What if we could look inside human brains? - Moran Cerf

Šta ako bismo mogli da pogledamo unutar ljudskog mozga? - Moran Serf (Moran Cerf)

Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Anja Saric

The brain is the center of all of our thoughts,

Mozak je centar svih naših misli,

dreams,

snova,

emotions,

emocija

and memories.

i sećanja.

It's what makes us who we are.

To je ono što nas čini onim što jesmo.

But, there is still a lot that we don't know about the brain.

Ali još uvek ima puno toga što ne znamo o mozgu.

Scientists have worked for years

Naučnici godinama pokušavaju

on trying to understand the human brain

da razumeju ljudski mozak

using techniques like EEG and FMRI,

koristeći tehnologije poput EEG i magnetne rezonance,

where we scan the brain from the outside.

kod kojih se mozak skenira spolja.

But what if we could look inside the brains of humans

Ali šta ako bismo mogli da pogledamo unutar ljudskog mozga

and watch them as they work?

i posmatramo ga kako radi?

Well, now we can

Pa, sada to i možemo

by looking at the brains of people

tako što gledamo mozgove ljudi

who are already going through surgery for clinical reasons,

koji već idu na operacije iz kliničkih razloga,

like curing epilepsy.

poput lečenja epilepsije.

Epilepsy is a disease

Epilepsija je bolest

in which a faulty part of the brain

kod koje neispravan deo mozga

starts working spontaneously for no apparent reason.

počne spontano da radi bez ikakvog očiglednog razloga.

It's like an earthquake

To je poput zemljotresa

but inside your head.

ali u vašoj glavi.

There's no way to know in advance

Ne može se unapred znati

when a seizure will occur,

kada će se desiti napad,

so the patients are always at risk

tako da uvek postoji rizik

of unexpectedly losing control.

da pacijent nenadano izgubi kontrolu.

There are drugs that treat epilepsy,

Postoje lekovi protiv epilepsije,

but these don't always work.

ali oni ne funkcionišu uvek.

Some patients who don't respond well to the drugs

Neki pacijenti koji ne reaguju dobro na lekove

can undergo a different treatment

mogu da se podvrgnu drugačijem tretmanu

where the faulty part in their brain,

pri kojem se taj neispravan deo mozga,

the part that starts the seizures,

deo koji prouzrokuje napade,

is surgically removed.

hirurški odstrani.

The challenge is knowing which part to take out.

Izazov je znati koji deo treba da se odstrani.

How do you figure out which bit of the brain is faulty?

Kako otkriti koji deo mozga je neispravan?

In order to find the exact location of the seizure onset,

Kako bi se pronašlo tačno mesto početka napada,

doctors embed electrodes directly into the patient's brain

doktori ugrađuju elektrode direktno u mozak pacijenta

around the suspected seizure center.

oko potencijalnog centra napada.

The patient then stays in the hospital for a few days,

Pacijent onda ostaje nekoliko dana u bolnici,

waiting to have a seizure

čekajući da dobije napad

with the electrodes constantly recording

dok elektrode neprekidno snimaju

the activity inside his or her brain.

aktivnost unutar mozga pacijenta.

Yes, now we want the patient to have a seizure

Da, sada želimo da pacijent dobije napad

so doctors can use the embedded electrodes

kako bi doktori iskoristili ugrađene elektrode

to measure it and learn exactly where its origin was.

da ga izmere i saznaju njegovo tačno poreklo.

After doctors are sure where the seizures

Nakon što se doktori uvere odakle napadi

come from in the brain,

potiču iz mozga,

they can take the electrodes out.

elektrode se mogu izvaditi.

Now they know what part of the brain they can remove

Sada znaju koji deo mozga mogu da odstrane

in order to cure the patient.

kako bi izlečili pacijenta.

These brain electrodes can tell us

Ove moždane elektrode mogu nam reći

more than just where the seizures happen.

više od toga gde se dešavaju napadi.

Based on where the doctors place the electrodes in the brain,

Zavisno od toga gde u mozgu doktori stave elektrode,

we can ask questions about what the brain does.

možemo pitati šta mozak radi.

Sometimes we find one cell that starts bursting in activity

Ponekad pronađemo jednu ćeliju koja krene da puca od aktivnosti

every time the patient sees a particular picture,

svakog puta kada pacijent vidi određenu sliku,

for example, a picture of Marilyn Monroe.

na primer, sliku Merilin Monro.

See, every time the patient sees Marilyn Monroe,

Svakog puta kada pacijent vidi Merilin Monro,

some specific cells fire in the brain.

određene ćelije u mozgu reaguju.

You can now know when the patient is thinking of Marilyn Monroe

Sada možete znati kada pacijent misli o Merilin Monro

just by listening to these cells fire.

samo iz slušanja ovih ćelija kako reaguju.

When we find one or a few of these cells with each patient,

Kada nađemo jednu ili više ovih ćelija kod svakog pacijenta

we can then do all kinds of fancy things.

onda možemo da radimo svakakve super stvari.

For example, we can connect the recording electrode

Na primer, možemo povezati elektrodu koja snima

to a cursor on a screen

sa kursorom na ekranu

and have the patient move the cursor left or right

i pacijent može da pomera kursor levo ili desno

just by thinking of things.

tako što misli o različitim stvarima.

This can help people

Ovo može pomoći ljudima

who lost the ability to move their hands,

koji su izgubili mogućnost pomeranja ruku,

like people with spinal cord injuries or wounded soldiers,

poput ljudi sa povredama kičmene moždine, ili ranjenih vojnika

by having them control a prosthetic arm

tako što će kontrolisati prostetičku ruku

directly with their brain.

direktno svojim mozgom.

Our brain is a brilliant device

Naš mozak je sjajna sprava

which can make predictions about the future.

koja može da predvidi budućnost.

For example, we can all know

Na primer, sada svi možemo znati

which word will appear at the end of this...

koja reč će se javiti na kraju ove...

sentence.

rečenice.

The brain can solve complicated problems,

Mozak može da rešava komplikovane probleme,

imagine the entire universe,

zamisli ceo univerzum

and grasp concepts such as infinity

i shvati ideje poput beskonačnosti

or unicorns.

ili jednoroga.

The brain produces complex emotions like love or jealousy,

Mozak proizvodi kompleksna osećanja poput ljubavi ili ljubomore

it's what makes us creative and curious,

on nas čini kreativnim i radoznalim,

and it can even contemplate about itself.

a čak može i da razmišlja o sebi samom.

And the brain is the organ we use to study the brain.

A mozak je organ kojim proučavamo mozak.

I think that the brain is the most beautiful organ in our body,

Mislim da je mozak najlepši organ u našem telu,

but then I ask myself,

ali onda se zapitam:

"Which organ is making me think that?"

"Koji organ me tera da pomislim to?"