The death of the universe

1,323,897 views ใƒป 2013-12-12

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Boaz Hovav
00:06
Looking up at the night sky,
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ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”,
00:07
we are amazed by how it seems to go on forever.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ืงืกืžื™ื ืžืžืจืื” ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืžืฆื—.
00:10
But what will the sky look like
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ื™ืจืื•
00:12
billions of years from now?
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
00:13
A particular type of scientist,
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ืกื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ืช,
00:15
called a cosmologist,
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ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช,
00:16
spends her time thinking about that very question.
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ืžื‘ืœื” ืืช ื–ืžื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
00:19
The end of the universe is intimately linked
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ื”ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจ
00:21
to what the universe contains.
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ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ.
00:23
Over 100 years ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž- 100 ืฉื ื”,
00:25
Einstein developed the Theory of General Relativity,
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ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ืชื— ืืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื”ื›ืœืœื™ืช,
00:27
formed of equations that help us
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ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืžืฉื•ื•ืื•ืช ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
00:29
understand the relationship
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
00:31
between what a universe is made of
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:33
and its shape.
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ื•ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
00:34
It turns out that the universe
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:36
could be curved like a ball or sphere.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื•ื’ืœ ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืื• ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:38
We call this positively curved or closed.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืžืขื•ืงื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืกื’ื•ืจ.
00:40
Or it could be shaped like a saddle.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื•ื›ืฃ.
00:42
We call this negatively curved or open.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ืขื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื™ืœื™ ืื• ืคืชื•ื—.
00:44
Or it could be flat.
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ืื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
00:46
And that shape determines
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ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืงื•ื‘ืขืช
00:47
how the universe will live and die.
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื—ื™ื” ื•ื™ืžื•ืช.
00:49
We now know that the universe is very close to flat.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืื•ื“ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—.
00:52
However, the components of the universe
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:54
can still affect its eventual fate.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืกื•ืคื™.
00:56
We can predict how the universe
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื
00:58
will change with time
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ื™ืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
00:59
if we measure the amounts or energy densities
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืื• ืฆืคื™ืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
01:01
of the various components in the universe today.
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ืฉืœ ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื•ื.
01:04
So, what is the universe made of?
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ืื–, ืžืžื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืขืฉื•ื™?
01:06
The universe contains all the things that we can see,
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
01:09
like stars, gas, and planets.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ื’ื–, ื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช.
01:11
We call these things ordinary or baryonic matter.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืื• ื‘ึธืจื™ื•ื ื™.
01:14
Even though we see them all around us,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
01:16
the total energy density of these components
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
01:18
is actually very small,
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ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืงื˜ื ื”,
01:20
around 5% of the total energy of the universe.
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ื‘ืขืจืš 5% ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:23
So, now let's talk about what the other 95% is.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืืจ 95 ื”ืื—ื•ื–.
01:26
Just under 27% of the rest
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ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืž 27% ืžืฉืืจ
01:29
of the energy density of the universe
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ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
01:30
is made up of what we call dark matter.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
01:33
Dark matter is only very weakly interacting with light,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืžืชืงืฉืจ ืจืง ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื•ืœืฉื” ืขื ืื•ืจ,
01:36
which means it doesn't shine or reflect light
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื–ื•ืจื— ืื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ
01:39
in the way that stars and planets do,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื•ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืขื•ืฉื™ื,
01:41
but, in every other way,
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ืื‘ืœ, ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช,
01:42
it behaves like ordinary matter --
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ื”ื•ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ --
01:44
it attracts things gravitationally.
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ื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฉืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื”.
01:46
In fact, the only way we can detect this dark matter
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ ื”ื–ื”,
01:48
is through this gravitational interaction,
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ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:51
how things orbit around it
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ืื™ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
01:52
and how it bends light
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืขืงื ืื•ืจ
01:53
as it curves the space around it.
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืขืงื ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•.
01:56
We have yet to discover a dark matter particle,
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืืช ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืืคืœ,
01:58
but scientists all over the world are searching
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื
02:00
for this elusive particle or particles
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ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืง ืื• ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ื—ืžืงืžืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
02:02
and the effects of dark matter on the universe.
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ื•ื”ืืคืงื˜ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
02:05
But this still doesn't add up to 100%.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ 100%.
02:08
The remaining 68%
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ืฉืืจ 68 ื”ืื—ื•ื–ื™ื
02:09
of the energy density of the universe
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ืฉืœ ืฆืคื™ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
02:11
is made up of dark energy,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
02:13
which is even more mysterious than dark matter.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ.
02:16
This dark energy doesn't behave
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ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืืคืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช
02:18
like any other substance we know at all
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ื›ืžื• ืืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ
02:20
and acts more like anti-gravity force.
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ื•ืžืชื ื”ื’ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื— ืื ื˜ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™.
02:23
We say that it has a gravitational pressure,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืœื—ืฅ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™,
02:25
which ordinary matter and dark matter do not.
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ืžื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืจื’ื™ืœ ื•ืืคืœ.
02:28
Instead of pulling the universe together,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื”,
02:30
as we would expect gravity to do,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืชืขืฉื”,
02:32
the universe appears to be expanding apart
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžืชืจื—ื‘
02:34
at an ever-increasing rate.
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ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื’ื‘ืจืช.
02:36
The leading idea for dark energy
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”
02:37
is that it is a cosmological constant.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืข ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™ (ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื).
02:40
That means it has the strange property
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืžื•ื–ืจื”
02:42
that it expands as the volume of space increases
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ืช ื›ืฉื ืคื— ื”ื—ืœืœ ื’ื“ืœ
02:45
to keep its energy density constant.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
02:47
So, as the universe expands
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ืื–, ื›ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘
02:49
as it is doing right now,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
02:50
there will be more and more dark energy.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”.
02:52
Dark matter and baryonic matter,
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ื—ื•ืžืจ ืืคืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืจื™ื•ื ื™,
02:54
on the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
02:55
don't expand with the universe
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ืœื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ืงื•ื
02:56
and become more diluted.
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ื•ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื•ืœืœื™ื.
02:58
Because of this property
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื” ื”ื–ื•
02:59
of the cosmological constant,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืข ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
03:00
the future universe will be more and more dominated
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ื™ื™ืฉืœื˜ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:03
by dark energy,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืืคืœื”,
03:04
becoming colder and colder
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ื•ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:06
and expanding faster and faster.
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ื•ื™ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:08
Eventually, the universe will run out of gas
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืœื™ืงื•ื ื™ื’ืžืจ ื”ื’ื–
03:10
to form stars,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
03:11
and the stars themselves will run out of fuel
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ื•ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฆืžื ื™ื’ืžืจ ื”ื“ืœืง
03:13
and burn out,
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ื•ื™ื›ื‘ื•,
03:15
leaving the universe with only black holes in it.
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืจืง ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
03:18
Given enough time,
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ื‘ื”ื ืชืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ,
03:19
even these black holes will evaporate,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืชืื“ื•,
03:21
leaving a universe that is completely cold and empty.
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ื•ื™ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืงืจ ื•ืจื™ืง.
03:24
That is what we call the heat death of the universe.
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ืœื–ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ื.
03:28
While it might sound depressing
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื“ื›ื
03:29
living in a universe
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
03:30
that will end its lifetime cold
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ืฉื™ื’ืžื•ืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื• ืงืจ
03:32
and devoid of life,
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ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื,
03:34
the end fate of our universe
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ืœื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืกื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:36
actually has a beautiful symmetry
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ื™ืฉ ืœืžืขืฉื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื” ื™ืคื”
03:37
to its hot, fiery beginning.
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ืœื”ืชื—ืœื” ื”ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจืช ืฉืœื•.
03:40
We call the accelerating end state
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ
03:41
of the universe a de Sitter phase,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื - ืคืื–ืืช ื“ื” ืกื™ื˜ืจ,
03:44
named after the Dutch mathematician
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื”ื•ืœื ื“ื™
03:46
Willem de Sitter.
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ื•ื•ื™ืœื ื“ื” ืกื™ื˜ืจ.
03:47
However, we also believe
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
03:49
that the universe had another phase
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ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื‘
03:51
of de Sitter expansion
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ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ื“ื” ืกื™ื˜ืจ
03:52
in the earliest times of its life.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
03:54
We call this early period inflation,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื”ื–ื” ืื™ื ืคืœืฆื™ื”.
03:57
where, shortly after the Big Bang,
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ื‘ื”, ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
03:58
the universe expanded extremely fast
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ ืžืžืฉ ืžื”ืจ
04:01
for a brief period.
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ืœืจื’ืข ืงืฆืจ.
04:02
So, the universe will end
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ืื–, ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื™ื’ืžืจ
04:04
in much the same state as it began,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื—ืœ,
04:06
accelerating.
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ื‘ืชืื•ืฆื”.
04:08
We live at an extraordinary time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ
04:10
in the life of the universe
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
04:12
where we can start to understand
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ื–ืžื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
04:13
the universe's journey
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ืืช ืžืกืขื• ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื
04:15
and view a history
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ื•ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
04:16
that plays itself out on the sky
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ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ืช ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
04:18
for all of us to see.
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ืœื”ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื•.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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