How do drugs affect the brain? - Sara Garofalo

1,484,216 views ・ 2017-06-29

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: SANGKEE KIM κ²€ν† : Jihyeon J. Kim
μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ‚΄μ•„κ°€λ©΄μ„œ μ•Œμ•½μ„ λ¨Ήκ±°λ‚˜
00:07
Most people will take a pill,
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00:08
receive an injection,
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주사λ₯Ό λ§žκΈ°λ„ ν•˜λ©°
00:09
or otherwise take some kind of medicine during their lives,
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λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 약물을 λ³΅μš©ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:13
but most of us don't know anything about how these substances actually work.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ€ 이 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ΄ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž‘μš©ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ 잘 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:18
How can various compounds impact the way we physically feel,
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 화합물듀이 μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 느끼고, μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
00:21
think,
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00:22
and even behave?
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또 ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” 것에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ±ΈκΉŒμš”?
00:24
For the most part, this depends on how a drug alters the communication
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μ΄λŠ” 보톡 약물이 세포와 λ‡Œ μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ ν™œλ™μ„
00:28
between cells in the brain.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ³€ν™”μ‹œν‚€λŠ”κ°€λ‘œ μ„€λͺ…ν•  수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:31
There are a number of different ways that can happen.
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κ·Έ λ³€ν™”κ°€ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ ν•˜λŠ” 방법은 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œλ°
00:33
But before it gets into the brain,
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μ–΄λ–€ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 약물이든 λ‡Œμ— λ„μ°©ν•˜κΈ° 전에
00:35
any drug must first reach the bloodstream
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λ¨Όμ € ν˜ˆμ•‘μ— 도달해야 λͺ‡ 초, ν˜Ήμ€
00:38
on a journey that can take anywhere from seconds to hours,
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λͺ‡ μ‹œκ°„λ§Œμ— 곳곳으둜 νΌμ§€κ²Œ λ˜λŠ”λ°
00:41
depending on factors like how it's administered.
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μ΄λŠ” 약물이 μ–΄λ–€ λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ£Όμž…λ˜μ—ˆλƒμ— 따라 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:44
The slowest method is to take a drug orally
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κ°€μž₯ 였래 κ±Έλ¦¬λŠ” 방법은 약을 λ¨ΉλŠ” κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:47
because it must be absorbed by our digestive system
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약물이 μž‘μš©ν•˜λ €λ©΄ 일단 μ†Œν™”κΈ°κ΄€μœΌλ‘œ
00:50
before it takes effect.
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ν‘μˆ˜λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:52
Inhaling a drug gets it into the bloodstream faster.
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약물을 ν‘μž…ν•˜λ©΄ 쑰금 더 빨리 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ— 도달할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:55
And injecting a drug intravenously works quickly too
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κ°€μž₯ λΉ λ₯Έ 방법은 μ •λ§₯ 주사λ₯Ό λ†“λŠ” 것인데
00:58
because it pumps the chemicals directly into the blood.
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화합물이 λ°”λ‘œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μœΌλ‘œ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
Once there, the drug quickly reaches the gates of its destination, the brain.
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약물이 ν˜ˆμ•‘μœΌλ‘œ νˆ¬μž…λ˜λ©΄, μ΅œμ’…λͺ©μ μ§€μΈ λ‡ŒκΉŒμ§€ 맀우 λΉ λ₯΄κ²Œ 도달할 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:06
The entrance to this organ is guarded by the blood-brain barrier,
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그러렀면 λ¨Όμ € ν˜ˆμ•‘-λ‡Œ μž₯벽을 ν†΅κ³Όν•΄μ•Όν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:10
which separates blood from the nervous system
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이 μž₯벽은 ν˜ˆμ•‘μ„ μ‹ κ²½κ³„λ‘œλΆ€ν„° λΆ„λ¦¬μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:12
to keep potentially dangerous substances out.
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그럼으둜써 잠재적으둜 μœ„ν—˜ν•œ λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ„ μ°¨λ‹¨ν•˜μ§€μš”.
01:15
So all drugs must have a specific chemical composition
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λ”°λΌμ„œ λͺ¨λ“  약물듀은 νŠΉμ •ν•œ ν™”ν•™ 쑰성을 가지고 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό
01:19
which gives them the key to unlock this barrier and pass through.
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μž₯벽을 μ—΄κ³  톡과할 수 있게 λ˜μ§€μš”.
01:23
Once inside, drugs start to interfere with the brain's normal functioning
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μž₯벽을 ν†΅κ³Όν•˜κ³  λ‚˜λ©΄, 약물은 λ‡Œμ˜ 정상적인 ν™œλ™μ—
01:27
by targeting its web of neurons and synapses.
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λ‰΄λŸ°κ³Ό μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ κ°œμž…ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:30
Neurons are brain cells that have a nucleus, dendrites, and an axon.
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λ‰΄λŸ°μ€ 세포핡, μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ°μ™€ μΆ•μƒ‰λŒκΈ°λ‘œ 이루어진 λ‡Œμ„Έν¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:35
Synapses are structures placed along the dendrites or the axon
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μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€λŠ” μˆ˜μƒλŒκΈ° ν˜Ήμ€ μΆ•μƒ‰λŒκΈ° μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ μ—°μ ‘λΆ€μœ„λ‘œ
01:39
which allow the exchange of electrochemical signals between neurons.
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λ‰΄λŸ° κ°„μ˜ 전기화학적 μ‹ ν˜Έ κ΅ν™˜μ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” 역할을 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:43
Those signals take the form of chemicals called neurotransmitters.
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μ—¬κΈ°μ„œ 이 μ‹ ν˜Έλ“€μ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” ν™”ν•™λ¬Όμ§ˆμ„ μ‹ κ²½ 전달 물질이라고 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:47
Each neurotransmitter plays different roles in regulating our behaviors,
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각각의 μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 제 역할에 따라 우리의 행동
01:51
emotions,
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감정과 인식을 κ·œμ œν•˜λŠ”λ°
01:52
and cognition.
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01:53
But they all work in one of two ways.
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μ΄λŠ” 크게 ν•œ 두 가지 λ°©μ‹μœΌλ‘œ μ΄λ£¨μ–΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
They can either inhibit the receiving neuron,
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λ‰΄λŸ°μœΌλ‘œ μ£Όμž…λ˜λŠ” μžκ·Ήμ„ μ–΅μ œν•˜μ—¬
01:58
limiting its activity,
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ν™œλ™ 자체λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:59
or excite it,
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ν˜Ήμ€ μžκ·Ήμ„ ν™œμ„±ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
02:00
creating a new electrochemical signal that spreads throughout the network.
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신경망 전체에 μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ μ „κΈ° ν™”ν•™ μ‹ ν˜Έλ₯Ό νΌμ§€κ²Œ ν•˜μ£ .
02:05
Any leftover neurotransmitter usually gets degraded
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κ³Όλ‹€ 방좜된 μ‹ κ²½μ „λ‹¬λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ λŒ€κ°œ μ‚¬λΌμ§€κ±°λ‚˜
02:08
or reabsorbed into the transmitting neuron.
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μ „λ‹¬λ˜μ–΄μ˜¨ λ‰΄λŸ°μœΌλ‘œ 재흑수 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:11
A drug's effectiveness stems from its ability
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약물이 효과적으둜 μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것은
02:13
to manipulate these synaptic transmissions at different phases of the process.
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μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œλƒ…μŠ€μ˜ 전달과정을 λ‹¨κ³„μ μœΌλ‘œ μ‘°μ •ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” 것이고
02:18
That results in an increase or a decrease
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κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό λ°©μΆœλ˜λŠ” μ‹ κ²½ 전달 물질의 양이
02:21
in the amount of neurotransmitters being spread.
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μ€„μ–΄λ“€κ±°λ‚˜ λŠ˜μ–΄λ‚˜κ²Œ λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:24
For instance, common antidepressants, like SSRIs,
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄, SSRI와 같은 ν•­μš°μšΈμ œλŠ”
02:28
stop the reabsorption of serotonin,
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μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œμ΄λΌλŠ” 감정 쑰절 μ‹ κ²½ 전달 물질의
02:31
a neurotransmitter that modulates our moods.
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재흑수λ₯Ό μ €ν•΄ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:34
This effectively pushes more of it into the neural network.
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그럼으둜써 더 λ§Žμ€ 양을 신경망에 전달할 수 있게 λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:37
Meanwhile, painkillers, like morphine,
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반면, λͺ¨λ₯΄ν•€κ³Ό 같은 μ§„ν†΅μ œμ˜ 경우
02:40
raise levels of serotonin and noradrenaline,
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μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œκ³Ό λ…Έλ₯΄μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦°μ˜ 수치λ₯Ό μ˜¬λ¦¬λŠ”λ°
02:43
which regulate energy,
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이 λ…Έλ₯΄μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦°μ€ ν™œλ ₯μƒνƒœ
02:44
arousal,
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ν₯λΆ„μƒνƒœ
02:45
alertness,
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κ°μ„±μƒνƒœ
02:46
and pleasure.
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그리고 μΎŒλ½μƒνƒœλ₯Ό μ‘°μ ˆν•˜λŠ” 호λ₯΄λͺ¬μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:48
Those same neurotransmitters also affect endorphin receptors,
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이 μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€ μ—”λŒν•€ μˆ˜μš©μ²΄μ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”λ°
02:51
reducing pain perception.
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고톡을 덜 느끼게 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
And tranquilizers works by increasing the production of GABA
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또 μ§„μ •μ œλŠ” GABAλΌλŠ” μ–΅μ œ μ‹ κ²½ μ „λ‹¬λ¬Όμ§ˆμ˜ 생산을 μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚΄μœΌλ‘œμ¨
02:57
to inhibit neural activity
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μ‹ κ²½ν™œλ™μ„ μ €ν•΄
02:59
putting the person in a relaxed or sedated state.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ νŽΈμ•ˆν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ§„μ •λœ μƒνƒœλ‘œ λ§Œλ“­λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:03
What about illegal or elicit drugs?
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λΆˆλ²•μ μΈ 약물인 λ§ˆμ•½μ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” μ–΄λ–¨κΉŒμš”?
03:06
These have powerful impacts on the brain that we're still trying to understand.
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λ§ˆμ•½μ΄ λ‡Œμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 영ν–₯듀은 아직도 μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
Crystal meth, an amphetamine,
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λ©”νƒ€μ•”νŽ˜νƒ€λ―Όκ°€λ£¨λŠ”
03:12
induces a long-lasting release of dopamine,
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λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ˜ λΆ„λΉ„κ°€ μƒλ‹Ήνžˆ 였래 μ§€μ†λ˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ”λ°
03:15
a neurotransmitter linked with the perception of reward and pleasure.
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이 λ„νŒŒλ―Όμ΄λΌλŠ” μ‹ κ²½ 전달 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 보상과 쾌락의 인지와 관련이 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:21
It also activates noradrenaline receptors,
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이 λ¬Όμ§ˆμ€ 또 λ…Έλ₯΄μ•„λ“œλ ˆλ‚ λ¦° 수용체λ₯Ό ν™œμ„±ν™”ν•˜μ—¬
03:23
which increases the heart rate,
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μ‹¬λ°•μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ¦κ°€μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
03:25
dilates pupils,
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동곡을 ν™•μž₯μ‹œν‚€λ©°
03:26
and triggers the body's fight or flight response.
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투쟁-λ„ν”Όλ°˜μ‘μ„ μœ λ„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:29
Cocaine blocks the reuptake of dopamine and serotonin,
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코카인은 λ„νŒŒλ―Όκ³Ό μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œμ˜ 재흑수λ₯Ό 막아
03:33
pushing more into the network
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더 λ§Žμ€ 양이 신경망에 λ„λ‹¬ν•˜κ²Œ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:35
where they boost energy,
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그럼으둜써 μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ¦κ°€ν•˜κ³ 
03:36
create feelings of euphoria,
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λ„μ·¨μƒνƒœμ— λΉ μ§€κ²Œ ν•˜λ©°
03:38
and suppress appetites.
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μ‹μš•μ„ μ–΅μ œν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:40
And hallucinogenic drugs have some of the most puzzling effects.
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ν™˜κ°μ œμ˜ κ²½μš°λŠ” κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όκ°€ κ°€μž₯ ν˜Όλž€μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄λ°
03:44
Substances like LSD,
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LSD
03:45
mescaline,
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λ©”μŠ€μΉΌλ¦°
03:46
and DMT
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그리고 DMT와 같은 λ¬Όμ§ˆλ“€μ€
03:47
all block the release of serotonin,
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λͺ¨λ‘ μ„Έλ‘œν† λ‹Œμ˜ λΆ„λΉ„λ₯Ό μ €ν•΄ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨
03:50
which regulates mood and impulsivity.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ˜ κΈ°λΆ„κ³Ό 좩동성을 μ‘°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:52
They also have an impact on the neural circuits
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λ˜ν•œ μ‹ κ²½ νšŒλ‘œμ—λ„ 영ν–₯을 미쳐
03:55
involved in perception, learning, and behavioral regulation,
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인지, ν•™μŠ΅κ³Ό 행동 λŠ₯λ ₯κΉŒμ§€λ„ μ‘°μ ˆν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:59
which may explain why these drugs have such powerful impacts.
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λ§ˆμ•½λ“€μ΄ μ™œ 인체에 그토둝 κ°•λ ₯ν•œ 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ”μ§€κ°€ μ„€λͺ…λ˜μ§€μš”.
04:04
Even if some of these effects sound exciting,
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μ•žμ„œ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³Έ λͺ‡λͺ‡ λ§ˆμ•½μ˜ νš¨κ³Όλ“€μ΄ ν₯미둭게 듀릴 μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ§€λ§Œ
04:06
there are reasons why some of these drugs are highly controlled and often illegal.
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κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λ”λ”μš± κ°•λ ₯ν•˜κ²Œ κ·œμ œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ λΆˆλ²•μœΌλ‘œ κ·œμ •ν•΄μ•Ό ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
Drugs have the power to alter the brain's chemistry,
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약물은 λ‡Œμ˜ 화학적 μ„±μ§ˆμ„ λ³€ν˜•μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있고
04:13
and repeated use can permanently rewire the neural networks
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반볡 볡용 μ‹œ 영ꡬ적으둜 신경망을 자체λ₯Ό 바꿔버릴 수 도 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:17
that support our ability to think,
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이 λ³€ν™”μ—λŠ” μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μƒκ°ν•˜κ³ 
04:19
make decisions,
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μ˜μ‚¬ 결정을 내리고
04:20
learn,
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μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€λ₯Ό 배우며
04:21
and remember things.
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κΈ°μ–΅ν•˜λŠ” λŠ₯λ ₯듀이 ν¬ν•¨λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:22
There's a lot we still don't know about drugs and their effects,
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아직도 μ•½λ¬Όκ³Ό κ·Έ νš¨κ³Όμ— λŒ€ν•΄ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ λͺ¨λ₯΄λŠ” 게 λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:25
both the good and the bad.
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이둜운 μ•½κ³Ό ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ μ•½ λͺ¨λ‘μš”.
04:27
But those we do know about are the ones we've studied closely,
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 주의깊게 μ—°κ΅¬ν•΄μ˜¨ 약물듀은
04:31
and turned into effective medicines.
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효과적인 치료제둜 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:33
As our knowledge grows about drugs and the brain,
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μ•½λ¬Όκ³Ό λ‡Œμ— κ΄€ν•œ 우리의 지식이 μŒ“μ—¬κ°ˆμˆ˜λ‘
04:36
the possibilities will also increase
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚  ν•™μžλ“€μ„ 골치 μ•„ν”„κ²Œ ν–ˆλ˜ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 의료 κ΄€λ ¨ λ¬Έμ œλ“€μ„
04:39
for treating the many medical problems that puzzle researchers today.
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ν•΄κ²°ν•˜λŠ”λ°μ—λ„ 도움이 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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