A brief history of melancholy - Courtney Stephens

1,506,825 views ・ 2014-10-02

TED-Ed


Videoni ijro etish uchun quyidagi inglizcha subtitrlarga ikki marta bosing.

Translator: Azizbek Nazarov Reviewer: Nazarbek Nazarov
00:07
Sadness is part of the human experience,
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Qayg'u — insoniyat tajribasining bir qismi,
00:09
but for centuries there has been vast disagreement
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lekin asrlar davomida uning asli nima ekani haqda
00:12
over what exactly it is and what, if anything, to do about it.
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va uni nimadir qilsa bo'ladimi degan bahslar bo'lgan.
00:17
In its simplest terms,
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Oddiy so'z bilan aytganda,
00:19
sadness is often thought of
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qayg'uni insonning qiyin
00:20
as the natural reaction to a difficult situation.
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vaziyatlardagi tabiiy reaksiyasi deb qabul qilishgan.
00:23
You feel sad when a friend moves away or when a pet dies.
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Siz do'stingiz ketayotganida yoki itingiz o'layotganida qayg'uga tushasiz.
00:27
When a friend says, "I'm sad,"
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Do'stingiz: "Men qayg'udaman" deganida
00:29
you often respond by asking, "What happened?"
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odatda siz: "Nima bo'ldi?" deb so'raysiz.
00:32
But your assumption that sadness has an external cause outside the self
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Lekin sizning qayg'u sababi tashqarida deb bilgan tahminingiz
00:37
is a relatively new idea.
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aslida yangi g'oyadir.
00:39
Ancient Greek doctors didn't view sadness that way.
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Qadimgi Yunonistonda qayg'uga boshqacha yondashishgan.
00:42
They believed it was a dark fluid inside the body.
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Ular buning sababi tananing ichidagi qora suyuqlikda yashiringan deb bilishgan.
00:46
According to their humoral system,
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Ularning gumorik tizimiga ko'ra,
00:48
the human body and soul were controlled by four fluids, known as humors,
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inson tanasi va ruhini to'rt xil suyuqlik boshqaradi va ular
gumoralar deb ataladi.
00:53
and their balance directly influenced a person's health and temperament.
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Ularning balansi to'g'ridan-to'g'ri inson sog'lig'iga va temperamentiga ta'sir
qiladi deb hisoblangan. Melanxoliya so'zi aslida "melaina kole"
00:58
Melancholia comes from melaina kole,
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01:00
the word for black bile, the humor believed to cause sadness.
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- qayg'uning sababchisi hisoblanadigan
qora suyuqlikni, gumorani anglatadi.
01:05
By changing your diet and through medical practices,
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Ovqatlanish tartibini o'zgartirib, tibbiy tajribalar bilan siz
01:08
you could bring your humors into balance.
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gumoralarni balansga keltira olasiz.
01:10
Even though we now know much more about the systems
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Hozirda inson tanasini boshqaruvchi tizimlar haqida
01:13
that govern the human body,
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ko'p narsa ma'lum bo'lishiga qaramay,
01:15
these Greek ideas about sadness
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yunonlarning qayg'u haqidagi fikrlari
01:17
resonate with current views,
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zamonaviy qarashlar bilan bog'lanadi.
01:18
not on the sadness we all occasionally feel,
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Lekin bizga ma'lum bo'lgan qayg'u haqidagi emas,
01:21
but on clinical depression.
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klinik depressiya haqidagi fikrlar.
01:23
Doctors believe that certain kinds of long-term,
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Shifokorlar fikricha, ba'zi tushunarsiz, davomiy
01:26
unexplained emotional states are at least partially related to brain chemistry,
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emotsional holatlar biroz bo'lsa-da miyaning
kimyosi, tuzilishi va miyadagi turli xil moddalarning
01:32
the balance of various chemicals present inside the brain.
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bir-biri bilan balansiga bog'liq.
01:35
Like the Greek system,
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Yunonlar sistemasida bo'lgani
01:37
changing the balance of these chemicals can deeply alter
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kabi, moddalar balansining o'zgarishi bizning
01:39
how we respond to even extremely difficult circumstances.
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reaksiyalarimizni o'zgartirib yubora oladi.
01:44
There's also a long tradition of attempting to discern
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Shuningdek, azaldan qayg'uning mazmunini farqlashga
01:46
the value of sadness,
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urinishadi va bu kabi bahslarda ham doim
01:48
and in that discussion,
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qayg'u nafaqat hayotimiz-
01:50
you'll find a strong argument that sadness is not only
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ning qochib qutilib bo'lmas bir qismi,
01:52
an inevitable part of life but an essential one.
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balki eng zarur qismlaridan biri
hamdir deb fikr yuritiladi. Agar siz
01:56
If you've never felt melancholy,
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melanxoliyani his qilmagan bo'lsangiz,
01:58
you've missed out on part of what it means to be human.
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siz inson bo'lish qanaqaligini anglatuvchi qismini o'tkazib yuborgansiz.
02:01
Many thinkers contend that melancholy is necessary in gaining wisdom.
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Ko'plab mutafakkirlar melanxoliya donishmandlik uchun muhim degan.
02:06
Robert Burton, born in 1577,
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1577-yilda tug'ilgan Robert Byorton
02:08
spent his life studying the causes and experience of sadness.
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butun umrini qayg'uning sababi va tajribasini o'rganish bilan o'tkazgan.
O'zining "Melanxoliya anatomiyasi"
02:13
In his masterpiece "The Anatomy of Melancholy,"
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02:16
Burton wrote, "He that increaseth wisdom increaseth sorrow."
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asarida: "Donishmandlikni nima oshirsa, u qayg'uni ham oshiradi" degan.
02:20
The Romantic poets of the early 19th century
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XIX asr romantik shoirlari ishonishganki,
02:23
believed melancholy allows us to more deeply understand other profound emotions,
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melanxoliya bizga boshqa murakkab hislarni yaxshiroq tushunishga yordam beradi.
02:29
like beauty and joy.
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Masalan, go'zallik va rohat.
02:30
To understand the sadness of the trees losing their leaves in the fall
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Kuzda barglarini yo'qotayotgan daraxtlar qayg'usini
02:34
is to more fully understand the cycle of life that brings flowers in the spring.
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tushunish - bahor ranglarini, hayot siklini tushunishdir.
Lekin donolik va emotsional intellekt talablar iyerarxiyasida juda balandda.
02:40
But wisdom and emotional intelligence seem pretty high on the hierarchy of needs.
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02:45
Does sadness have value on a more basic, tangible,
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Qayg'u asosli, sezilarli ma'no anglatadimi?
02:48
maybe even evolutionary level?
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U evolyutsion darajada bo'lishi mumkinmi?
02:51
Scientists think that crying and feeling withdrawn
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Olimlar hisoblashicha, yig'lash va izolyatsiya hissi oldinlari
02:54
is what originally helped our ancestors secure social bonds
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ajdodlarimizga sotsial aloqalarda yordam bergan va
02:58
and helped them get the support they needed.
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ularga kerakli yordamni olish uchun hizmat qilgan.
03:01
Sadness, as opposed to anger or violence, was an expression of suffering
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Qayg'uga jaholat yoki zo'rlovning aksi sifatida qaralgan,
03:05
that could immediately bring people closer to the suffering person,
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azob chekishni anglatgan va boshqalarni azoblanayotgan insonga yaqinlashtirgan.
03:09
and this helped both the person and the larger community to thrive.
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Bu nafaqat inson, balki jamiyatning ham gullab-yashnashiga olib kelgan.
03:13
Perhaps sadness helped generate the unity we needed to survive,
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Qayg'u birdamlikni keltirib chiqargan,
03:16
but many have wondered whether the suffering felt by others
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bu esa yashab qolish uchun muhimdir. Lekin ko'pchilikni o'zimiz bilan bir xil
03:20
is anything like the suffering we experience ourselves.
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aziyat chekayotgan insonning qayg'usi qiziqtiradi.
03:24
The poet Emily Dickinson wrote,
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Shoira Emili Dikinson yozgan:
03:25
"I measure every Grief I meet With narrow, probing Eyes -
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"Men qayg'uni ko'rganimda, Uni ko'z bilan o'lchayman,
03:30
I wonder if it weighs like MIne - Or has an Easier size."
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Hajmi xuddi menikidekmi? Yoki unda osonrog'imi?"
03:35
And in the 20th century,
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XX asrda, Artur Kleynman kabi
03:36
medical anthropologists, like Arthur Kleinman,
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kabi antropologlar insonlar og'riq haqda
03:39
gathered evidence from the way people talk about pain
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nima deyishlari borasida
03:42
to suggest that emotions aren't universal at all,
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ma'lumotlar yig'ishgan va emotsiyalar o'zi aslida universal emasligini,
03:47
and that culture, particularly the way we use language,
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madaniyat, til va nutq faktorlari ham aslida rol o'ynashi
03:50
can influence how we feel.
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mumkinligini isbotlamoqchi bo'lishgan.
03:52
When we talk about heartbreak,
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"Singan yurak" haqida
03:54
the feeling of brokenness becomes part of our experience,
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gapirayotib, azob-uqubatlarni his qilish tajribamizning bir qismi bo'lib qoladi,
03:58
where as in a culture that talks about a bruised heart,
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va turli madaniyatlarda "singan yurak" deyilganda biroz
04:00
there actually seems to be a different subjective experience.
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boshqacharoq tajriba anglanilishi mumkin.
04:05
Some contemporary thinkers aren't interested
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Zamondoshlarimiz qayg'uning subyektivligi va
04:07
in sadness' subjectivity versus universality,
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universalligi o'rtasidagi qarama- qarshiliklarga qiziqishmaydi,
04:10
and would rather use technology to eliminate suffering in all its forms.
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uning o'rniga ulardan qutilish uchun texnologiyalardan foydalanishadi.
04:14
David Pearce has suggested that genetic engineering
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Devid Pirsning aytishicha, gen injeneriyasi va
04:18
and other contemporary processes
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boshqa zamonaviy ilmlar nafaqat
04:20
cannot only alter the way humans experience emotional and physical pain,
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emotsional va jismoniy og'riqlarni o'zgartira oladi, balki
04:24
but that world ecosystems ought to be redesigned
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butun dunyo ekosistemasini qaytadan ishlab chiqishi kerak.
04:28
so that animals don't suffer in the wild.
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Yovvoyi tabiatdagi jonzotlar qiynalmasligi uchun.
04:30
He calls his project "paradise engineering."
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U o'zining loyihasini "jannat injeneriyasi" deb ataydi.
04:34
But is there something sad about a world without sadness?
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Biroq qayg'usiz dunyoda bitta muammo bor.
04:37
Our cavemen ancestors and favorite poets
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G'orlarda yashagan ajdodlarimiz va
04:40
might not want any part of such a paradise.
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sevimli shoirlarimiz bunday dunyoni xohlashmagan bo'lardi.
04:42
In fact, the only things about sadness that seem universally agreed upon
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Aslida, qayg'u haqda gapirar ekanmiz,
bilamizki, uni barcha zamonlarda,
juda ko'pchilik insonlar
04:48
are that it has been felt by most people throughout time,
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his qilishgan,
04:51
and that for thousands of years,
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minglab yillar davomida
04:53
one of the best ways we have to deal with this difficult emotion
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u bilan kurashishning eng yaxshi yo'li —
04:56
is to articulate it, to try to express what feels inexpressable.
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uni shakllantirish,
uni izohlashga harakat qilish.
05:01
In the words of Emily Dickinson,
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Emili Dikinson so'zlari bilan aytganda:
05:03
"'Hope' is the thing with feathers - That perches in the soul -
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"Umid — ruhimizni isituvchi, qanotli mo'jiza.
05:08
"And sings the tune without the words - And never stops - at all -"
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Va uning so'zsiz hirgoyisini hech ham to'xtatib bo'lmaydi!".
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