How do nerves work? - Elliot Krane

543,790 views ใƒป 2012-08-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Kaminsky ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:14
How do nerves work?
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ื›ื™ืฆื‘ ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื?
00:16
Are nerves simply the wires in the body
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ื”ืื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
00:18
that conduct electricity, like the wires in the walls of your home
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ื”ืžื•ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœ ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชืš
00:21
or in your computer?
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ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš?
00:24
This is an analogy often made,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื‘ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช,
00:26
but the reality is that nerves have a much more complex job in the body.
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ืืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื›ื™ ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”.
00:30
They are not just the wires, but the cells that are the sensors,
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืจืง ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœ, ืืœื ืชืื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
00:33
detectors of the external and internal world,
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ื”ื’ืœืื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™,
00:36
the transducers that convert information to electrical impulses,
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ื”ืžืชืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืžื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ืœื“ื—ืคื™ื ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื,
00:40
the wires that transmit these impulses,
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ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื“ื—ืคื™ื,
00:42
the transistors that gate the information
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ื”ื˜ืจื ื–ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
00:44
and turn up or down the volume-
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ื•ืžื ืžื™ื›ื™ื ืื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืขื•ืฆืžืชื•,
00:47
and finally, the activators that take that information
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืœืคื•ืขืœ ื”ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™
00:50
and cause it to have an effect on other organs.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:54
Consider this. Your mother gently strokes your forearm
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืืžื›ื ืžืœื˜ืคืช ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืช ืืช ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœื›ื
00:57
and you react with pleasure.
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ื•ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืืชื ื—ืฉื™ื ื”ื ืื”.
01:00
Or a spider crawls on your forearm and you startle and slap it off.
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ืื• ืฉืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข, ื•ืืชื ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ืœื” ื•ืžืขื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื—ืง.
01:04
Or you brush your forearm against a hot rack while removing a cake from the oven
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ืื• ืฉื”ื–ืจื•ืข ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื’ืฉ ื—ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืขื•ื’ื” ืžื”ืชื ื•ืจ
01:08
and you immediately recoil.
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ื•ืืชื ืžื™ื“ ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
01:10
Light touch produced pleasure, fear, or pain.
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ืžื’ืข ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ื ืื”, ืคื—ื“ ืื• ื›ืื‘.
01:13
How can one kind of cell have so many functions?
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ืื™ืš ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืœืžืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื?
01:17
Nerves are in fact bundles of cells called neurons
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ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื
01:20
and each of these neurons is highly specialized to carry nerve impulses,
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ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžื•ืชืื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื,
01:24
their form of electricity,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™,
01:27
in response to only one kind of stimulus, and in only one direction.
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืจื•ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
01:32
The nerve impulse starts with a receptor,
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ื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ,
01:35
a specialized part of each nerve,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชื ื”ืขืฆื‘
01:37
where the electrical impulse begins.
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ื‘ื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
01:40
One nerve's receptor might be a thermal receptor,
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ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืœื—ื•ื,
01:42
designed only to respond to a rapid increase in temperature.
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ื”ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ื‘ ืจืง ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืขืœื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืจื” ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื”.
01:45
Another receptor type is attached to the hairs of the forearm,
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ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืฉืขืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื–ืจื•ืข,
01:48
detecting movement of those hairs, such as when a spider crawls on your skin.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื–ื”ื” ืืช ืชื ื•ืขืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช, ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ื–ื•ื—ืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ.
01:52
Yet another kind of neuron is low-threshold mechanoreceptor,
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ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื›ื ื•ืจืฆืคื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื ืžื•ืš,
01:55
activated by light touch.
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ื”ืžื•ืคืขืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื’ืข ืขื“ื™ืŸ.
01:58
Each of these neurons then carry their specific information:
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืชืื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืœืœื• ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื:
02:02
pain, warning, pleasure.
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ื›ืื‘, ืื–ื”ืจื”, ื”ื ืื”.
02:05
And that information is projected to specific areas of the brain
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ื•ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืžื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:09
and that is the electrical impulse.
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™.
02:14
The inside of a nerve is a fluid that is very rich in the ion potassium.
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ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืชื ืขืฆื‘ ืžื›ื™ืœ ื ื•ื–ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ ืืฉืœื’ืŸ.
02:18
It is 20 times higher than in the fluid outside the nerve
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ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืคื™ 20 ืžื–ื” ืฉื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฅ ืชืื™
02:21
while that outside fluid has 10 times more sodium than the inside of a nerve.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ื–ืœ ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื™ืฉ ืคื™ 10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืชืจืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื.
02:26
This imbalance between sodium outside and potassium inside the cell
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชื
02:31
results in the inside of the nerve having a negative electrical charge
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื›ืš ื›ื™ ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœื™ืœื™
02:34
relative to the outside of the nerve,
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ืœืงื• ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘,
02:37
about equal to -70 or -80 millivolts.
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ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืœ 70- ืื• 80- ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืœื˜.
02:40
This is called the nerve's resting potential.
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ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
02:44
But in response to that stimulus the nerve is designed to detect,
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ืืš ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื’ืจื•ื™ ืื•ืชื• ื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช,
02:47
pores in the cell wall near the receptor of the cell open.
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ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืชื ืœื™ื“ ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช.
02:51
These pores are specialized protein channels
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ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ืชืขืœื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื
02:53
that are designed to let sodium rush into the nerve.
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ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื˜ืฃ ืฉืœ ื ืชืจืŸ ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
02:57
The sodium ions rush down their concentration gradient,
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ื™ื•ื ื™ ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ืžืคืœ ื”ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
02:59
and when they do, the inside of the nerve becomes more positively charged-
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ื—ืœืงื• ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ื•ืคืš ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™-
03:03
about +40 millivolts.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 40+ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื•ืœื˜.
03:06
While this happens, initially in the nerve right around the receptor,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ืš ืœืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ,
03:09
if the change in the nerve's electrical charge is great enough,
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ืื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืžื˜ืขื ื• ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง,
03:11
if it reaches what is called threshold,
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืฃ,
03:14
the nearby sodium ion channels open, and then the ones nearby those,
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ืชืขืœื•ืช ื ืชืจืŸ ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช, ื•ืื– ืืœื• ื”ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื’ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸ,
03:18
and so on, and so forth,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœืื”,
03:20
so that the positivity spreads along the nerve's membrane
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ืžืชืคืฉื˜ ืœืื•ืจืš ืžืžื‘ืจื ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘
03:23
to the nerve's cell body
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ืืœ ื’ื•ืฃ ืชื ื”ืขืฆื‘
03:25
and then along the nerve's long, thread-like extension, the axon.
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ื•ืžืฉื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ืฉืœื•ื—ื” ื”ืืจื•ื›ื” ื“ืžื•ื™ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ - ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ.
03:30
Meanwhile, potassium ion channels open,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื ืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชืขืœื•ืช ืืฉืœื’ืŸ,
03:32
potassium rushes out of the nerve,
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ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื–ื•ืจื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืฆื‘,
03:34
and the membrane voltage returns to normal.
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ื•ืžืชื— ื”ืžืžื‘ืจื ื” ืฉื‘ ืœืขืจื›ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ.
03:38
Actually, overshooting it a bit.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ืจื’ ืžืžื ื• ืžืขื˜.
03:40
And during this overshoot,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื—ืจื™ื’ื” ื–ื•,
03:42
the nerve is resistant to further depolarization-it is refractory,
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ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื—ืกื™ืŸ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื“ืคื•ืœืจื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช- ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืœื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืจืคืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™,
03:46
which prevents the nerve electrical impulse from traveling backwards.
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ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ื“ื—ืฃ ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืœื ื•ืข ืœืื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืฆื‘.
03:50
Then, ion pumps pump the sodium back back out of the nerve,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืžืฉืื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆื™ืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ืชืจืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืขืฆื‘,
03:54
and the potassium back into the nerve,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืฉืœื’ืŸ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืชื•ื›ื•,
03:56
restoring the nerve to its normal resting state.
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ื•ื›ืš ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžื ื•ื—ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ ืฉืœื•.
04:01
The end of the nerve, the end of the axon,
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ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘, ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืงืกื•ืŸ,
04:03
communicates with the nerve's target.
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ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืชื ื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
04:05
This target will be other nerves in a specialized area of the spinal cord,
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ืžื˜ืจื” ื–ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”,
04:07
to be processed and then transmitted up to the brain.
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ืฉื ื™ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ื™ืฉื•ื“ืจ ื”ืœืื” ืืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:11
Or the nerve's target may be another organ, such as a muscle.
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ืื• ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืจื™ืจ.
04:15
When the electrical impulse reaches the end of the nerve,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘
04:18
small vesicles, or packets, containing chemical neurotransmitters,
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ื•ื•ืกื™ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืื• ื‘ื•ืขื™ื•ืช, ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ืžื™,
04:23
are released by the nerve and rapidly interact with the nerve's target.
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ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ื•ื‘ืื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ืข ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ืขื ืžื˜ืจืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฆื‘.
04:27
This process is called synaptic transmission,
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ืช,
04:29
because the connection between the nerve and the next object in the chain
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื”ืงื™ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืฆื‘ ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ืฉืจืฉืจืช
04:33
is called a synapse. And it is here, in this synapse,
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ื ืงืจื ืกื™ื ืคืกื”. ื•ืฉื, ื‘ืกื™ื ืคืกื” ื–ื•,
04:38
that the neuron's electrical information can be modulated,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช,
04:41
amplified,
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ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”,
04:42
blocked altogether
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ืœื”ื—ืกื ืœื’ืžืจื™
04:44
or translated to another informational process.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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