How dangerous was it to be a jester? - Beatrice K. Otto

1,238,064 views ใƒป 2023-08-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Avishay Gerczuk
00:07
10th century jester Jing Xinmo
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ื’โ€˜ื™ื ื’โ€™ ืฉื™ื ืžื•, ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ10
00:09
may have overstepped when he got chased by a dog,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื—ืจื’ ืžืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจื“ืฃ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื‘,
00:13
then teasingly told the Chinese emperor
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ื•ืื– ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื ื˜ืจื ื™ ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™
00:16
that he shouldnโ€™t let his kids go around biting people.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืœื ืฉื•ืš ืื ืฉื™ื.
00:19
The emperor took offense and trained an arrow on Jing.
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื ืขืœื‘ ื•ืžื™ืงื“ ื—ืฅ ืืœ ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’.
00:23
But instead of begging for his life, Jing cracked another joke.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ื ืŸ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื•, ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’ ืกื™ืคืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช.
00:26
Luckily, this pun landedโ€” so the emperorโ€™s arrow did not.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ืžืฉื—ืง ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืคื’ืข ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืœื.
00:31
Contrary to common belief,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช,
00:33
jesters weren't just a medieval European phenomenon,
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ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืชื•ืคืขื” ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
00:36
but flourished in other times and cultures.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคืจื—ื• ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
00:39
The first reliably recorded jester is thought to be You Shi,
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ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืชื•ืขื“ ืžื”ื™ืžื ื” ื”ื•ื ื™ื• ืฉื™,
00:43
of 7th century BCE China.
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ืžืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ7 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
00:46
He declared that, as a jester, his words could not give offense.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื—ืฆืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืคื’ื•ืข.
00:50
This privilege was important to the jesterโ€™s positionโ€”
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชืจ ื”ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืœืžืขืžื“ื• ืฉืœ ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ โ€“
00:53
but was sometimes violated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคืจื”.
00:57
Jesters had unique relationships to power:
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ืœืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื™ื• ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื›ื•ื—:
01:00
they could be viewed as objects of mockery
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœืขื’
01:02
and also as entertainers and trusted companions.
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ื•ื’ื ื›ื‘ื“ืจื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื.
01:07
People became jesters by various routes.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
01:10
They could be appointed due to physical or neurological differences,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืชืžื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืื• ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
01:14
plucked from a pool of entertainers, or recruited by a traveling courtier.
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ื ืงื˜ืคื• ืžืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื“ืจื ื™ื, ืื• ืฉื’ื•ื™ืกื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื™ืฉ ื—ืฆืจ ื ื•ื“ื“.
01:18
Such was the case when a royal servant
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ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืจืช ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™
01:20
wrote King Henry VIIIโ€™s chief minister in the 1530s.
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ื›ืชื‘ ืœืฉืจ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ื‘ึพ1530.
01:25
He recommended a young boy to replace the kingโ€™s aging jester, Sexten,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืขืœ ื ืขืจ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืฉื™ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืืช ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžื–ื“ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš, ืกืงืกื˜ืŸ,
01:29
with the assurance that heโ€™d be much more pleasant than Sexten ever was.
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืขื™ื ืžืฉืกืงืกื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืื™ ืคืขื.
01:35
Some jesters boasted unique talents, like Roland the Farter,
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ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืชื”ื“ืจื• ื‘ื›ืฉืจื•ื ื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืจื•ืœื ื“ ื”ืžืคืœื™ืฅ,
01:39
of Henry IIโ€™s 12th Century court.
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ืžื—ืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ12.
01:41
Every Christmas, he performed a special routine,
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ื›ืœ ื—ื’ ืžื•ืœื“, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ืฆืข ืชืจื’ื™ืœ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“,
01:44
the finale of which was a simultaneous jump, whistle, and fart.
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ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ืžื• ืงืคืฅ, ืฉืจืง ื•ื”ืคืœื™ืฅ ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
01:49
Additionally, jesters could influence important decisions.
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช.
01:53
For example, if the clowns of the Tรผbatulabal nation
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืื ื”ืœื™ืฆื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืžืช ื˜ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื‘ืœ
01:56
of the Sierra Nevada mountains
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ืžื”ืจื™ ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ืื“ื”
01:58
thought a chief was leading poorly,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ืฆโ€™ื™ืฃ ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื’ืจื•ืข,
02:00
they could apparently get the elders to appoint a new one.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืขื“ื” ืœืžื ื•ืช ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ.
02:03
And, of course, Jing Xinmo knew how to sway the Chinese emperor.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’ ืฉื™ื ืžื• ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืš ืœืกื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืกื™ื ื™.
02:08
A local magistrate once requested that the emperor stop trampling farmland
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ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื™ืคืกื™ืง ืœืจืžื•ืก ืื“ืžื•ืช ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช
02:13
during his hunting sprees.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืกืขื•ืช ื”ืฆื™ื“ ืฉืœื•.
02:15
Infuriated, the emperor had the magistrate hauled before him.
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื–ืขื ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืคื ื™ื•.
02:19
Jing facetiously suggested that the magistrate be put to death immediately
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ื‘ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืขืช, ื’โ€™ื™ื ื’ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ ื™ื•ืžืช ืžื™ื“
02:24
and that the emperor let the peasants starve
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ื•ืฉื”ืงื™ืกืจ ื™ื™ืชืŸ ืœืื™ื›ืจื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ืข ื‘ืจืขื‘
02:27
instead of harvesting the land and paying taxes,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืงืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื“ืžื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื ืžื™ืกื™ื,
02:30
all so he could gallop about freely.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื“ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
02:33
Presumably seeing the absurdity of his own behavior,
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื›ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื”ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•,
02:36
the emperor laughed and pardoned the magistrate.
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ื”ืงื™ืกืจ ืฆื—ืง ื•ื ืชืŸ ื—ื ื™ื ื” ืœืฉื•ืคื˜.
02:39
In 1596, a French man was condemned to death.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1596, ื’ื‘ืจ ืฆืจืคืชื™ ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
02:43
But Mathurine, one of the relatively few female jesters on record,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืชโ€™ื•ืจื™ืŸ, ืื—ืช ืœื™ืฆื ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื”ืžืชื•ืขื“ื•ืช;
02:47
intervened in return for payment.
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื.
02:50
With her help, the manโ€™s wife successfully pleaded with King Henry IV
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื”, ืืฉืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืชื—ื ื ื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื ืจื™ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™
02:54
for her husbandโ€™s life.
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ืœื—ื™ื™ ื‘ืขืœื”.
02:56
Although rare, jesters were sometimes fired or even killed
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ืื ื›ื™ ื ื“ื™ืจ, ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื• ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื”ืจื’ื•
03:01
for taking their mockery or criticism too far.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื’ื–ื™ืžื• ื‘ืœืขื’ ืื• ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื.
03:04
In 1638, Scottish jester Archy Armstrong
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1638, ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ ืืจืฆโ€™ื™ ืืจืžืกื˜ืจื•ื ื’
03:08
worsened his already contentious relationship
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ื”ื—ืžื™ืจ ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉืœื•, ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื›ืกื•ื›ื™ื,
03:11
with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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ืขื ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืžืงื ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™.
03:13
The Archbishop had recently revised the Scottish Book of Common Prayerโ€”
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ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ ืขื™ื“ื›ืŸ ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืืช ืกืคืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™ -
03:17
an act that garnered strong opposition and incited riots.
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ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืขื–ื” ื•ื”ืกื™ืช ืœื”ืชืคืจืขื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:22
Taking the opportunity to further humiliate him,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:25
Archy asked the Archbishop, โ€œWhoโ€™s the fool now?โ€
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ืืจืฆโ€™ื™ ืฉืืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ, โ€œืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?โ€
03:29
For which he was banished from the court.
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ื‘ืฉืœ ื›ืš ื’ื•ืจืฉ ืžื—ืฆืจ ื”ืžืœืš.
03:32
Three years later, after the Archbishopโ€™s arrest,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœืื—ืจ ืžืขืฆืจื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืฃ,
03:35
a pamphlet began circulating that ridiculed him,
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ื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืกืชื•ื‘ื‘ ืฉืœืขื’ื” ืœื•,
03:38
which was said to be the work of none other than Archy.
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ืฉื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืœื ืื—ืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืืจืฆโ€™ื™.
03:42
Meanwhile, some jesters openly mocked their royal bosses without consequence.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ืœืขื’ื• ื‘ื’ืœื•ื™ ืœื‘ื•ืกื™ื ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœืœื ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช.
03:48
11th century Persian jester Talhak suggested the sultan was a cuckold,
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ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืคืจืกื™ ื˜ืœื—ืืง, ื‘ืŸ ื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ11 ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ืจื ืŸ,
03:53
implying his wife was unfaithful to him.
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ื•ืจืžื– ืฉืืฉืชื• ืื™ื ื” ื ืืžื ื” ืœื•.
03:56
One day, as the sultan rested his head on Talhakโ€™s knee,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉื”ืกื•ืœื˜ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื— ืืช ืจืืฉื• ืขืœ ื‘ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ื˜ืœื—ืง,
04:00
he is said to have inquired, โ€œWhat is your relation to cuckolds?โ€
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ, โ€œืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœืš ืœืžืงื•ืจื ื ื™ื?โ€
04:04
To which Talhak replied, โ€œI am their pillow.โ€
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ืขืœ ื›ืš ืขื ื” ื˜ืœื”ืง โ€œืื ื™ ื”ื›ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.โ€
04:08
And when 19th century Persian shah asked whether there was a food shortage,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืฉืื” ื”ืคืจืกื™ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”ึพ19 ืฉืืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื” ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
04:12
jester Karim Shirโ€™ei joked,
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ืœื™ืฆืŸ ื”ื—ืฆืจ ืงืืจื™ื ืฉื™ืจืขื™ ื”ืชืœื•ืฆืฅ,
04:15
โ€œYes, I see Your Majesty is eating only five times a day.โ€
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โ€œื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืื” ืฉื”ื•ื“ ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ืื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.โ€
04:19
Even when rulers were considered divinely appointed,
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื ืชืคืกื• ื›ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ ื”ืืœ,
04:23
some jesters managed to speak truth directly to power,
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ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืืžืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ,
04:27
and revealโ€” in so many riddles, jokes, or skitsโ€”
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ื•ืœื—ืฉื•ืฃ, ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, ื‘ื“ื™ื—ื•ืช, ืื• ืžืขืจื›ื•ื ื™ื-
04:30
who the real fools were.
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ืžื™ ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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