Kabuki: The people's dramatic art - Amanda Mattes

Kabuki: dramska umetnost ljudi - Amanda Mets (Amanda Mattes)

1,037,169 views

2013-09-30 ・ TED-Ed


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Kabuki: The people's dramatic art - Amanda Mattes

Kabuki: dramska umetnost ljudi - Amanda Mets (Amanda Mattes)

1,037,169 views ・ 2013-09-30

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Anja Saric Lektor: Mile Živković
00:06
Many elements of traditional Japanese culture,
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Mnogi elementi tradicionalne japanske kulture,
00:09
such as cuisine
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kao što su kuhinja
00:10
and martial arts,
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i borilačke veštine,
00:11
are well-known throughout the world.
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poznati su širom sveta.
00:13
Kabuki, a form of classical theater performance,
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Kabuki, vrsta klasičnog pozorišnog izvođenja,
00:16
may not be as well understood in the West
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možda nije najbolje shvaćena na Zapadu
00:18
but has evolved over 400 years
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ali se razvija preko 400 godina
00:20
to still maintain influence and popularity to this day.
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i dalje zadržava svoju popularnost i uticaj do danas.
00:24
The word Kabuki is derived
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Reč "kabuki" potiče
00:26
from the Japanese verb kabuku,
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od japanskog glagola "kabuku",
00:28
meaning out of the ordinary or bizarre.
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koji označava nešto neobično ili bizarno.
00:30
Its history began in early 17th century Kyoto,
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Njegova istorija počinje u ranom 17. veku u Kjotu,
00:34
where a shrine maiden named Izumo no Okuni
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gde je devojka u svetilištu, Izumo no Okuni
00:37
would use the city's dry Kamo Riverbed as a stage
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koristila isušeno rečno korito Kamoa kao pozornicu
00:40
to perform unusual dances for passerby,
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za izvođenje neobičnih plesova za prolaznike
00:43
who found her daring parodies of Buddhist prayers
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koji su smatrali njene parodije budističkih molitvi
00:45
both entertaining and mesmerizing.
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zabavnim i opčinjavajućim.
00:48
Soon other troops began performing
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Ubrzo su druge grupe počele da nastupaju
00:50
in the same style,
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u istom stilu,
00:51
and Kabuki made history
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i Kabuki je ušao u istoriju
00:53
as Japan's first dramatic performance form
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kao prvi oblik japanske dramske umetnosti
00:55
catering to the common people.
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izvođene za obično stanovištvo.
00:57
By relying on makeup, or keshou,
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Oslanjajući se na šminku ili kešu,
00:59
and facial expressions instead of masks
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i izraz lica umesto na maske
01:02
and focusing on historical events
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i fokusirajući se na istorijske događaje
01:04
and everyday life rather than folk tales,
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i svakodnevni život, umesto na narodne priče,
01:06
Kabuki set itself apart
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Kabuki se razlikovao
01:08
from the upper-class dance theater form
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od plesnog pozorišta više klase
01:10
known as Noh
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poznatog kao Noh
01:11
and provided a unique commentary on society
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i obezbedio jedinstveno tumačenje društva
01:14
during the Edo period.
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tokom perioda Edo.
01:16
At first, the dance was practiced only by females
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U početku su ples izvodile samo žene
01:18
and commonly referred to as Onna-Kabuki.
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i zvao se Ona-Kabuki.
01:22
It soon evolved to an ensemble performance
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Ubrzo se razvio u izvedbu ansambla
01:24
and became a regular attraction at tea houses,
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i postao stalna atrakcija u čajdžinicama,
01:27
drawing audiences from all social classes.
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privlačeći publiku svih društvenih slojeva.
01:29
At this point, Onna-Kabuki was often risque
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U to doba, Ona-Kabuki bio je veoma smeo
01:32
as geishas performed not only to show off
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jer su gejše nastupale ne samo da bi pokazale
01:35
their singing and dancing abilities
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svoje pevačke i igračke sposobnosti
01:36
but also to advertise their bodies to potential clients.
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već da bi reklamirale svoje telo potencijalnim klijentima.
01:40
A ban by the conservative Tokugawa shogunate
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Zabrana konzervativnog šoguna Tokugava
01:43
in 1629
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iz 1629.
01:44
led to the emergence of Wakashu-Kabuki
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dovela je do pojave Vakašu-Kabukija
01:47
with young boys as actors.
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sa mladim dečacima kao glumcima.
01:49
But when this was also banned for similar reasons,
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Ali kada je i ovo zabranjeno iz sličnih razloga
01:52
there was a transition to Yaro-Kabuki,
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dogodio se prelaz u Jaro-Kabuki,
01:55
performed by men,
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izvođen od strane muškaraca
01:56
necessitating elaborate costumes and makeup
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koji je zahtevao složene kostime i šminku
01:58
for those playing female roles,
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za glumce koji su igrali ženske uloge,
02:00
or onnagata.
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ili onagate.
02:01
Attempts by the government to control Kabuki
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Pokušaji vlade da kontroliše Kabuki
02:03
didn't end with bans on the gender
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nisu doveli do ograničenja u polu
02:05
or age of performers.
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ili starosti glumaca.
02:07
The Tokugawa military group,
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Vojna grupa Tokugava,
02:09
or Bakufu,
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ili Bakufu,
02:10
was fueled by Confucian ideals
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vođena Konfučijevskim idealima
02:12
and often enacted sanctions
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često je uvodila sankcije
02:14
on costume fabrics,
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na materijale kostima,
02:15
stage weaponry,
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scensko oružje
02:16
and the subject matter of the plot.
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i temu zapleta.
02:18
At the same time,
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U isto vreme,
02:19
Kabuki became closely associated with
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Kabuki je postao usko povezan
02:21
and influenced by Bunraku,
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i podložan uticaju Bunrakua,
02:23
an elaborate form of puppet theater.
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složene vrste lutkarskog pozorišta.
02:26
Due to these influences,
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Zbog ovih uticaja,
02:27
the once spontaneous, one-act dance
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nekada spontani ples u jednom činu
02:29
evolved into a structured, five-act play
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razvio se u strukturiranu predstavu od pet činova
02:33
often based on the tenets of Confucian philosophy.
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često baziranu na principima Konfučijeve filozofije.
02:36
Before 1868, when the Tokugawa shogunate fell
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Pre 1868, kada je šogun Tokugava svrgnut
02:40
and Emperor Meiji was restored to power,
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i imperator Meiđi vraćen na vlast,
02:42
Japan had practiced isolation from other countries,
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Japan je vršio izolaciju od drugih zemalja
02:45
or Sakoku.
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ili Sakoku.
02:46
And thus, the development of Kabuki
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Tako da je razvoj Kabukija
02:48
had mostly been shaped by domestic influences.
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u najvećem delu oblikovan domaćim uticajima.
02:51
But even before this period,
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Ali čak i pre ovog perioda,
02:53
European artists, such as Claude Monet,
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evropski umetnici, kao što je Klod Mone,
02:55
had become interested in
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zainteresovali su se
i bivali inspirisani japanskom umetnošću,
02:57
and inspired by Japanese art,
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02:58
such as woodblock prints,
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kao što je rezbarenje na drvenim pločama,
03:00
as well as live performance.
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i izvođenje uživo.
03:02
After 1868, others such as Vincent van Gogh
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Nakon 1868., drugi umetnici, kao Vinsent van Gog
03:05
and composer Claude Debussy
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ili kompozitor Klod Debisi
03:07
began to incorporate Kabuki influences in their work,
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počeli su da inkorporiraju uticaj Kabukija u svoj rad,
03:10
while Kabuki itself underwent
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dok je sam Kabuki pretrpeo
03:12
much change and experimentation
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mnoge promene i eksperimente
03:13
to adapt to the new modern era.
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kako bi se prilagodio modernom dobu.
03:16
Like other traditional art forms,
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Kao druge tradicionalne vrste umetnosti,
03:17
Kabuki suffered in popularity
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Kabuki je izgubio na popularnosti
03:19
in the wake of World War II.
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početkom drugog svetskog rata.
03:21
But innovation by artists
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Ali inovacije umetnika,
03:22
such as director Tetsuji Takechi
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kao što je reditelj Tetsudži Takeči,
03:25
led to a resurgence shortly after.
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dovele su brzog ponovnog oživljavanja.
03:27
Indeed, Kabuki was even considered
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Zaista, Kabuki se čak smatrao
03:29
a popular form of entertainment
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popularnom vrstom zabave
03:31
amongst American troops stationed in Japan
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među američkim trupama u Japanu
03:33
despite initial U.S. censorship
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uprkos početnoj cenzuri japanske tradicije
03:35
of Japanese traditions.
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od strane SAD-a.
03:37
Today, Kabuki still lives on
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Danas, Kabuki i dalje živi
03:39
as an integral part of Japan's rich cultural heritage,
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kao integralni deo bogatog kulturnog nasleđa Japana
03:42
extending its influence beyond the stage
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šireći svoje uticaje van pozornice
03:44
to television,
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do televizije,
03:45
film,
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and anime.
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filma,
i animea.
03:46
The art form pioneered by Okuni
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Vrsta umetnosti čije je put raskrčila Okuni
03:49
continues to delight audiences
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nastavlja da oduševljava publiku
03:50
with the actors' elaborate makeup,
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sa komplikovanom šminkom glumaca,
03:52
extravagant and delicately embroidered costumes,
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ekstravagantnim i delikatno izvezenim kostimima,
03:55
and the unmistakable melodrama
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i nepogrešivom melodramom
03:57
of the stories told on stage.
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priča koje su ispričane na bini.
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