The cancer gene we all have - Michael Windelspecht

Gen za rak koji svi imamo - Majkl Vindelspekt (Michael Windelspecht)

Prevodilac: Mile Živković Lektor: Miloš Milosavljević

Cancer is like a car crash.

Rak je poput saobraćajne nesreće.

Your body typically regulates

Vaše telo obično reguliše

the speed at which your cells divide,

brzinu kojom se dele vaše ćelije,

but sometimes, cancer cuts the brake lines,

ali rak ponekad preseče creva od kočnica

and your cells divide too quickly,

i ćelije se dele prebrzo,

accumulating mutations that cause them

sakupljajući mutacije, zbog čega se

to veer away from their original function,

udaljavaju od svojih prvobitnih funkcija,

form dangerous tumors,

formiraju opasne tumore

and land you in the hospital.

i smeste vas u bolnicu.

Cancer is basically an inability of the body

Rak je zapravo nemogućnost tela

to control the speed at which cells divide.

da kontroliše brzinu kojom se dele ćelije.

When cells divide too quickly,

Kada se ćelije dele prebrzo,

they can often accumulate mutations

često mogu da nakupe mutacije

that cause them to ignore their original function in the body,

i zbog toga zanemaruju svoju prvobitnu funkciju u telu,

forming tumors.

stvarajući tumore.

In turn, these tumors may interfere

Dalje, tumori mogu da poremete

with the natural processes of the body,

prirodne procese u telu

such as digestion and respiration,

poput varenja i disanja,

potentially leading to death.

što može dovesti do smrti.

Typically, your body has a number of genetic mechanisms

Vaše telo obično ima određen broj genetskih mehanizama

to control how fast your cells divide.

za kontrolu brzine deljenja ćelija.

One of these genes is BRCA1,

Jedan od ovih gena je BRCA1,

which stands for breast cancer susceptibility gene 1.

što je skraćenica za: gen podložnosti raku dojke 1.

BRCA1 belongs to a class of genes

BRCA1 pripada klasi gena

called tumor suppressor genes.

koji se zovu tumor-supresorski geni.

Tumor suppressor genes are involved

Ovi geni su uključeni

in regulating how fast a cell divides.

u regulisanje brzine deljenja ćelija.

Normally, cell division follows an orderly process

Deljenje ćelija obično ide uređenim procesom

called the cell cycle,

koji se zove ciklus ćelije,

which is basically the life cycle of a cell.

što je zapravo životni ciklus ćelije.

Within the cell cycle

Unutar ciklusa ćelije

is a series of checkpoints,

nalazi se niz kontrolnih tačaka,

where proteins, such as the one produced by BRCA1,

gde proteini poput onih koje proizvodi BRCA1

regulate how fast the cell may proceed.

regulišu koliko brzo može da se kreće ćelija.

How does it do this?

Kako se ovo dešava?

BRCA1 helps repair some forms of mutation in your DNA.

BRCA1 pomaže da se poprave neki oblici mutacije u vašoj DNK.

If your DNA is damaged,

Ako je vaša DNK oštećena,

BRCA1 keeps the cell from dividing

BRCA1 sprečava deljenje ćelije

until the mutation is repaired.

dok se mutacija ne popravi.

You have two copies of the BRCA1 gene

U svakoj ćeliji u svom telu

in every cell of your body.

imate dva primerka gena BRCA1.

One copy you inherited from Mom,

Jedan primerak ste nasledili od majke,

the other from Dad.

a drugi od oca.

This redundancy is a good a thing

Ovaj višak je dobra stvar

because you only need one functioning BRCA1 gene in a cell

jer vam je potreban samo jedan gen BRCA1 koji funkcioniše u ćeliji

to regulate the cell cycle.

da bi se regulisao ciklus ćelije.

But it's important to note

Ali bitno je napomenuti

that while these copies have a similar function

da iako ovi primerci imaju sličnu funkciju,

they're not necessarily the same.

oni ne moraju biti isti.

In fact, there are hundreds of variations,

Zapravo, postoji stotine varijacija BRCA1,

or alleles, of BRCA1.

takozvanih alela.

Some regulate the cell cycle more effectively than others.

Neke regulišu ciklus ćelija efikasnije od drugih.

In other words,

Drugim rečima,

some people are born

neki ljudi se rađaju

with better regulating and repair mechanisms than others.

sa boljim mehanizmima za regulaciju i popravku od drugih.

And in some cases, mutations may render BRCA1 ineffective.

U nekim slučajevima, BRCA1 nije efikasan zbog mutacija.

When this happens,

Kada se ovo desi,

cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide.

ćelije sa oštećenom DNK mogu da se dele.

As they divide,

Dok se dele,

these cells may accumulate additional mutations.

ove ćelije mogu nakupiti dodatne mutacije.

These mutations may cause the cell

Ove mutacije mogu prouzrokovati

to become less specialized

da ćelija postane manje specijalizovana

and stop performing its original function in the tissue.

i prestane da vrši svoju prvobitnu funkciju u tkivu.

If this occurs, then there's a greater chance

Ako se ovo desi, postoji veća šansa

they'll develop into cancer cells.

da će se ove ćelije razviti u ćelije raka.

While we all have the gene, such as BRCA1, that can cause cancer,

Iako svi imamo gen poput BRCA1, koji može da izazove rak,

it's only when these genes fail at their function

samo kada ovi geni podbace u svojoj nameni,

that problems develop.

razvijaju se problemi.

Having an ineffective or mutated version of BRCA1

Ako imate neefikasnu ili mutiranu verziju BRCA1,

can increase your susceptibility to cancer,

to može da poveća vašu podložnost raku,

much like driving with bad brakes

baš kao što vožnja s lošim kočnicama

increases the risk of an accident.

uvećava rizik od saobraćajne nesreće.