Schrödinger's cat: A thought experiment in quantum mechanics - Chad Orzel

Šredingerova mačka: misaoni eksperiment u kvantnoj mehanici - Čed Orzel (Chad Orzel)

8,502,210 views

2014-10-14 ・ TED-Ed


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Schrödinger's cat: A thought experiment in quantum mechanics - Chad Orzel

Šredingerova mačka: misaoni eksperiment u kvantnoj mehanici - Čed Orzel (Chad Orzel)

8,502,210 views ・ 2014-10-14

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Mile Živković
00:07
Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger is one of the founders of quantum mechanics,
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Austrijski fizičar Ervin Šredinger je jedan od osnivača kvantne mehanike,
00:11
but he's most famous for something he never actually did:
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ali se najviše proslavio zbog nečega što zapravo nikada nije uradio:
00:15
a thought experiment involving a cat.
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misaoni eksperiment koji uključuje mačku.
00:17
He imagined taking a cat and placing it in a sealed box
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Zamislio je mačku koja je smeštena u zatvorenoj kutiji
00:21
with a device that had a 50% chance of killing the cat in the next hour.
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sa uređajem koji je imao 50 % šansi da ubije mačku u toku sledećeg sata.
00:26
At the end of that hour, he asked, "What is the state of the cat?"
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Na kraju tog sata, postavio je pitanje: „U kakvom je stanju mačka?”
00:30
Common sense suggests that the cat is either alive or dead,
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Zdrav razum navodi na pomisao da je mačka živa ili mrtva,
00:33
but Schrödinger pointed out that according to quantum physics,
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ali je Šredinger tvrdio da je, prema kvantnoj fizici,
00:36
at the instant before the box is opened, the cat is equal parts alive and dead,
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u deliću sekunde kada se kutija otvara, mačka jednako živa i mrtva
00:42
at the same time.
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u isto vreme.
00:44
It's only when the box is opened that we see a single definite state.
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Tek kada se kutija otvori, vidimo jedno od ta dva definitivna stanja.
00:48
Until then, the cat is a blur of probability,
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Do tada, mačka je izmaglica mogućnosti,
00:51
half one thing and half the other.
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pola jedna, a pola druga stvar.
00:54
This seems absurd, which was Schrödinger's point.
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Ovo se čini apsurdno, što je i Šredingerova poenta.
00:56
He found quantum physics so philosophically disturbing,
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Mislio je da je kvantna fizika toliko filozofski uznemirujuća po razum,
00:59
that he abandoned the theory he had helped make
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da je napustio teoriju čiji je nastanak pomogao
01:02
and turned to writing about biology.
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i okrenuo se pisanju o biologiji.
01:04
As absurd as it may seem, though, Schrödinger's cat is very real.
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Apsurdna kakvom se i čini, Šredingerova mačka je veoma stvarna.
01:08
In fact, it's essential.
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U stvari, suštinska je.
01:10
If it weren't possible for quantum objects to be in two states at once,
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Da za kvantne objekte nije moguće da budu odjednom u dva stanja,
01:14
the computer you're using to watch this couldn't exist.
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kompjuter koji koristite ne bi mogao da postoji.
01:18
The quantum phenomenon of superposition
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Kvantna pojava superpozicije
01:20
is a consequence of the dual particle and wave nature of everything.
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posledica je dvojne prirode čestice i talasne prirode svega.
01:25
In order for an object to have a wavelength,
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Da bi predmet imao talasnu dužinu,
01:27
it must extend over some region of space,
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mora da se proširi preko nekog područja prostora,
01:30
which means it occupies many positions at the same time.
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što znači da zauzima mnogo pozicija u isto vreme.
01:34
The wavelength of an object limited to a small region of space
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Talasna dužina predmeta ograničenog na malo područje prostora
01:37
can't be perfectly defined, though.
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ipak se ne može savršeno definisati.
01:39
So it exists in many different wavelengths at the same time.
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Dakle, postoji na mnogo različitih talasnih dužina u isto vreme.
01:43
We don't see these wave properties for everyday objects
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Ne vidimo talasne osobine za svakodnevne predmete
01:46
because the wavelength decreases as the momentum increases.
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jer se talasna dužina smanjuje kako se momentum povećava,
01:50
And a cat is relatively big and heavy.
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a mačka je relativno velika i teška.
01:52
If we took a single atom and blew it up to the size of the Solar System,
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Ako bismo uzeli pojedinačni atom i uvećali ga do veličine Sunčevog sistema,
01:57
the wavelength of a cat running from a physicist
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talasna dužina mačke koja beži od fizičara
01:59
would be as small as an atom within that Solar System.
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bila bi jednako mala kao i atom unutar tog Sunčevog sistema.
02:03
That's far too small to detect, so we'll never see wave behavior from a cat.
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To je isuviše malo da bi bilo primetno, pa nikada nećemo videti
ponašanje talasa kod mačke.
02:08
A tiny particle, like an electron, though,
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Sićušna čestica kao elektron, na primer,
02:10
can show dramatic evidence of its dual nature.
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može prikazati dramatičan dokaz o svojoj dvojnoj prirodi.
02:13
If we shoot electrons one at a time at a set of two narrow slits cut in a barrier,
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Ako ispaljujemo elektrone jedan po jedan na par uskih proreza na nekoj prepreci,
02:18
each electron on the far side is detected at a single place at a specific instant,
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svaki elektron na udaljenoj strani je pojedinačno mesto u određenom trenutku,
02:23
like a particle.
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kao čestica.
02:25
But if you repeat this experiment many times,
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Međutim, ako ponovite ovaj eksperiment mnogo puta,
02:27
keeping track of all the individual detections,
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vodeći evidenciju o svim pojedinačnim opažanjima,
02:30
you'll see them trace out a pattern that's characteristic of wave behavior:
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videćete da prikazuju obrazac koji je karakterističan za ponašanje talasa:
02:34
a set of stripes - regions with many electrons
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skup linija - područja sa puno elektrona
02:37
separated by regions where there are none at all.
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koja su odvojena područjima gde ih uopšte nema.
02:40
Block one of the slits and the stripes go away.
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Blokirajte jedan od ovih proreza i linije nestaju.
02:42
This shows that the pattern is a result of each electron going through both slits
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Ovo pokazuje da je obrazac rezultat prolaženja svakog elektrona
02:47
at the same time.
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kroz oba proreza u isto vreme.
02:49
A single electron isn't choosing to go left or right
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Pojedinačni elektron ne bira da li će ići levo ili desno,
02:52
but left and right simultaneously.
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već i levo i desno istovremeno.
02:56
This superposition of states also leads to modern technology.
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Ova superpozicija stanja vodi i ka modernoj tehnologiji.
03:00
An electron near the nucleus of an atom exists in a spread out, wave-like orbit.
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Elektron u blizini jezgra atoma postoji u raširenoj orbiti nalik talasu.
03:05
Bring two atoms close together,
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Stavite blizu dva atoma
03:07
and the electrons don't need to choose just one atom
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i elektronima ne treba da izaberu samo jedan atom,
03:10
but are shared between them.
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već se dele između njih.
03:12
This is how some chemical bonds form.
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Na ovaj način se formiraju i neke hemijske veze.
03:14
An electron in a molecule isn't on just atom A or atom B, but A+ B.
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Elektron u molekulu nije samo u atomu A ili B, već u A + B.
03:21
As you add more atoms, the electrons spread out more,
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Kako dodajete atome, elektroni se više šire,
03:23
shared between vast numbers of atoms at the same time.
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deleći se na ogroman broj atoma u isto vreme.
03:27
The electrons in a solid aren't bound to a particular atom
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Elektroni kod čvrstog stanja nisu vezani za određeni atom,
03:30
but shared among all of them, extending over a large range of space.
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već se dele među njima, šireći se po velikom prostornom opsegu.
03:35
This gigantic superposition of states
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Ova gigantska superpozicija stanja
03:37
determines the ways electrons move through the material,
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određuje način na koji se elektroni kreću kroz materijal,
03:41
whether it's a conductor or an insulator or a semiconductor.
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bilo da je u pitanju provodnik, izolator ili poluprovodnik.
03:45
Understanding how electrons are shared among atoms
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Razumevanje načina na koji se elektroni dele između atoma
03:48
allows us to precisely control the properties of semiconductor materials,
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dozvoljava nam da precizno kontrolišemo osobine poluprovodničkih materijala,
03:51
like silicon.
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kao što je silikon.
03:53
Combining different semiconductors in the right way
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Kombinovanje različitih poluprovodnika na pravi način
03:55
allows us to make transistors on a tiny scale,
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dozvoljava nam da napravimo sićušne tranzistore,
03:59
millions on a single computer chip.
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milione njih na pojedinačnom kompjuterskom čipu.
04:01
Those chips and their spread out electrons
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Ovi čipovi i njihovi rašireni elektroni
04:04
power the computer you're using to watch this video.
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pokreću kompjuter koji koristite da biste gledali ovaj video.
04:07
An old joke says that the Internet exists to allow the sharing of cat videos.
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Stari vic kaže da internet postoji da bi se delili snimci o mačkama.
04:12
At a very deep level, though, the Internet owes its existance
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Dublje posmatrano, ipak, internet duguje svoje postojanje
04:15
to an Austrian physicist and his imaginary cat.
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austrijskom fizičaru i njegovoj imaginarnoj mački.
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