How do nerves work? - Elliot Krane

Kako nervi rade? - Eliot Krejn (Elliot Krane)

540,186 views ・ 2012-08-09

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Sara Bgd Lektor: Tatjana Jevdjic
00:14
How do nerves work?
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Kako nervi funkcionišu?
00:16
Are nerves simply the wires in the body
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Da li su nervi samo žice u telu
00:18
that conduct electricity, like the wires in the walls of your home
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koje provode struju kao što to čine žice u zidovima vaše kuće
00:21
or in your computer?
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ili u vašem računaru?
00:24
This is an analogy often made,
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To je analogija koja se često koristi,
00:26
but the reality is that nerves have a much more complex job in the body.
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ali stvarnost je da nervi obavljaju mnogo kompleksniji posao u telu.
00:30
They are not just the wires, but the cells that are the sensors,
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Oni nisu samo žice već ćelije koje su senzori,
00:33
detectors of the external and internal world,
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detektori spoljnjeg i unutrašnjeg sveta,
00:36
the transducers that convert information to electrical impulses,
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provodnici koji konvertuju informaciju u električni impuls,
00:40
the wires that transmit these impulses,
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žice koje vrše transmisiju ovih impulsa,
00:42
the transistors that gate the information
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tranzistori koji usmeravaju informacije
00:44
and turn up or down the volume-
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i koji povećavaju ili smanjuju jačinu -
00:47
and finally, the activators that take that information
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najzad, oni su aktivatori koji koriste tu informaciju
00:50
and cause it to have an effect on other organs.
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i čine da ona ima uticaj na ostale organe.
00:54
Consider this. Your mother gently strokes your forearm
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Razmislite o ovome. Vaša majka nežno miluje vašu podlakticu
00:57
and you react with pleasure.
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i vi reagujete zadovoljstvom.
01:00
Or a spider crawls on your forearm and you startle and slap it off.
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Ili ukoliko pauk počne da gmiže vašom podlakticom trgnete se i udarcem ga sklonite.
01:04
Or you brush your forearm against a hot rack while removing a cake from the oven
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Ili opečete podlakticu na vruću rešetku dok vadite kolač iz rerne
01:08
and you immediately recoil.
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i u istom trenutku se trgnete.
01:10
Light touch produced pleasure, fear, or pain.
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Lagani dodir je izazvao prijatnost, strah ili bol.
01:13
How can one kind of cell have so many functions?
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Kako je moguće da jedna ćelija ima toliko funkcija?
01:17
Nerves are in fact bundles of cells called neurons
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Nervi su zapravo gomilice ćelija koje zovemo neuronima
01:20
and each of these neurons is highly specialized to carry nerve impulses,
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i svaki od ovih neurona je visoko specializovan da prenosi nervne impulse
01:24
their form of electricity,
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njihov oblik struje,
01:27
in response to only one kind of stimulus, and in only one direction.
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kao odgovor na samo jednu vrstu stimulansa i u samo jednom praavcu.
01:32
The nerve impulse starts with a receptor,
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Nervni impuls započinje receptorom,
01:35
a specialized part of each nerve,
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specijalizovanim delom svakog nerva
01:37
where the electrical impulse begins.
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gde počinje električni impuls.
01:40
One nerve's receptor might be a thermal receptor,
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Jedan nervni receptor može biti termalni,
01:42
designed only to respond to a rapid increase in temperature.
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definisan da samo odgovara na brza povećanja temperature.
01:45
Another receptor type is attached to the hairs of the forearm,
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Druga vrsta receptora je povezana sa dlačicama na podlaktici
01:48
detecting movement of those hairs, such as when a spider crawls on your skin.
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i uočava pokrete tih dlačica, kao u slučaju kada pauk gmiže po vašoj koži.
01:52
Yet another kind of neuron is low-threshold mechanoreceptor,
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Još jedna vrsta neurona je i mehanički receptor niskog praga
01:55
activated by light touch.
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koji se aktivira nežnim dodirom.
01:58
Each of these neurons then carry their specific information:
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Svaki od ovih neurona dalje prenosi svoje jedinstvene informacije:
02:02
pain, warning, pleasure.
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bol, upozorenje, prijatnost.
02:05
And that information is projected to specific areas of the brain
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Ta informacija se projektuje na određene oblasti mozga
02:09
and that is the electrical impulse.
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i to je električni impuls.
02:14
The inside of a nerve is a fluid that is very rich in the ion potassium.
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Unutrašnjost nerva je tečnost koncentrovana jonima kalijuma.
02:18
It is 20 times higher than in the fluid outside the nerve
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Ona je dvadeset puta veća nego u tečnosti van nerva,
02:21
while that outside fluid has 10 times more sodium than the inside of a nerve.
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a ta spoljna tečnost ima deset puta više natrijuma nego u unutrašnjosti nerva.
02:26
This imbalance between sodium outside and potassium inside the cell
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Ovaj disbalans između natrijuma izvan i kalijuma unutar ćelije
02:31
results in the inside of the nerve having a negative electrical charge
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ima za posledicu da unutrašnjost nerva ima negativan električni napon
02:34
relative to the outside of the nerve,
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u odnosu na spoljašnjost nerva,
02:37
about equal to -70 or -80 millivolts.
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koja je otprilike jednaka veličini od -70 ili -80 milivolti
02:40
This is called the nerve's resting potential.
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To se naziva nervnim potencijalom za odmor.
02:44
But in response to that stimulus the nerve is designed to detect,
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Kao odgovor na tu vrstu stimulacije, nerv je sačinjen tako da detektuje
02:47
pores in the cell wall near the receptor of the cell open.
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pore u zidu ćelije blizu receptora ćelijskog otvora.
02:51
These pores are specialized protein channels
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Ove pore su specijalizovani proteinski kanali
02:53
that are designed to let sodium rush into the nerve.
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koji su sačinjeni tako da dozvole natrijumu da uđe u nerv.
02:57
The sodium ions rush down their concentration gradient,
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Natrijum se kreće prema padu koncentracije
02:59
and when they do, the inside of the nerve becomes more positively charged-
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i kada to čini, unutrašnjost nerva dobija više pozitivnog napona
03:03
about +40 millivolts.
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oko +40 milivolti.
03:06
While this happens, initially in the nerve right around the receptor,
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Dok se to dešava, na početku u nervu koji se nalazi oko receptora,
03:09
if the change in the nerve's electrical charge is great enough,
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ukoliko je promena u električnom naponu nerva dovoljno velika,
03:11
if it reaches what is called threshold,
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ukoliko on dostigne ono što se naziva limitom,
03:14
the nearby sodium ion channels open, and then the ones nearby those,
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kanal natrijuma koji se nalazi u blizini se otvara, a zatim i oni koje su u blizini prvog
03:18
and so on, and so forth,
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i tako dalje.
03:20
so that the positivity spreads along the nerve's membrane
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Na taj način se pozitivan napon širi u membrani nerva
03:23
to the nerve's cell body
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do nervnog ćelijskog tela,
03:25
and then along the nerve's long, thread-like extension, the axon.
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a zatim niz dugačke nervne nastavke koji liče na mrežu, aksone.
03:30
Meanwhile, potassium ion channels open,
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U međuvremenu, kanal natrijuma se otvara,
03:32
potassium rushes out of the nerve,
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natrijum izlazi iz nerva
03:34
and the membrane voltage returns to normal.
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i voltaža membrane se vraća na uobičajen nivo.
03:38
Actually, overshooting it a bit.
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Zapravo, nivo je malo izmenjen.
03:40
And during this overshoot,
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Tokom ove promene,
03:42
the nerve is resistant to further depolarization-it is refractory,
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nerv je otporan na dalju depolarizaciju - on odbija sve
03:46
which prevents the nerve electrical impulse from traveling backwards.
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što sprečava da se nervni električni impuls vrati nazad.
03:50
Then, ion pumps pump the sodium back back out of the nerve,
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Zatim, jon izvlači natrijum iz nerva,
03:54
and the potassium back into the nerve,
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a upumpava nazad kalijum nazad u nerv
03:56
restoring the nerve to its normal resting state.
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vraćajuću nerv u njegovo normalno stanje odmaranja.
04:01
The end of the nerve, the end of the axon,
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Nervni završetak, završetak aksona
04:03
communicates with the nerve's target.
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komunicija sa metom nerva -
04:05
This target will be other nerves in a specialized area of the spinal cord,
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Ova meta će biti drugi nervi koji su u posebnom delu kičmene moždine,
04:07
to be processed and then transmitted up to the brain.
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koji će obraditi i zatim poslati poruku do mozga.
04:11
Or the nerve's target may be another organ, such as a muscle.
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Meta nerva može biti i drugi organ, kao što je mišić.
04:15
When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the nerve,
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Kada električni impuls stigne do nervnog završetka,
04:18
small vesicles, or packets, containing chemical neurotransmitters,
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nerv oslobađa male vezikule ili kesice
04:23
are released by the nerve and rapidly interact with the nerve's target.
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koji sadrže hemijske neurotransmitere i oni brzo reaguju sa metom nerva.
04:27
This process is called synaptic transmission,
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Ovaj proces se zove sinaptički prenos,
04:29
because the connection between the nerve and the next object in the chain
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zato što se veza između nerva i narednog objekta u lancu
04:33
is called a synapse. And it is here, in this synapse,
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naziva sinapsa. I upravo tu, u ovoj sinapsi
04:38
that the neuron's electrical information can be modulated,
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neuronska električna informacija može da bude prilagođena,
04:41
amplified,
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uvećana,
04:42
blocked altogether
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potpuno blokirana
04:44
or translated to another informational process.
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ili prevedena na drugi informacioni proces.
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