The cancer gene we all have - Michael Windelspecht

361,080 views ใƒป 2014-05-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:09
Cancer is like a car crash.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื ืช ืจื›ื‘.
00:11
Your body typically regulates
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ื’ื•ืคื›ื ื‘ื“"ื› ืžื•ื•ืกืช
00:13
the speed at which your cells divide,
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ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื” ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืชืื™ื›ื,
00:15
but sometimes, cancer cuts the brake lines,
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ืืš ืœืขืชื™ื, ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืœืžื™ื,
00:18
and your cells divide too quickly,
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ื•ืื– ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
00:20
accumulating mutations that cause them
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ื•ืฆื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื
00:22
to veer away from their original function,
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ืœื—ืจื•ื’ ืžืชืคืงื•ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื,
00:24
form dangerous tumors,
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
00:26
and land you in the hospital.
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื›ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:28
Cancer is basically an inability of the body
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ
00:30
to control the speed at which cells divide.
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ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
00:33
When cells divide too quickly,
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ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื”ืจ ืžื“ื™,
00:35
they can often accumulate mutations
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ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช
00:37
that cause them to ignore their original function in the body,
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ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
00:40
forming tumors.
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ื•ืœืคืชื— ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
00:42
In turn, these tumors may interfere
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ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื‘ืฉ
00:44
with the natural processes of the body,
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ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ื™ื,
00:47
such as digestion and respiration,
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ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ื•ื ืฉื™ืžื”,
00:49
potentially leading to death.
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ื•ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
00:51
Typically, your body has a number of genetic mechanisms
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืžืชืืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื
00:54
to control how fast your cells divide.
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
00:56
One of these genes is BRCA1,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1,
00:59
which stands for breast cancer susceptibility gene 1.
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ืื• "ื’ืŸ ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืฉื“ ืžืก' 1".
01:03
BRCA1 belongs to a class of genes
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ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1 ืžืฉืชื™ื™ืš ืœืกื•ื’ ื’ื ื™ื
01:05
called tumor suppressor genes.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื "ื’ื ื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื".
01:08
Tumor suppressor genes are involved
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ื’ื ื™ื ืžื“ื›ืื™-ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
01:10
in regulating how fast a cell divides.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื.
01:13
Normally, cell division follows an orderly process
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ื‘ื“"ื›, ื”ืชื—ืœืงื•ืช ื”ืชืื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืžืกื•ื“ืจ
01:16
called the cell cycle,
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื",
01:17
which is basically the life cycle of a cell.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื.
01:20
Within the cell cycle
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ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื
01:21
is a series of checkpoints,
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ื™ืฉ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช
01:23
where proteins, such as the one produced by BRCA1,
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ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ืคืง ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1,
01:26
regulate how fast the cell may proceed.
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ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืชื.
01:29
How does it do this?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ืืช?
01:31
BRCA1 helps repair some forms of mutation in your DNA.
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ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1 ืขื•ื–ืจ ื‘ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื "ื.
01:35
If your DNA is damaged,
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ืื ื”ื“ื "ื ืคื’ื•ื,
01:37
BRCA1 keeps the cell from dividing
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ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1 ืžื•ื ืข ืžื”ืชื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง
01:40
until the mutation is repaired.
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ืขื“ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”.
01:41
You have two copies of the BRCA1 gene
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ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1
01:44
in every cell of your body.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ืคื›ื.
01:46
One copy you inherited from Mom,
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ืขื•ืชืง ืื—ื“ ื™ืจืฉืชื ืžืืžื
01:48
the other from Dad.
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ื•ืขื•ืชืง ืฉื ื™ - ืžืื‘ื.
01:49
This redundancy is a good a thing
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ื›ืคื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
01:52
because you only need one functioning BRCA1 gene in a cell
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ื›ื™ ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืจืง ื’ืŸ ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1 ืชืงื™ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืชื
01:55
to regulate the cell cycle.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื.
02:01
But it's important to note
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ
02:03
that while these copies have a similar function
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ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื“ื•ืžื”,
02:05
they're not necessarily the same.
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ื”ื ืื™ื ื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื–ื”ื™ื.
02:07
In fact, there are hundreds of variations,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช,
02:09
or alleles, of BRCA1.
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ืื• ืืœืœื™ื, ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1,
02:11
Some regulate the cell cycle more effectively than others.
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ื•ื—ืœืงื ืžื•ื•ืกืชื™ื ืืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
02:15
In other words,
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ื‘ืžืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:16
some people are born
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื
02:17
with better regulating and repair mechanisms than others.
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ืขื ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ ื•ื™ืกื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:20
And in some cases, mutations may render BRCA1 ineffective.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1.
02:25
When this happens,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
02:27
cells with damaged DNA are allowed to divide.
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ืชืื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื“ื "ื ืคื’ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง.
02:30
As they divide,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื,
02:31
these cells may accumulate additional mutations.
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ืชืื™ื ืืœื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฆื‘ื•ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช.
02:34
These mutations may cause the cell
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ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืชื
02:35
to become less specialized
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ืœืื‘ื“ ืืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•,
02:37
and stop performing its original function in the tissue.
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ื•ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœืžืœื ืืช ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจืงืžื”.
02:40
If this occurs, then there's a greater chance
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”, ื™ืฉ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:43
they'll develop into cancer cells.
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ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืคืชื—ื• ืœืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื.
02:45
While we all have the gene, such as BRCA1, that can cause cancer,
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ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉื ื• ื”ื’ืŸ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1,
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:49
it's only when these genes fail at their function
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ื”ืจื™ ืฉืจืง ื›ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื
02:52
that problems develop.
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ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
ืื“ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื’ื™ืจืกื” ืœื ื™ืขื™ืœื” ืื• ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื™-ืืจ-ืกื™-ืื™ื™1
02:54
Having an ineffective or mutated version of BRCA1
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02:57
can increase your susceptibility to cancer,
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื’ื™ืข ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:59
much like driving with bad brakes
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื”ื™ื’ื” ืขื ื‘ืœืžื™ื ืžืงื•ืœืงืœื™ื
03:01
increases the risk of an accident.
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ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ืกื›ื ื” ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉื•ืช ืชืื•ื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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