The dark history of bananas - John Soluri

2,971,718 views ・ 2020-11-02

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Translator: Cihat Akbay Reviewer: Rastbêjê Çalî
00:07
On a December night in 1910, the exiled former leader of Honduras,
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Di şeveke Berfanbara 1910an de, serkirdeyê berê yê mişextkirî yê Hondûrasê,
00:12
Manuel Bonilla, boarded a borrowed yacht in New Orleans.
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Manûel Bonîlla li New Orleansê siwarê yateke deynkirî bû.
00:17
With a group of heavily armed accomplices,
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Digel komeke şirîkên sûc ên bi çekên giran,
00:19
he set sail for Honduras in hopes of reclaiming power
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çi pêwîst dike bila bike bi hêviya ji nû ve bidestxistina desthilatê
00:23
by whatever means necessary.
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bo Hondûrasê bavan vekir.
00:26
Bonilla had a powerful backer,
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Bonîlla xwedî piştevanekî hêzdar bû,
00:29
the future leader of a notorious organization
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sergerdeyê dahatû yê rêxistina bednav a ku li seranserê
00:32
known throughout Latin America as El Pulpo, or "the Octopus,"
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Amerîkaya Latînî wek El Pûlpo an jî "Heştpê" dihat zanîn
00:38
for its long reach.
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ji ber dorhêla wê ya fireh.
00:40
The infamous El Pulpo was a U.S. corporation
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El Pûlpo ya bednav a kompaniya US ê bû,
00:43
trafficking in, of all things, bananas.
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bazirganî, ji her tiştî, mozan.
00:47
It was officially known as United Fruit Company—
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Ew bi awayekî fermî wek e pargîdaniya fêkiyên yekbûyî
00:51
or Chiquita Brands International today.
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an markên Chiquita yên navnetewî yên îro.
00:55
First cultivated in Southeast Asia thousands of years ago,
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yekem çandin berî hezar salan li Başûrê Rojhilatê Asyayê bû,
00:59
bananas reached the Americas in the early 1500s,
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mûz di serê 1500an de gihaştin Amerîkayê,
01:02
where enslaved Africans cultivated them in plots alongside sugar plantations.
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ku afrîkayiyên kolekirî li rex çandingehên şekirê di zeviyan de çandin.
01:08
There were many different bananas,
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Li wir gelek mûzên cihêreng hebûn,
01:10
most of which looked nothing like the bananas in supermarket aisles today.
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piraniya wan nedişibiyan mûzên ku di navbirên supermarketên îroyîn de ne.
01:15
In the 1800s, captains from New Orleans and New England
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Di 1800an de kaptanên ji New Orleans û New Englandê
01:19
ventured to the Caribbean in search of coconuts and other goods.
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bo lêgerîna gûz û tiştênên din çûne Karayîbanê.
01:24
They began to experiment with bananas, purchasing one kind,
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wan bi mûzan dest bi ezmûnkirinê kir, yek cûn kirîn.
01:28
called Gros Michel, from Afro-Caribbean farmers in Jamaica, Cuba, and Honduras.
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bi navê Gros Michel, ji cotkarên afro-karîbî li camayka, kuba, û honduras ê.
01:34
Gros Michel bananas produced large bunches of relatively thick-skinned fruit—
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Mûzên Gros Michel komek e mezin ji fêkiyên nisbî yên çermîn çêkirin
01:40
ideal for shipping.
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ji bo barkirina nimoneyî.
01:42
By the end of the 1800s, bananas were a hit in the US.
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Di dawiya 1800an de mûz li DYA yê pê ketin.
01:47
They were affordable, available year-round,
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Ew erzan bûn, heya salekî berdest bûn
01:50
and endorsed by medical doctors.
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û ji hêla bijîşkên tibê dihatin erêkirin.
01:53
As bananas became big business,
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Gava ku mûz bûn bazirganiyeke mezin,
01:55
U.S. fruit companies wanted to grow their own bananas.
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pargîdaniyên fêkîyan ên DYA yê xwestin mûzên xwe biçinin û berhemên wan wergirin.
01:59
In order to secure access to land,
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Bo misogerkirina gihaniya axê,
02:01
banana moguls lobbied and bribed government officials in Central America,
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karsazên dewlemend ên mûzan li Amerîkaya Navîn bandor li rayedarên hikûmetan kirin û bertîl dan wan
02:06
and even funded coups to ensure they had allies in power.
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û bo ku heya hevalbendên wan desthilata xwe esehî bikin derbe fînanse kirin.
02:10
In Honduras, Manuel Bonilla repaid the banana man
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Li Hondûrasê, Manûel Bonîlla bi takemafên xakê karsazê mûzan ê ku
02:14
who had financed his return to power with land concessions.
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bo ji nû ve bidestxistina desthilatê ew fînanse kiriye diravê wî lê vegerand.
02:18
By the 1930s, one company dominated the region: United Fruit,
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Heya 1930an pargîdaniyek bu serwerê herêmê: United Fruit,
02:23
who owned over 40% of Guatemala’s arable land at one point.
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a ku heya demekê bûye xwedî sedî 40î zêdetir xaka çandbar a Guatemalayê.
02:29
They cleared rainforest in Costa Rica, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras,
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Ji bo avakirina çandingehên ku karkeran xweyî dikin
02:34
and Panama to build plantations,
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digel rêhesin, bender û bajarokan
02:37
along with railroads, ports, and towns to house workers.
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wan li Kosta Rîka, Kolombiya, Guatemala, Hondûras û Panamayê daristanên baranê paqij kirin.
02:41
Lured by relatively high-paying jobs, people migrated to banana zones.
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Yên ku ji hêla mizên bilind dihatin kişandin barê deverên mûzan kirin.
02:46
From Guatemala to Colombia,
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Ji Guatemalayê heta Kolombiyayê,
02:48
United Fruit’s plantations grew exclusively Gros Michel bananas.
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çandingehên United Fruits ê bi tenê mûzên Gros Michel ê çandin û berhemên wan wergirtin.
02:53
These densely packed farms had little biological diversity,
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Ev cotgehên ku bi awayekî gur hatine dagirtin xwedî curbicuriyeke biyolojîk a hindik bûn
02:57
making them ripe for disease epidemics.
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û ew bo şewbên nexweşiyan gihaştî kirin.
03:00
The infrastructure connecting these vulnerable farms
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Binêsaziya ku van cotgehên şikestinbar girê dide
03:03
could quickly spread disease:
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dikare bi awayekî lezgîn nexweşiyê belav bike:
03:06
pathogens could hitch a ride from one farm to another on workers’ boots,
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Patojen bi putîn, vagon û keştiyên dûkeliyên wan
03:10
railroad cars, and steamships.
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dikarin ji cotgehekê derbasî yeke din bibin.
03:13
That’s exactly what happened in the 1910s,
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Di 1910an de kuvek bi navgîniya heman pergala ku
03:16
when a fungus began to level Gros Michel banana plantations,
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karên mezin û mûzên erzan peyde dike belav bû
03:20
first in Panama, and later throughout Central America,
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û pêşîn li Panamayê, paşê li seranserê Amerîkaya Navîn
03:23
spreading quickly via the same system that had enabled big profits and cheap bananas.
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zirar dan çandingehên mûzên Gros Michel`ê.
03:30
In a race against “Panama Disease,”
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Di pêşbirka li dijî "Nexweşiya Panamayê",
03:33
banana companies abandoned infected plantations
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pargîdaniyên mûzan çandingehên enfektebûyî terkandin
03:36
in Costa Rica, Honduras, and Guatemala,
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li Kosta Rîka, Hondûras û Guatemalayê
03:40
leaving thousands of farmers and workers jobless.
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bi hezaran cotkar û karker bêkar hîştin.
03:44
The companies then felled extensive tracts of rainforests
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Pargîdaniyan paşê bo sazkirina çandingehên nû
03:48
in order to establish new plantations.
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qadên fireh ên daristanên baranê daxistin.
03:51
After World War II,
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Piştî Şerê Cîhanê yê Duyem,
03:53
the dictatorships with which United Fruit had partnered in Guatemala and Honduras
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dîktatorîyên Guatemala û Hondûrasê yên ku United Fruit bi wan re hevkar bûye
03:57
yielded to democratically elected governments that called for land reform.
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hikûmetên ku bi awayekî demokratîk hatine hilbijartin ên ku banga reforma axê kir radestî wan bû.
04:02
In Guatemala, President Jacobo Arbenz tried to buy back land from United Fruit
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Li Guatemalayê, serok Jakobo Arbenz hewl da ji United Fruit ê xak bikire
04:08
and redistribute it to landless farmers.
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û wê di nav cotkarên bêxak de par bike.
04:11
The Arbenz government offered to pay a price based on tax records—
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Hikûmeta Arbenz, warên ku United Fruit tê de nirxê eraziyê kêm diyar dikir
04:15
where United Fruit had underreported the value of the land.
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berdêleke ku xwe dispêre tomarên bacê pêşniyaz kirin.
04:20
El Pulpo was not happy.
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El Pûlpo ne dilxweş bû.
04:23
The company launched propaganda campaigns against Arbenz
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Pargîdaniyê li dijî Arbenz dest bi helmetên propagandayê kirin
04:26
and called on its deep connections in the US Government for help.
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û alîkariyê jî ji nasên xwe yên kûr li hikûmeta DYA yê xwest.
04:31
Citing fears of communism, the CIA orchestrated the overthrow
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CIA tirsa komunîzmê wek hincet nîşan da û derbe li dijî Arbenzê ku
04:36
of the democratically elected Arbenz in 1954.
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di 1954an de bi awayekî demokratîk hatiye hilbijartin bi rêk xist.
04:40
That same year in Honduras, thousands of United Fruit workers went on strike
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Heman salî li Hondûrasê heya ku pargîdanî sendîkake
04:46
until the company agreed to recognize a new labor union.
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karkeran a nû bipejirîne bi hezaran karkerên United Fruit ê dev ji kar berdan.
04:50
With the political and economic costs of running from Panama Disease escalating,
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Ji rêva Nexweşiya Panamayê bi zêdebûna lêçûnên polîtîk û aboriyî,
04:56
United Fruit finally switched from Gros Michel
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United Fruit di serê 1960an de ji Gros Michel ê
04:59
to Panama disease-resistant Cavendish bananas in the early 1960s.
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derbasî mûzên Cavendish ê yên tirûşdar bû.
05:05
Today, bananas are no longer as economically vital in Central America,
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Îro, mûz êdî li Amerîkaya Navîn ji aliyê aborî ve ne girîng in
05:10
and United Fruit Company, rechristened Chiquita,
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û United Fruit Company a ku wek Chiquita navê xwe guhartiye,
05:13
has lost its stranglehold on Latin American politics.
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êdî di siyaseta Amerîkaya Latînî de serweriya xwe winda kir.
05:18
But the modern banana industry isn’t without problems.
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Lê pîşesaziya nûjen a mûzan ne bêkêşe ye.
05:21
Cavendish bananas require frequent applications of pesticides
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Mûzên Cavendish ê sepanên ku dermanên kêz ên timik bo
05:25
that create hazards for farmworkers and ecosystems.
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cotkar û ekosîsteman xetere çêdike pêwîst dike.
05:29
And though they’re resistant to the particular pathogen
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Digel ku patojenên diyar ên ku bandorê li mûzên
05:31
that affected Gros Michel bananas,
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Gros Michel ê dikin berxwedêr in jî,
05:33
Cavendish farms also lack biological diversity,
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cotgehên Cavendish ê jî ji curbicuriya biyolojîk bêpar in
05:37
leaving the banana trade ripe for another pandemic.
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û bazirganiya mûzan ji şewbeke din re gihaştî dihêle.
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