Who's at risk for colon cancer? - Amit H. Sachdev and Frank G. Gress

914,668 views ใƒป 2018-01-04

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:09
If you were to lay your digestive tract out in a straight line,
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขื™ื›ื•ืœ ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ,
00:12
it would form a tube spanning nearly ten meters.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืจื›ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉืจื” ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
00:16
The last 1.5 meters of that are called the colon, or large intestine.
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ื”ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื ืงืจืื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
00:21
Cells in this organ's lining constantly renew themselves,
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ืชืื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื,
00:25
but the genes that moderate this process occasionally go awry,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื˜ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืชื’ืขื™ื,
00:29
leading to the excessive growth of new cells.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืขื•ื“ืคืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
00:33
That results in small growths or abnormal clumps of cells called polyps.
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืื• ื’ื•ืฉื™ื ื—ืจื™ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื.
00:39
The majority of these polyps won't do any harm,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
00:41
but some can become cancerous when their cells begin to grow
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ
00:45
and divide rapidly,
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:47
projecting further into the colon.
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ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืžืขื™.
00:49
At that point, they can transform into colon cancer,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
00:53
one of the most prevalent and preventable forms of cancer in the world.
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ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžื ื™ืขื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
00:58
That's a slow process:
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ื–ื” ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืื™ื˜ื™:
01:00
though growth times vary,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืงืฆื‘ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื”,
01:01
it often takes around ten years for a small polyp
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ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืœื•ืงื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื•ืœื™ืค ืงื˜ืŸ
01:05
to grow and develop into a cancerous one.
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ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืœื”ืชืคืชื— ืœืกืจื˜ื ื™.
01:09
We don't know exactly what causes
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื’ื•ืจื
01:11
the majority of colon polyps and colon cancers.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™ ื•ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
01:14
We do know in general that colon cancer involves the activation
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ืคืขืœื”
01:18
of what's called oncogenes in the polyp,
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ืฉืœ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืื•ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืค,
01:21
and/or the loss of tumor-suppressor genes that usually keep cancer cells in check.
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ื•/ืื• ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืžืฉืชื™ืง ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืชืื™ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช.
01:27
Most cells have proto-oncogenes that help them grow.
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ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืื™ื ื™ืฉ ืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืื•ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ.
01:31
When a proto-oncogene mutates, or there are two many copies of it,
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ื›ืฉืคืจื•ื˜ื• ืื•ื ืงื•ื’ืŸ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ืฉืœื•,
01:34
it can become a permanently active oncogene
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืื•ื ืงื•ื’ืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ื™ืช
01:37
with cells that grow out of control.
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ืขื ืชืื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ืžืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
01:40
While we don't yet know exactly what underlying factors cause these changes,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ื”ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:45
experts suspect a combination of both environmental
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื
01:48
and inherited genetic factors.
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:52
In the worst cases, when cells within polyps divide and spread unchecked,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ื’ืจื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืฉืชืื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืค ืžืชื—ืœืงื™ื ื•ืžืชืคืฉื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ื‘ืงืจื”,
01:56
they eventually break through the lining of the colon.
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ื”ื ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื”ืžืขื™.
02:00
Lymph and blood vessels carry those cells all over the body,
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ืชืื™ ืœื™ืžืคื” ื•ื“ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ,
02:04
and they can go on to form tumors.
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ื•ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
02:06
Despite these challenges, there's a solution.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ.
02:09
We've become extremely good at detecting and removing offending polyps
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ื”ืคื›ื ื• ืœืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ื•ื”ืกืจื” ืฉืœ ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืคื•ื’ืขื ื™ื™ื
02:14
before they can cause cancer.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ.
02:16
This happens through a process called screening,
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ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ื“ืจืš ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉื ืงืจื ืกืงื™ืจื”,
02:18
and when we do it regularly, we can prevent many cases of colon cancer.
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ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžืขื™ ื’ืก.
02:23
So, who's at risk?
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ืื–, ืžื™ ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:25
Most cases occur in people aged 50 years or older.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 50 ื•ืžืขืœื”.
02:29
This group is considered at average risk for colon cancer or colon polyps.
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ื• ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืœืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก ืื• ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™.
02:35
There's also a higher risk group that includes people with personal
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ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช
02:38
or family histories of colon polyps or cancer,
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ืื• ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืœืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื• ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื‘ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก,
02:42
and those who suffer from inherited genetic syndromes,
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ื•ืืœื” ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ื™ื,
02:45
or inflammatory diseases,
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื“ืœืงืชื™ื•ืช,
02:47
like Crohnโ€™s disease and ulcerative colitis.
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ื›ืžื• ืงืจื•ื”ืŸ ื•ื›ื™ื‘ื™ ืงื™ื‘ื”.
02:51
So the best age to initiate screening varies from person to person.
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ืื– ื”ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืื“ื ืœืื“ื.
02:55
If you have access to healthcare,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™,
02:57
it's best to consult a doctor to find out when you should begin.
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ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืจื•ืคื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžืชื™ ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ.
03:02
Screening can be done with various tests.
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ืกืงื™ืจื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:04
Colonoscopy involves a long, thin, flexible tube
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืฆื™ื ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืš, ื“ืง ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉ
03:08
that's fitted with a video camera and light at the end
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ืฉืžื•ืชืืžืช ืœื• ืžืฆืœืžืช ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื•ืื•ืจ ื‘ืงืฆื”ื•
03:12
and placed internally to examine the colon for polyps.
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ื•ืžื•ื—ื“ืจ ืคื ื™ืžื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืžืขื™.
03:15
If polyps are found, a doctor can do a polypectomy,
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ืื ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืชื’ืœื™ื, ืจื•ืคื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ืœื™ืคืงื˜ื•ืžื™ื”,
03:19
a procedure that removes polyps from the colonic wall.
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืฉืžืกื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืค ืžื“ื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžืขื™.
03:22
Doctors can also then test the polyp for cancerous cells.
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ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ืค.
03:27
Colonoscopy is the only test that can be used to both find and remove polyps.
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ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื’ื ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื.
03:32
There are, however, other useful screening tests,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
03:35
including imaging
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ืช
03:36
and at-home tests that can allow patients
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื‘ื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื‘ื“ืงื™ื
03:39
to examine their stool for small amounts of blood.
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืื” ืฉืœื”ื ืœื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื.
03:42
Occasionally, polyps are too large to be removed during a colonoscopy,
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืžื“ื™ ืœื”ืกืจื” ื‘ืงื•ืœื•ื ื•ืกืงื•ืคื™ื”,
03:48
in which case, the next step is surgery.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
03:50
If blood and imaging tests then reveal
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ืื ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื’ืœื•ืช
03:53
that cancerous cells have spread outside the colon,
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ืฉืชืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื ื™ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืขื™,
03:56
then a special treatment, like chemotherapy,
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ืื– ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžื• ื›ื™ืžื•ืชืจืคื™ื”,
03:58
may also be required to stop the cancer from escalating.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ื“ืจืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
04:03
We can also take on certain habits
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ื’ื ืœืืžืฅ ืžืกืคืจ ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื
04:05
to reduce our likelihood of developing colon cancer in the first place.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™ ื”ื’ืก.
04:09
There's evidence that maintaining a healthy weight,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžื™ืจื” ืขืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ืชืงื™ืŸ,
04:12
not smoking,
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ืื™ ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
04:13
and being physically active can help.
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ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ.
04:15
But most importantly, access to healthcare
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืจืคื•ืื”
04:18
and regular screenings at crucial times in life
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ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืงื•ืช ืชืงื•ืคืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื
04:21
are the best ways to prevent colon cancer.
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ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื ื™ืขืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืžืขื™.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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