osonrog'imi?"

And in the 20th century,

XX asrda, Artur Kleynman kabi

medical anthropologists, like Arthur Kleinman,

kabi antropologlar insonlar og'riq haqda

gathered evidence from the way people talk about pain

nima deyishlari borasida

to suggest that emotions aren't universal at all,

ma'lumotlar yig'ishgan va emotsiyalar o'zi aslida universal emasligini,

and that culture, particularly the way we use language,

madaniyat, til va nutq faktorlari ham aslida rol o'ynashi

can influence how we feel.

mumkinligini isbotlamoqchi bo'lishgan.

When we talk about heartbreak,

"Singan yurak" haqida

the feeling of brokenness becomes part of our experience,

gapirayotib, azob-uqubatlarni his qilish tajribamizning bir qismi bo'lib qoladi,

where as in a culture that talks about a bruised heart,

va turli madaniyatlarda "singan yurak" deyilganda biroz

there actually seems to be a different subjective experience.

boshqacharoq tajriba anglanilishi mumkin.

Some contemporary thinkers aren't interested

Zamondoshlarimiz qayg'uning subyektivligi va

in sadness' subjectivity versus universality,

universalligi o'rtasidagi qarama- qarshiliklarga qiziqishmaydi,

and would rather use technology to eliminate suffering in all its forms.

uning o'rniga ulardan qutilish uchun texnologiyalardan foydalanishadi.

David Pearce has suggested that genetic engineering

Devid Pirsning aytishicha, gen injeneriyasi va

and other contemporary processes

boshqa zamonaviy ilmlar nafaqat

cannot only alter the way humans experience emotional and physical pain,

emotsional va jismoniy og'riqlarni o'zgartira oladi, balki

but that world ecosystems ought to be redesigned

butun dunyo ekosistemasini qaytadan ishlab chiqishi kerak.

so that animals don't suffer in the wild.

Yovvoyi tabiatdagi jonzotlar qiynalmasligi uchun.

He calls his project "paradise engineering."

U o'zining loyihasini "jannat injeneriyasi" deb ataydi.

But is there something sad about a world without sadness?

Biroq qayg'usiz dunyoda bitta muammo bor.

Our cavemen ancestors and favorite poets

G'orlarda yashagan ajdodlarimiz va

might not want any part of such a paradise.

sevimli shoirlarimiz bunday dunyoni xohlashmagan bo'lardi.

In fact, the only things about sadness that seem universally agreed upon

Aslida, qayg'u haqda gapirar ekanmiz,

bilamizki, uni barcha zamonlarda,

juda ko'pchilik insonlar

are that it has been felt by most people throughout time,

his qilishgan,

and that for thousands of years,

minglab yillar davomida

one of the best ways we have to deal with this difficult emotion

u bilan kurashishning eng yaxshi yo'li —

is to articulate it, to try to express what feels inexpressable.

uni shakllantirish,

uni izohlashga harakat qilish.

In the words of Emily Dickinson,

Emili Dikinson so'zlari bilan aytganda:

"'Hope' is the thing with feathers - That perches in the soul -

"Umid — ruhimizni isituvchi, qanotli mo'jiza.

"And sings the tune without the words - And never stops - at all -"

Va uning so'zsiz hirgoyisini hech ham to'xtatib bo'lmaydi!".