The infamous overpopulation bet: Simon vs. Ehrlich - Soraya Field Fiorio

581,385 views ใƒป 2021-08-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Naama Lieberman
00:07
In 1980, two American professors bet $1,000
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ื‘-1980, ืฉื ื™ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื• ืขืœ 1,000$
00:11
on a question with stakes that couldnโ€™t be higher:
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ื‘ืฉืืœื” ืขื ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ:
00:14
would the earth run out of resources to sustain a growing human population?
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ื”ืื ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื™ื’ืžืจื• ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื”?
00:19
One of them was Stanford biologist Paul Ehrlich,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืคื•ืœ ืืจืœื™ืš,
00:23
who wrote the bestselling 1968 book, โ€œThe Population Bomb.โ€
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืจื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจ ืž-1968, โ€œืคืฆืฆืช ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.โ€
00:27
The global population had grown rapidly since World War II,
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ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืื– ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:30
and Ehrlich predicted that millions would starve to death
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ื•ืืจืœื™ืš ืฆืคื” ืฉืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ื™ื’ื•ื•ืขื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช
00:33
as the population increased faster than the food supply.
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ื›ืฉื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืชื’ื“ืœ ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
00:37
He drew from the ideas of 18th century economist Thomas Malthus
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื‘ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืžืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœืŸ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-18 ืชื•ืžืืก ืžืœืชื•ืก
00:42
and related work from the 20th century.
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ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
00:45
Malthus had posited that population growth,
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ืžืœืชื•ืก ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
00:47
if unchecked over time, would always outpace food supply.
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ืื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืขืงื•ืฃ ืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืืกืคืงืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
00:52
Through the 1970s, it seemed like Ehrlich was right:
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื ืจืื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืืจืœื™ืš ืฆื“ืง:
00:55
famines, pollution, and political unrest
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ืจืขื‘, ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™
00:57
had many concerned that humanity was on the brink of such a crisis,
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ื’ืจืžื• ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื ืžืฆืื” ืขืœ ืกืฃ ืžืฉื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”,
01:01
and some governments considered and even implemented
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ืฉืงืœื• ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืฉืžื•
01:04
policies to limit population growth.
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ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”.
01:07
Betting against Ehrlich was Julian Simon, a professor of business and economics.
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ืžื”ืžืจ ื ื’ื“ ืืจืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ื’โ€™ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ, ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืขืกืงื™ื ื•ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
01:13
He analyzed historic data from around the world,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืชื— ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื,
01:15
and found no correlation between a growing population
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ื•ืœื ื’ื™ืœื” ืžืชืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”
01:18
and a decrease in standards of livingโ€”
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ื•ื”ืคื—ืชื” ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื --
01:20
in fact, he found the opposite.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื”ืคืš.
01:23
He argued that Ehrlichโ€™s work, and that of Malthus before him,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืืจืœื™ืš, ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืžืœืชื•ืก ืœืคื ื™ื•,
01:27
was based on theoretical calculations,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื,
01:29
while the real-world data told a different story.
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ืืžืชื™ ืกื™ืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
01:33
But then, he departed from the data himself,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื–, ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื ืชืง ืžื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
01:35
claiming human ingenuity would always find alternatives
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ื•ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ืžืฆื ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช
01:39
to compensate for diminishing resources.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืคื•ื—ืชื™ื.
01:41
If that seems overly optimistic to you, well, you're not alone.
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ืื ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืœื ืœื‘ื“.
01:46
Ehrlich and other experts found Simonโ€™s claims preposterous.
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ืืจืœื™ืš ื•ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืคืจื›ื•ืช.
01:51
In June 1980, Simon wrote a scathing article for Science Magazine
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ 1980, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื›ืชื‘ ืžืืžืจ ื ื•ืงื‘ ืœ-Science Magazine
01:57
that incited a heated debate of published articles between the two men.
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ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจ ื“ืจืš ืคืจืกื•ื ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
02:01
Simon said he should have placed a wager against Ehrlich years before,
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ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืขื ืืจืœื™ืš ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
02:05
when Ehrlich ventured that,
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ื›ืฉืืจืœื™ืš ื˜ืขืŸ,
02:07
โ€œEngland would not exist in the year 2000.โ€
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ืฉโ€œืื ื’ืœื™ื” ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืฉื ืช 2000.โ€
02:11
Later that year, Simon called Ehrlich a false prophet
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ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื”, ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงืจื ืœืืจืœื™ืš ื ื‘ื™ื ืฉืงืจ
02:14
and challenged him to a bet.
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ื•ืื™ืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช.
02:16
Their feud also touched on the debate
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ื”ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื”ื ื ื’ืขื” ื’ื ืœื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื—
02:18
about whether to prioritize environmental protections or economic growth,
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ืื ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืื• ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช.
02:22
a key issue in the American presidential race
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ื ื•ืฉื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ืžืจื•ืฅ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™
02:25
between Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’โ€™ื™ืžื™ ืงืจื˜ืจ ื•ืจื•ื ืœื“ ืจื™ื™ื’ืŸ.
02:28
After some debate, they set the final terms:
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ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื”ืชื ืื™ื ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื™ื:
02:32
$200 on the price of each of five metals.
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200$ ืœืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ ืžืชื›ื•ืช.
02:36
If the price of the metal decreased or held steady over the next decade,
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ืื ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืžืชื›ืช ื™ืจื“ ืื• ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
02:40
Simon won.
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ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื™ื–ื›ื”.
02:41
If the price increased, Ehrlich won.
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ืื ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืขืœื”, ืืจืœื™ืš ื™ื–ื›ื”.
02:44
Wait, what?
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ื—ื›ื•, ืžื”?
02:46
Werenโ€™t we talking about overpopulation and famine?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื•ืจืขื‘?
02:49
What could the price of metals possibly have to do with that?
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ืžื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืœื–ื”?
02:52
Well, the reality is that the price of metals may not have been the best choiceโ€”
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืžืชื›ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ --
02:57
many factors impact these prices that have nothing to do with overpopulation.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฉืคื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ.
03:01
But their reasoning was as follows: metals are finite natural resources
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ื™ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”: ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ ื˜ื‘ืข ืกื•ืคื™
03:06
used in all sorts of manufacturing.
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ.
03:08
Ehrlich believed a growing population would consume such finite resources,
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ืืจืœื™ืš ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื” ืชืฆืจื•ืš ื›ื–ื” ืžืฉืื‘ ืกื•ืคื™,
03:12
and scarcity would drive the prices up.
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ื•ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื™ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื.
03:15
Simon thought humanity would find substitutes for the metals,
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ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืชืžืฆื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืœืžืชื›ื•ืช,
03:19
and the prices would stay stable or even decrease.
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ื•ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ื™ืฉืืจ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืจื“.
03:23
So, what happened?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืงืจื”?
03:25
The world population continued to increase over the next 10 years,
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ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืฉืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช,
03:29
but the price of all five metals decreased,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฉ ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืช ื™ืจื“,
03:32
making Simon the clear winner of a bet that may not have been a great proxy
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืืช ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืœืžื ืฆื— ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื“ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘
03:36
for the question they were debating, anyway.
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ืœืฉืืœื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืคืŸ.
03:39
As for the question itself, today,
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ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืฉืืœื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื”ื™ื•ื,
03:42
their focus on overpopulation represent a snapshot of history.
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ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”ื ืขืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื’ืขื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:46
Our understanding of what causes starvation and famine has progressed:
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ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืจืขื‘ ื•ืœืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื”:
03:50
we have the resources to support a growing human population,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื’ื“ืœื”,
03:53
but weโ€™re currently failing to distribute those resources equitably,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืจื’ืข ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื”.
03:57
and changing that should be our priority.
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ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:00
And we no longer see population size as a primary cause
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ื’ื•ืจื ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
04:03
of environmental degradation and climate change,
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ืœื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:06
or limiting population growth as a viable solution to these problems.
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ืื• ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
04:10
Rather, experts largely agree that our focus should be
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉื”ื”ืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
04:14
on replacing unsustainable technologies and practices with sustainable ones,
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ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœืคืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืจื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื ื‘ื›ืืœื” ืฉื›ืŸ.
04:18
and that economic growth and environmental protections
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ื•ืฉืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”
04:21
donโ€™t have to be at odds.
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ืœื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื ื•ื’ื“ื™ื.
04:24
In October 1990, Julian Simon received a check from Paul Ehrlich.
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ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 1990, ื’โ€˜ื•ืœื™ืืŸ ืกื™ืžื•ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฆโ€™ืง ืžืคื•ืœ ืืจืœื™ืš.
04:29
There was no note.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืคืชืง.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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