The death of the universe

Smrt svemira - Rene Hlozek (Renée Hlozek)

1,323,210 views ・ 2013-12-12

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Ivana Korom
00:06
Looking up at the night sky,
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Dok gledamo u noćno nebo,
00:07
we are amazed by how it seems to go on forever.
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zapanjeni smo time kako izgleda da je večno.
00:10
But what will the sky look like
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Ali kako će nebo izgledati
00:12
billions of years from now?
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za milijardu godina?
00:13
A particular type of scientist,
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Posebna vrsta naučnika
00:15
called a cosmologist,
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koji se zove kosmolog
00:16
spends her time thinking about that very question.
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provodi vreme razmišljajući baš o tom pitanju.
00:19
The end of the universe is intimately linked
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Kraj svemira je blisko povezan
00:21
to what the universe contains.
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sa onim što se u njemu nalazi.
00:23
Over 100 years ago,
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Pre više od 100 godina
00:25
Einstein developed the Theory of General Relativity,
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Ajnštajn je razvio teoriju opšte relativnosti,
00:27
formed of equations that help us
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sastavljenu od jednačina koje nam pomažu
00:29
understand the relationship
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da razumemo odnos
00:31
between what a universe is made of
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između onoga od čega je svemir sačinjen
00:33
and its shape.
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i njegovog oblika.
00:34
It turns out that the universe
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Izgleda da svemir
00:36
could be curved like a ball or sphere.
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može da se zakrivi kao lopta ili sfera.
00:38
We call this positively curved or closed.
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Ovo nazivamo pozitivno zakrivljen ili zatvoren.
00:40
Or it could be shaped like a saddle.
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Ili može biti u obliku sedla.
00:42
We call this negatively curved or open.
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Ovo nazivamo negativno zakrivljen ili otvoren
00:44
Or it could be flat.
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Ili može biti ravan.
00:46
And that shape determines
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I taj oblik određuje
00:47
how the universe will live and die.
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kako će svemir živeti i umreti.
00:49
We now know that the universe is very close to flat.
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Sada znamo da je svemir skoro ravan.
00:52
However, the components of the universe
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Ipak, komponente svemira
00:54
can still affect its eventual fate.
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mogu da utiču na njegovu konačnu sudbinu.
00:56
We can predict how the universe
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Možemo da predvidimo kako će se svemir
00:58
will change with time
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menjati s vremenom
00:59
if we measure the amounts or energy densities
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ako izmerimo količine ili gustine energije
01:01
of the various components in the universe today.
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različitih komponenti svemira danas.
01:04
So, what is the universe made of?
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Od čega je, dakle, svemir sastavljen?
01:06
The universe contains all the things that we can see,
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Svemir sadrži sve one stvari koje možemo da vidimo,
01:09
like stars, gas, and planets.
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kao što su zvezde, gas i planete.
01:11
We call these things ordinary or baryonic matter.
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Ove stvari zovemo obična ili barionična materija.
01:14
Even though we see them all around us,
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Iako ih vidimo svuda oko nas,
01:16
the total energy density of these components
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ukupna gustina energije ovih komponenti
01:18
is actually very small,
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je u stvari vrlo mala,
01:20
around 5% of the total energy of the universe.
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oko 5% ukupne energije svemira.
01:23
So, now let's talk about what the other 95% is.
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Hajde sada da pričamo o tome šta je tih preostalih 95%.
01:26
Just under 27% of the rest
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Malo manje od 27% od preostalog dela
01:29
of the energy density of the universe
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gustine energije u svemiru
01:30
is made up of what we call dark matter.
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je sačinjeno od onoga što nazivamo tamna materija.
01:33
Dark matter is only very weakly interacting with light,
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Tamna materija vrlo malo dolazi u kontakt sa svetlošću,
01:36
which means it doesn't shine or reflect light
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što znači da ne sija i ne reflektuje svetlost
01:39
in the way that stars and planets do,
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kao što to rade zvezde i planete,
01:41
but, in every other way,
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ali u svakom drugom smislu
01:42
it behaves like ordinary matter --
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ponaša se kao obična materija -
01:44
it attracts things gravitationally.
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privlači stvari gravitacijom.
01:46
In fact, the only way we can detect this dark matter
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U stvari, jedini način kako možemo otkriti ovu tamnu materiju
01:48
is through this gravitational interaction,
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je kroz ovo gravitaciono delovanje,
01:51
how things orbit around it
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kako tela kruže oko nje
01:52
and how it bends light
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i kako savija svetlost
01:53
as it curves the space around it.
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dok zakrivljuje prostor oko sebe.
01:56
We have yet to discover a dark matter particle,
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Tek treba da otkrijemo česticu tamne materije,
01:58
but scientists all over the world are searching
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ali naučnici širom sveta tragaju
02:00
for this elusive particle or particles
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za ovom neuhvatljivom česticom ili česticama
02:02
and the effects of dark matter on the universe.
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i uticajima tamne materije na svemir.
02:05
But this still doesn't add up to 100%.
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Ali to još uvek nije 100%.
02:08
The remaining 68%
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Preostalih 68%
02:09
of the energy density of the universe
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gustine energije u svemiru
02:11
is made up of dark energy,
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je sačinjeno od tamne energije,
02:13
which is even more mysterious than dark matter.
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koja je još misterioznija od tamne materije.
02:16
This dark energy doesn't behave
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Ova tamna energija se uopšte ne ponaša
02:18
like any other substance we know at all
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kao ostale materije koje poznajemo,
02:20
and acts more like anti-gravity force.
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već deluje više kao antigravitaciona sila.
02:23
We say that it has a gravitational pressure,
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Kažemo da ima gravitacioni pritisak
02:25
which ordinary matter and dark matter do not.
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koji obična i tamna materija nemaju.
02:28
Instead of pulling the universe together,
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Umesto da utiče na skupljanje svemira,
02:30
as we would expect gravity to do,
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kao što bismo očekivali da gravitacija radi,
02:32
the universe appears to be expanding apart
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svemir se, izgleda, širi
02:34
at an ever-increasing rate.
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sve bržim tempom.
02:36
The leading idea for dark energy
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Najzastupljenija ideja o tamnoj materiji je
02:37
is that it is a cosmological constant.
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da je to kosmološka konstanta.
02:40
That means it has the strange property
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To znači da ima neobičnu osobinu
02:42
that it expands as the volume of space increases
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da se širi kako se prostor povećava,
02:45
to keep its energy density constant.
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da bi sačuvala gustinu energije konstantnom.
02:47
So, as the universe expands
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Tako da, kako se svemir širi,
02:49
as it is doing right now,
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kao što čini sada,
02:50
there will be more and more dark energy.
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biće sve više tamne energije.
02:52
Dark matter and baryonic matter,
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Tamna materija i barionična materija,
02:54
on the other hand,
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sa druge strane,
02:55
don't expand with the universe
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ne šire se sa svemirom
02:56
and become more diluted.
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i postaju razređenije.
02:58
Because of this property
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Zbog ove osobine
02:59
of the cosmological constant,
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kosmološke konstante,
03:00
the future universe will be more and more dominated
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budućim svemirom će sve više dominirati
03:03
by dark energy,
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tamna energija,
03:04
becoming colder and colder
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a on će postajati sve hladniji
03:06
and expanding faster and faster.
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i širiće se sve brže.
03:08
Eventually, the universe will run out of gas
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Na kraju, svemir će ostati bez gasa
03:10
to form stars,
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za pravljenje zvezda
03:11
and the stars themselves will run out of fuel
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i same zvezde će ostati bez goriva
03:13
and burn out,
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i ugasiće se
03:15
leaving the universe with only black holes in it.
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ostavljajući samo crne rupe u svemiru.
03:18
Given enough time,
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Uz dovoljno vremena
03:19
even these black holes will evaporate,
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čak i ove crne rupe će ispariti
03:21
leaving a universe that is completely cold and empty.
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i ostaviti potpuno hladan i prazan svemir.
03:24
That is what we call the heat death of the universe.
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To je ono što zovemo toplotna smrt svemira.
03:28
While it might sound depressing
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Iako možda zvuči depresivno
03:29
living in a universe
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živeti u svemiru
03:30
that will end its lifetime cold
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koji će okončati svoj život u hladnoći
03:32
and devoid of life,
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i bez života u njemu,
03:34
the end fate of our universe
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krajnja sudbina našeg svemira
03:36
actually has a beautiful symmetry
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je u stvari prelepa simetrija
03:37
to its hot, fiery beginning.
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njegovom vrelom, vatrenom početku.
03:40
We call the accelerating end state
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Ovo krajnje stanje ubrzavanja svemira,
03:41
of the universe a de Sitter phase,
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nazivamo De Siterova faza,
03:44
named after the Dutch mathematician
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po holandskom matematičaru
03:46
Willem de Sitter.
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Vilemu de Siteru.
03:47
However, we also believe
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Ali, takođe verujemo
03:49
that the universe had another phase
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da je svemir imao i drugu fazu
03:51
of de Sitter expansion
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De Siterovog širenja
03:52
in the earliest times of its life.
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u najranijim vremenima svog života.
03:54
We call this early period inflation,
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Ovaj rani period nazivamo inflacijom
03:57
where, shortly after the Big Bang,
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gde se, ubrzo posle Velikog praska,
03:58
the universe expanded extremely fast
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svemir širio ekstremno brzo
04:01
for a brief period.
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u kratkom vremenskom periodu.
04:02
So, the universe will end
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Tako da će se svemir završiti
04:04
in much the same state as it began,
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otprilike isto kako je i počeo -
04:06
accelerating.
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ubrzavajući.
04:08
We live at an extraordinary time
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Živimo u izuzetnom vremenu
04:10
in the life of the universe
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u životu svemira
04:12
where we can start to understand
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gde možemo da počnemo da razumevamo
04:13
the universe's journey
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putovanje svemira
04:15
and view a history
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i vidimo istoriju
04:16
that plays itself out on the sky
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koja se odigrava na nebu
04:18
for all of us to see.
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pred svima nama.
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