Who's at risk for colon cancer? - Amit H. Sachdev and Frank G. Gress

913,847 views ・ 2018-01-04

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Milena Lakic Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
Ako biste svoj digestivni trakt razvukli u pravu liniju,
00:09
If you were to lay your digestive tract out in a straight line,
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00:12
it would form a tube spanning nearly ten meters.
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on bi formirao cev dugačku skoro 10 metara.
00:16
The last 1.5 meters of that are called the colon, or large intestine.
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Poslednjih 1,5 metara toga se zove debelo crevo.
00:21
Cells in this organ's lining constantly renew themselves,
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Ćelije u sluzokoži ovog organa se stalno obnavljaju,
00:25
but the genes that moderate this process occasionally go awry,
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ali geni koji uređuju ovaj proces se povremeno izvitopere,
00:29
leading to the excessive growth of new cells.
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što dovodi do prekomernog rasta novih ćelija.
00:33
That results in small growths or abnormal clumps of cells called polyps.
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Rezultat toga su male izrasline ili abnormalne skupine ćelija - polipi.
00:39
The majority of these polyps won't do any harm,
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Većina ovih polipa neće napraviti nikakvu štetu,
00:41
but some can become cancerous when their cells begin to grow
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ali neki mogu postati kancerogeni kada njihove ćelije počnu da rastu
00:45
and divide rapidly,
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i da se brzo dele,
00:47
projecting further into the colon.
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utiskujući se dublje u debelo crevo.
00:49
At that point, they can transform into colon cancer,
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U tom trenutku se mogu transformisati u karcinom debelog creva,
00:53
one of the most prevalent and preventable forms of cancer in the world.
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koji je jedan od najučestalijih karcinoma na svetu koji se može sprečiti.
00:58
That's a slow process:
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To je spor proces:
01:00
though growth times vary,
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iako vreme rasta varira,
01:01
it often takes around ten years for a small polyp
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malom polipu je često potrebno oko deset godina
01:05
to grow and develop into a cancerous one.
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da izraste i postane kancerogen.
01:09
We don't know exactly what causes
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Ne znamo tačno šta uzrokuje
01:11
the majority of colon polyps and colon cancers.
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većinu polipa i karcinoma debelog creva.
01:14
We do know in general that colon cancer involves the activation
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Uglavnom, znamo da karcinom debelog creva uključuje aktivaciju
01:18
of what's called oncogenes in the polyp,
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onoga što se naziva onkogenom u polipu
01:21
and/or the loss of tumor-suppressor genes that usually keep cancer cells in check.
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i/ili gubitak tumor-supresorskih gena koji mahom drže ćelije raka pod kontrolom.
01:27
Most cells have proto-oncogenes that help them grow.
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Većina ćelija ima proto-onkogene koji im pomažu da rastu.
Kada proto-onkogen mutira ili kada ima previše njegovih kopija,
01:31
When a proto-oncogene mutates, or there are two many copies of it,
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01:34
it can become a permanently active oncogene
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on može postati trajno aktivni onkogen,
01:37
with cells that grow out of control.
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čije ćelije nekontrolisano rastu.
01:40
While we don't yet know exactly what underlying factors cause these changes,
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Mada još uvek ne znamo koji tačno skriveni faktori uzrokuju ove promene,
01:45
experts suspect a combination of both environmental
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stručnjaci sumnjaju na kombinaciju faktora iz životne sredine
01:48
and inherited genetic factors.
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i nasleđenih genetskih faktora.
01:52
In the worst cases, when cells within polyps divide and spread unchecked,
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U najgorim slučajevima, kada se ćelije unutar polipa neobuzdano dele i šire,
01:56
they eventually break through the lining of the colon.
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one na kraju probiju sluzokožu debelog creva.
02:00
Lymph and blood vessels carry those cells all over the body,
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Limfa i krvni sudovi prenose te ćelije kroz celo telo,
02:04
and they can go on to form tumors.
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a one mogu dalje da formiraju tumore.
02:06
Despite these challenges, there's a solution.
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Uprkos ovim izazovima, postoji rešenje.
02:09
We've become extremely good at detecting and removing offending polyps
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Postali smo vrsni u detektovanju i odstranjivanju štetnih polipa
02:14
before they can cause cancer.
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pre nego što mogu da uzrokuju karcinom.
02:16
This happens through a process called screening,
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Ovo se dešava prilikom procesa koji se naziva skrinig
02:18
and when we do it regularly, we can prevent many cases of colon cancer.
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i kada to radimo redovno, možemo sprečiti mnoge slučajeve raka.
02:23
So, who's at risk?
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Pa, koje su rizične grupe?
02:25
Most cases occur in people aged 50 years or older.
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Većina slučajeva se dešava od pedesete godine starosti pa nadalje.
02:29
This group is considered at average risk for colon cancer or colon polyps.
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Smatra se da ova grupa ima prosečan rizik od dobijanja raka i polipa debelog creva.
02:35
There's also a higher risk group that includes people with personal
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Takođe, postoji i rizičnija grupa koja uključuje ljude sa ličnim
02:38
or family histories of colon polyps or cancer,
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ili porodičnim istorijama oboljevanja od polipa i raka debelog creva
02:42
and those who suffer from inherited genetic syndromes,
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i one koji boluju od nasleđenih genetskih sindroma
02:45
or inflammatory diseases,
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ili zapaljenskih bolesti,
02:47
like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
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kao što je Kronova bolest i ulcerozni kolitis.
02:51
So the best age to initiate screening varies from person to person.
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Tako da najbolje doba za skrining zavisi od osobe do osobe.
02:55
If you have access to healthcare,
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Ako imate pristup zdravstvenoj zaštiti,
02:57
it's best to consult a doctor to find out when you should begin.
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najbolje je da se konsultujete sa lekarom kako biste saznali kada treba da počnete.
03:02
Screening can be done with various tests.
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Skrining se može uraditi raznim testovima.
03:04
Colonoscopy involves a long, thin, flexible tube
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Kolonoskopija uključuje veliku, tanku, fleksibilnu cev
03:08
that's fitted with a video camera and light at the end
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na koju je postavljena kamera sa svetlom na kraju
i koja se uvodi unutar debelog creva kako bi se proverilo da li ima polipa.
03:12
and placed internally to examine the colon for polyps.
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03:15
If polyps are found, a doctor can do a polypectomy,
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Ako nađe polipe, doktor može napraviti polipektomiju,
03:19
a procedure that removes polyps from the colonic wall.
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a to je procedura kojom se uklanjaju polipi za zida debelog creva.
03:22
Doctors can also then test the polyp for cancerous cells.
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Doktori mogu i da onda testiraju polipe na ćelije raka.
Kolonoskopija je jedini test kojim se i nalaze i uklanjanju polipi.
03:27
Colonoscopy is the only test that can be used to both find and remove polyps.
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03:32
There are, however, other useful screening tests,
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Međutim, postoje i drugi korisni skrining testovi,
03:35
including imaging
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koji uključuju snimanja
03:36
and at-home tests that can allow patients
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i kućne testove koji omogućavaju pacijentima
03:39
to examine their stool for small amounts of blood.
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da ispitaju stolicu na tragove krvi.
03:42
Occasionally, polyps are too large to be removed during a colonoscopy,
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Povremeno, polipi su preveliki da bi se uklonili prilikom kolonoskopije,
i u tom slučaju sledi operacija.
03:48
in which case, the next step is surgery.
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03:50
If blood and imaging tests then reveal
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Ako analiza krvi i snimci onda pokažu
03:53
that cancerous cells have spread outside the colon,
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da su se kancerogene ćelije proširile izvan debelog creva,
03:56
then a special treatment, like chemotherapy,
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onda specijalan tretman, kao što je hemoterapija,
03:58
may also be required to stop the cancer from escalating.
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može biti neophodan da spreči širenje raka.
04:03
We can also take on certain habits
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Takođe, možemo izgraditi određene navike
04:05
to reduce our likelihood of developing colon cancer in the first place.
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kako bismo smanjili verovatnoću da uopšte dobijemo rak.
04:09
There's evidence that maintaining a healthy weight,
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Ima dokaza da održavanje zdrave telesne težine,
04:12
not smoking,
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biti nepušač
04:13
and being physically active can help.
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i fizički aktivan može pomoći.
04:15
But most importantly, access to healthcare
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Ali, što je najvažnije, pristup zdravstvenoj zaštiti
04:18
and regular screenings at crucial times in life
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i redovni skrining pregledi u odlučujućim dobima u životu
04:21
are the best ways to prevent colon cancer.
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najbolji su način prevencije karcinoma debelog creva.
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