How to master your sense of smell - Alexandra Horowitz

595,807 views ใƒป 2017-01-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
Perfumers can learn to distinguish individual odors
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื— ื‘ื•ื“ื“
00:10
in a fragrance made of hundreds of scents.
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ืžืชื•ืš ืžืื•ืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฉื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
00:13
Tea experts have been known to sniff out
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ืžื•ืžื—ื™ ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื™ื—
00:16
not just the location where a tea was from,
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ืœื ืจืง ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ืžืžื ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื”ืชื”,
00:18
but the season of harvest and whether it was planted by a plum tree.
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ืืœื ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ื‘ื” ื ืงืฆืจ ื•ื”ืื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืชืœ ืœื™ื“ ืขืฅ ืฉื–ื™ืฃ.
00:22
And the New York City Transit Authority
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ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
00:24
once had an employee responsible only for sniffing out gas leaks
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ืคืขื ื”ืขืกื™ืงื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉื›ืœ ืชืคืงื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื—ืช ื“ืœื™ืคื•ืช ื’ื–
00:28
in the subway system.
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ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช ื”ืชื—ืชื™ืช.
00:30
Can just anyone learn to smell with the sensitivity of those experts?
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ื”ืื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืขื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ื–ื”ื” ืœื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืืœื”?
00:35
For most of us, what we smell is largely involuntary,
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ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืจื—ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช.
00:38
whether it's garbage behind a restaurant,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื” ื–ื‘ืœ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืžืกืขื“ื”,
00:40
the shampoo of the woman leaving an elevator as you enter,
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ื”ืฉืžืคื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ืžืขืœื™ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื ื›ื ืกืชื,
00:43
or a bakery's fresh-made bread.
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ืื• ื”ืœื—ื ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื ืืคื” ื‘ืžืืคื™ื”.
00:46
With a few million olfactory receptors in our noses,
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ืขื ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืจื™ื— ื‘ืืคื™ื ื•,
00:49
we clearly don't lack the ability to smell well.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื ื—ืกืจื” ืœื ื• ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
00:52
We just might not always pay close enough attention.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืื™ื ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžืืžืฅ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื.
00:56
That's a shame because we may be missing opportunities
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ื–ื” ื—ื‘ืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืื ื• ืžืคืกื™ื“ื™ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช
00:59
to make strong emotional connections.
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ืœืคืชื— ืงืฉืจื™ื ืจื’ืฉื™ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื.
01:01
Smells are powerfully linked to emotions
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ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืขื ืจื’ืฉื•ืช
01:04
and can awaken memories of places we've long ago left
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืขื™ืจ ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื•ืชื ืขื–ื‘ื ื• ืžื–ืžืŸ
01:07
and people we've loved.
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ื•ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื”ื‘ื ื•.
01:09
But fortunately, it is possible to train our brains to smell better.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื ื• ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:13
For example, Helen Keller was able to recognize a person's work,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืœืŸ ืงืœืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ืขื™ืกื•ืงื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื,
01:17
and in her words,
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”,
01:18
distinguish the carpenter from the iron worker,
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ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื’ืจ ืœืจืชืš,
01:21
the artist from the mason or the chemist,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืžืŸ ืœื‘ื ืื™ ืื• ืœื›ื™ืžืื™,
01:24
by a simple inhale.
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ืขืดื™ ืฉืื™ืคื” ืื—ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”.
01:26
Follow these steps and you too can change the way the world smells to you.
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ื ืงื˜ื• ื‘ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื•ื’ื ืืชื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืจื™ื— ืœื›ื.
01:31
First, stick your nose in it.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื“ื—ืคื• ืืช ืืคื›ื ืœืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
01:34
Some animals that are known to be great smellers,
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ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื›ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ --
01:37
like dogs who can sniff out explosives
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฅ
01:39
and pigs who can find truffles underground,
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ื•ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื”ื™ืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืื“ืžื” --
01:41
put their noses right at the place they want to smell.
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ื“ื•ื—ืคื•ืช ืืช ืืคืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืจื™ื—.
01:45
Human noses, meanwhile, are casting around in the middle of the air,
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ืžื ื’ื“, ืืคื™ื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ืžืชื ืฉืื™ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืื•ื™ืจ,
01:49
giving us an anatomical disadvantage.
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ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืžืงื ื” ืœื ื• ื—ืกืจื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ื•ืžื™.
01:52
So bring your nose close to the world around you.
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ืื– ืงืจื‘ื• ืืช ืืคื›ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
01:55
The ground,
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ืœืื“ืžื”,
01:56
surfaces,
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ืœืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื,
01:57
objects,
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ืœืขืฆืžื™ื,
01:58
the food in your hand.
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ืœืื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื›ื.
02:00
Get close to your dog,
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ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื• ืœื›ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:01
your partner,
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉืœื›ื,
02:02
the book you're reading.
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ืœืกืคืจ ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
02:04
Not only will your nose be closer to the odor source,
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ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ื—,
02:06
but the warmth of your breath will make odors easier to smell.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื—ื•ื ื ืฉื™ืžืชื›ื ื™ืงืœ ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืจื—ื”.
02:11
Second, sniff like you mean it.
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืœื–ื”.
02:14
Smelling actually happens way up near the bridge of our noses
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ื”ืจื—ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื’ืฉืจ ื”ืืฃ
02:17
in a postage stamp-sized square of tissue called the olfactory epithelium.
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ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื‘ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืจืงืžืช ืชืื™ ืืคื™ืชืœ ืืคื™ื™ื.
02:23
When we sniff, odor molecules are sucked up into our nostrils
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื— ื ืฉืื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
02:26
until they hit this tissue
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ืขื“ ืฉื”ืŸ ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจืงืžื” ื–ื•
02:28
where they combine to our olfactory, or scent, receptors.
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ื•ื ืฆืžื“ื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื—.
02:33
When we inhale normally, only a little air makes it there.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืื•ื™ืจ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื.
02:37
But one or two solid sharp sniffs
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื—ื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืื—ืช ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื
02:39
will ensure that more air gets to your smell receptors.
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ื™ื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื• ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื’ื™ืข ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
02:43
After just a few more sniffs,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ืจื—ื•ืช,
02:44
the receptors, which are best at noticing new smells,
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ื”ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื, ื”ืžืฆื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
02:47
turn off temporarily.
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ื™ื™ื›ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช.
02:50
So you can give your nose a rest and sniff again later.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืืคื›ื ืœื ื•ื— ื•ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื›ืš.
02:53
Finally, dwell on the smell.
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ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ืงื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ื—.
02:56
Most smells pass by us with little attention,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื™ื“ื ื• ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
02:59
but simply noticing what you're smelling
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ ืœืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
03:01
and by trying to describe it, name it, and locate its source,
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ื•ืชื ืกื• ืœืชืืจ ืื•ืชื, ืœืชืช ืœื”ื ืฉื, ื•ืœืืชืจ ืืช ืžืงื•ืจื,
03:05
you can expand your vocabulary of smells.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืื•ืฆืจ ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:09
When an odor molecule binds to a scent receptor,
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืจื™ื— ื ืงืฉืจืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื—,
03:12
it sends an electrical signal from the sensory neurons
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ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ืื•ืช ื—ืฉืžืœื™ ืžื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื”
03:15
to our brain's olfactory bulbs.
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ืœื ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื ื•.
03:17
The signal then continues to other areas of the brain,
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ื”ืื•ืช ืื– ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—,
03:20
where it's integrated with taste,
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืขื ื˜ืขื,
03:22
memory,
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ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
03:23
or emotional information
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ืื• ืžื™ื“ืข ืจื’ืฉื™,
03:24
before registering to us as a smell.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืจืฉื ืืฆืœื ื• ื›ืจื™ื—,
03:27
FMRI research shows that the extra time spent focusing on scent
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ืžื—ืงืจื™ FMRI ื”ืจืื• ืฉื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื•ืฉืงืข ื‘ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื—ื•ืช
03:32
changes the brain of experienced smellers.
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ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
03:35
For them, perceiving and imagining odors becomes more automatic
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืจื™ื—ื•ืช, ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™
03:39
than for non-experts.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืืฆืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื.
03:40
To get started yourself, take ingredients from your kitchen:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืงื—ื• ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืžื˜ื‘ื— ืฉืœื›ื:
03:44
spices,
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ืชื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื,
03:45
vanilla,
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03:45
or fruit,
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ื•ื ื™ืœ,
ืื• ืคืจื™,
03:46
but never anything toxic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืจืขื™ืœ.
03:48
Close your eyes and have someone bring them under your nose.
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ืกื’ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืœืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืืคื›ื.
03:52
Sniff and try to name the source.
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ื”ืจื™ื—ื• ื•ื ืกื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจ.
03:55
Over time, you'll begin to appreciate nuances in familiar odors
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื ื™ื•ืื ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื
03:59
and recognize characteristics of new and unusual smells.
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ื•ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื“ื•ืคืŸ.
04:03
The perfumer has practiced these steps enough to become an artist of odor,
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ืžืคืชื— ื”ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืื™ืžืŸ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช,
04:07
but even if you never pursue smelling to that degree,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชืจื™ื—ื• ื‘ืจืžื” ื›ื–ื•,
04:10
the spectacular result of an unspectacular action
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืœื ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื•
04:13
will change how you sense and experience your days.
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ืชืฉื ื” ืืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืชื™ื›ื ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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