How dangerous was it to be a jester? - Beatrice K. Otto

1,308,213 views ・ 2023-08-01

TED-Ed


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Yujin Lee κ²€ν† : DK Kim
00:07
10th century jester Jing Xinmo
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10μ„ΈκΈ° ꢁ정 κ΄‘λŒ€μ˜€λ˜ μ§•μ‹ λͺ¨μ–΄λŠ” μ–΄μ©Œλ©΄ 선을 λ„˜μ—ˆμ„ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:09
may have overstepped when he got chased by a dog,
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κ°œμ—κ²Œ μ«“κΈ΄ λ‹€μŒμ— 쀑ꡭ ν™©μ œμ—κ²Œ 놀리듯이 λ§ν–ˆκ±°λ“ μš”.
00:13
then teasingly told the Chinese emperor
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00:16
that he shouldn’t let his kids go around biting people.
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ν™©μ œμ˜ μžμ‹λ“€μ΄ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ„ 마ꡬ λ¬Όλ©° λ‚ λ›°μ§€ μ•Šλ„λ‘ ν•΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€κ³ μš”.
00:19
The emperor took offense and trained an arrow on Jing.
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ν™©μ œλŠ” κ·Έ 말에 ν™”κ°€ λ‚˜μ„œ μ§•μ‹ λͺ¨μ–΄μ—κ²Œ 화살을 κ²¨λˆ„μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:23
But instead of begging for his life, Jing cracked another joke.
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ κ΅¬κ±Έν•˜λŠ” λŒ€μ‹  μ§•μ‹ λͺ¨μ–΄λŠ” 농담을 ν•˜λ‚˜ 더 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:26
Luckily, this pun landedβ€” so the emperor’s arrow did not.
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운 μ’‹κ²Œλ„ 이 농담은 μ œλŒ€λ‘œ κ½‚ν˜”κ³  덕뢄에 ν™©μ œμ˜ 화살은 κ½‚νžˆμ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ£ .
00:31
Contrary to common belief,
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ν”νžˆ μ•Œλ €μ§„ λ°”μ™€λŠ” 달리,
00:33
jesters weren't just a medieval European phenomenon,
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κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ 쀑세 유럽뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ
00:36
but flourished in other times and cultures.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ μ‹œκ°„λŒ€μ™€ λ¬Έν™”κΆŒμ—μ„œλ„ ν™œμ•½ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:39
The first reliably recorded jester is thought to be You Shi,
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역사상 졜초둜 기둝된 κ΄‘λŒ€λŠ”
기원전 7μ„ΈκΈ° μ€‘κ΅­μ˜ μš”μ‰¬λ‘œ μΆ”μ •λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:43
of 7th century BCE China.
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00:46
He declared that, as a jester, his words could not give offense.
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κ·ΈλŠ” κ΄‘λŒ€κ°€ ν•˜λŠ” 말은 μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ—κ²Œ λͺ¨μš•을 쀄 수 μ—†λ‹€κ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:50
This privilege was important to the jester’s positionβ€”
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이 νŠΉκΆŒμ€ κ΄‘λŒ€μ—κ²ŒλŠ” 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν–ˆμœΌλ‚˜
00:53
but was sometimes violated.
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가끔은 μ§€μΌœμ§€μ§€ μ•ŠκΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:57
Jesters had unique relationships to power:
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ꢁ정 κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ ꢌλ ₯μΈ΅κ³Ό λ…νŠΉν•œ 관계에 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:00
they could be viewed as objects of mockery
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κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ 희둱의 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ—¬κ²¨μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆκ³ ,
01:02
and also as entertainers and trusted companions.
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믿을 수 μžˆλŠ” 친ꡬ이자 예λŠ₯인으둜 μ—¬κ²¨μ§ˆ μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμ£ .
01:07
People became jesters by various routes.
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μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 길을 거쳐 κ΄‘λŒ€κ°€ λ˜μ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:10
They could be appointed due to physical or neurological differences,
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신체적 νŠΉμ§• ν˜Ήμ€ 신경학적 νŠΉμ§• λ•Œλ¬Έμ— κ΄‘λŒ€κ°€ λ˜κ±°λ‚˜
01:14
plucked from a pool of entertainers, or recruited by a traveling courtier.
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예λŠ₯인듀 μ€‘μ—μ„œ μ„ λ°œλ˜κ±°λ‚˜, μ—¬ν–‰ν•˜λ˜ ꢁ정 μ‹ ν•˜μ—κ²Œ λ½‘νžˆκΈ°λ„ ν–ˆμ£ .
01:18
Such was the case when a royal servant
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1530λ…„λŒ€ μ™•μ‹€ μ‹ ν•˜κ°€ 헨리 8μ„Έμ˜ μˆ˜μ„ μž₯κ΄€μ—κ²Œ
01:20
wrote King Henry VIII’s chief minister in the 1530s.
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νŽΈμ§€λ₯Ό μ“΄ κ²½μš°κ°€ ν•΄λ‹Ή μ‚¬λ‘€μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:25
He recommended a young boy to replace the king’s aging jester, Sexten,
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κ·ΈλŠ” λŠ™μ–΄κ°€λ˜ κ΄‘λŒ€μΈ μ„ΉμŠ€ν„΄μ„ λŒ€μ‹ ν•  μ†Œλ…„μ„ μΆ”μ²œν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:29
with the assurance that he’d be much more pleasant than Sexten ever was.
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κ·ΈλŠ” 이 μ†Œλ…„μ΄ μ„ΉμŠ€ν„΄λ³΄λ‹€ 훨씬 μž¬λ°Œμ„ 거라고 ν™•μ‹ ν–ˆμ£ .
01:35
Some jesters boasted unique talents, like Roland the Farter,
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νŠΉμ΄ν•œ μž₯κΈ°λ₯Ό μžλž‘ν•˜λ˜ κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€λ„ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
12μ„ΈκΈ° 헨리 2μ„Έμ˜ ꢁ정에 있던 λ°©κ·€ λ€ŒλŠ” λ‘€λžœλ“œκ°€ 그쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ£ .
01:39
of Henry II’s 12th Century court.
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01:41
Every Christmas, he performed a special routine,
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κ·ΈλŠ” ν¬λ¦¬μŠ€λ§ˆμŠ€λ§ˆλ‹€ νŠΉλ³„ν•œ 곡연을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:44
the finale of which was a simultaneous jump, whistle, and fart.
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곡쀑에 λ›°μ–΄ νœ˜νŒŒλžŒμ„ λΆˆλ©΄μ„œ λ™μ‹œμ— λ°©κ·€λ₯Ό λ€Œμ–΄μ„œ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μ„ μž₯μ‹ν–ˆμ£ .
01:49
Additionally, jesters could influence important decisions.
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κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 결단에도 κ΄€μ—¬ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:53
For example, if the clowns of the TΓΌbatulabal nation
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예λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ μ‹œμ—λΌ λ„€λ°”λ‹€ μ‚°λ§₯의
01:56
of the Sierra Nevada mountains
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νˆ¬λ°”νˆ΄λΌλ°œ 쑱의 κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ΄ μ‘±μž₯의 지도λ ₯이 ν˜•νŽΈ μ—†λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°ν•œλ‹€λ©΄
01:58
thought a chief was leading poorly,
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02:00
they could apparently get the elders to appoint a new one.
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μž₯λ‘œλ“€μ—κ²Œ μ‘±μž₯을 μƒˆλ‘œ λ½‘μžκ³  ν•  μˆ˜λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:03
And, of course, Jing Xinmo knew how to sway the Chinese emperor.
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μ§•μ‹ λͺ¨μ–΄λŠ” 쀑ꡭ ν™©μ œλ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 움직일지 μ•Œκ³  μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
A local magistrate once requested that the emperor stop trampling farmland
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ν•œλ²ˆμ€ μ–΄λ–€ μ§€λ°© 수령이 ν™©μ œμ—κ²Œ 이런 μš”μ²­μ„ ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
ν™©μ œκ°€ ν•œλ°”νƒ• 사λƒ₯을 ν•˜λŠ” λ™μ•ˆ 농경지λ₯Ό μ§“λ°Ÿμ§€ 말아 λ‹¬λΌκ³ μš”.
02:13
during his hunting sprees.
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02:15
Infuriated, the emperor had the magistrate hauled before him.
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ν™©μ œλŠ” 맀우 λΆ„λ…Έν•΄μ„œ μ¦‰μ‹œ μˆ˜λ Ήμ„ 맀달아 버리렀 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:19
Jing facetiously suggested that the magistrate be put to death immediately
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κ·Έλ•Œ μ§•μ‹ λͺ¨μ–΄λŠ” μ΅μ‚΄λ§žκ²Œ μ œμ•ˆν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ‹Ήμž₯ μˆ˜λ Ήμ„ 죽여버리고,
02:24
and that the emperor let the peasants starve
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λ†μž‘λ¬Όμ„ μˆ˜ν™•ν•΄μ„œ μ„ΈκΈˆμ„ λ°›λŠ” λŒ€μ‹ 
02:27
instead of harvesting the land and paying taxes,
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μ†Œμž‘λ†λ“€μ„ μ „λΆ€ ꡢ겨 μ£½μ—¬λ²„λ¦¬μžκ³  ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:30
all so he could gallop about freely.
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그럼 ν™©μ œλŠ” 말을 타고 νŽ„μ©νŽ„μ© 자유둭게 λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ 수 μžˆμœΌλ‹ˆκΉŒμš”.
02:33
Presumably seeing the absurdity of his own behavior,
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어리석은 μžμ‹ μ˜ 행동을 κΉ¨λ‹¬μ•˜λŠ”μ§€,
02:36
the emperor laughed and pardoned the magistrate.
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ν™©μ œλŠ” μ›ƒμœΌλ©΄μ„œ μˆ˜λ Ήμ„ μ‚¬λ©΄ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:39
In 1596, a French man was condemned to death.
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1596년에 ν•œ ν”„λž‘μŠ€ λ‚¨μžκ°€ μ‚¬ν˜•μ„ μ„ κ³ λ°›μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:43
But Mathurine, one of the relatively few female jesters on record,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ 기둝상 ꡉμž₯히 λ“œλ¬Όμ—ˆλ˜ μ—¬μ„± κ΄‘λŒ€μΈ 마트린이
02:47
intervened in return for payment.
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λˆμ„ λ°›κ³  쀑간에 κ°œμž…ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:50
With her help, the man’s wife successfully pleaded with King Henry IV
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κ·Έλ…€μ˜ λ„μ›€μœΌλ‘œ κ·Έ λ‚¨μžμ˜ μ•„λ‚΄λŠ”
헨리 4μ„Έμ—κ²Œ λΉŒμ–΄ λ‚¨νŽΈμ˜ λͺ©μˆ¨μ„ ꡬ할 수 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:54
for her husband’s life.
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02:56
Although rare, jesters were sometimes fired or even killed
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μ•„μ£Ό λ“œλ¬ΌκΈ΄ ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ μ‘°λ‘±μ΄λ‚˜ λΉ„νŒμ„ λ„ˆλ¬΄ κ°•ν•˜κ²Œ ν•΄μ„œ
ν•΄κ³ λ˜κ±°λ‚˜, 더 μ‹¬ν•˜κ²ŒλŠ” 죽기도 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:01
for taking their mockery or criticism too far.
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03:04
In 1638, Scottish jester Archy Armstrong
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1638λ…„ μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œμ˜ κ΄‘λŒ€μ˜€λ˜ μ•„μΉ˜ μ•”μŠ€νŠΈλ‘±μ€
03:08
worsened his already contentious relationship
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캔터베리 λŒ€μ£Όκ΅μ™€ 이미 자주 λ‹€νˆ¬λ˜ 사이λ₯Ό
03:11
with the Archbishop of Canterbury.
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더 λ§κ°€νŠΈλ¦° 적이 μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:13
The Archbishop had recently revised the Scottish Book of Common Prayerβ€”
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λŒ€μ£Όκ΅κ°€ μŠ€μ½”ν‹€λžœλ“œμ˜ 곡동 κΈ°λ„μ„œλ₯Ό κ°œμ •ν•œ μ§€ μ–Όλ§ˆ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜λŠ”λ°
03:17
an act that garnered strong opposition and incited riots.
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이에 κ°•ν•œ 반발이 일어났고 폭동이 λ°œμƒν–ˆμ£ .
03:22
Taking the opportunity to further humiliate him,
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μƒλŒ€λ₯Ό 더 μ‘°λ‘±ν•  기회λ₯Ό 얻은 μ•„μΉ˜λŠ”
03:25
Archy asked the Archbishop, β€œWho’s the fool now?”
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λŒ€μ£Όκ΅μ—κ²Œ μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œμ΄μ œ λˆ„κ°€ 얼간이 κ°™μŠ΅λ‹ˆκΉŒ?”
03:29
For which he was banished from the court.
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이둜 인해 μ•„μΉ˜λŠ” κΆμ •μ—μ„œ μ«“κ²¨λ‚©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:32
Three years later, after the Archbishop’s arrest,
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μ‚Ό λ…„ ν›„, λŒ€μ£Όκ΅κ°€ 체포된 λ’€
03:35
a pamphlet began circulating that ridiculed him,
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κ·Έλ₯Ό μ‘°λ‘±ν•˜λŠ” μ†Œμ±…μžκ°€ λŒμ•„λ‹€λ‹ˆκΈ° μ‹œμž‘ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:38
which was said to be the work of none other than Archy.
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그건 λ‹€λ₯Έ λˆ„κ΅¬λ„ μ•„λ‹Œ μ•„μΉ˜μ˜ μž‘ν’ˆμ΄λΌ μ—¬κ²¨μ‘Œμ£ .
03:42
Meanwhile, some jesters openly mocked their royal bosses without consequence.
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ν•œνŽΈ 왕쑱듀을 μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μœ„ν—˜ 없이 λŒ€λ†“κ³  λ†€λ¦¬λ˜ κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€λ„ μžˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:48
11th century Persian jester Talhak suggested the sultan was a cuckold,
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11μ„ΈκΈ° 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„μ˜ κ΄‘λŒ€ νƒˆν•˜ν¬λŠ” μˆ νƒ„μ„ 뻐꾸기라 λΆˆλ €μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:53
implying his wife was unfaithful to him.
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μˆ νƒ„μ˜ μ•„λ‚΄κ°€ λ°”λžŒμ΄ λ‚¬λ‹€λŠ” λœ»μ΄μ—ˆμ£ .
03:56
One day, as the sultan rested his head on Talhak’s knee,
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ν•˜λ£¨λŠ” μˆ νƒ„μ΄ νƒˆν•˜ν¬μ˜ λ¬΄λ¦Žμ„ λ² κ³  μ‰¬λ©΄μ„œ
04:00
he is said to have inquired, β€œWhat is your relation to cuckolds?”
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μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λ¬Όμ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ „ν•΄μ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.
β€œλ»κΎΈκΈ°μ™€ λ„ˆλŠ” 무슨 관계가 μžˆλŠλƒ?”
04:04
To which Talhak replied, β€œI am their pillow.”
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νƒˆν•˜ν¬λŠ” μ΄λ ‡κ²Œ λŒ€λ‹΅ν–ˆλ‹΅λ‹ˆλ‹€. β€œμ „ κ·Έλ“€ 베개죠.”
04:08
And when 19th century Persian shah asked whether there was a food shortage,
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19μ„ΈκΈ° 페λ₯΄μ‹œμ•„ ν™©μ œκ°€ μ‹λŸ‰μ΄ λΆ€μ‘±ν•œμ§€ λ¬Όμ—ˆμ„ λ•Œ,
04:12
jester Karim Shir’ei joked,
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κ΄‘λŒ€ μΉ΄λ¦Ό μ‹œλ ˆκ°€ 농담을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:15
β€œYes, I see Your Majesty is eating only five times a day.”
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β€œνν•˜κ»˜μ„œ 식사λ₯Ό ν•˜λ£¨ λ‹€μ„― 번만 ν•˜μ‹œλŠ” κ±Έ λ³΄λ‹ˆ κ·Έλ ‡μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.”
04:19
Even when rulers were considered divinely appointed,
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심지어 μ§€λ°°μžλ“€μ΄ μ‹ μ„±ν•˜κ²Œ μž„λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€κ³  μ—¬κ²¨μ§€λ˜ λ•Œμ—λ„
04:23
some jesters managed to speak truth directly to power,
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λͺ‡λͺ‡ κ΄‘λŒ€λ“€μ€ ꢌλ ₯μžμ—κ²Œ 직언을 ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:27
and revealβ€” in so many riddles, jokes, or skitsβ€”
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μˆ˜λ§Žμ€ μˆ˜μˆ˜κ»˜λΌμ™€ 농담듀, ν˜Ήμ€ μ΄Œκ·Ήλ“€μ„ ν†΅ν•΄μ„œ
04:30
who the real fools were.
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λˆ„κ°€ μ§„μ •ν•œ 얼간이인지 λ°ν˜€λƒˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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