The science of milk - Jonathan J. O'Sullivan

2,951,298 views ใƒป 2017-01-31

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Why do humans drink so much milk?
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ืœืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื—ืœื‘?
00:11
And given that all mammals lactate,
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ื•ื‘ื”ื™ื ืชืŸ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
00:13
why do we favor certain types of milk over others?
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ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื?
00:16
Milk is the first thing we drink,
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ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืชื™ื,
00:18
and thanks to developments in the production and variety of dairy products,
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ื•ืชื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘,
00:22
it can take on countless forms for our dietary and sensory well-being.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืื™ืŸ ืกืคื•ืจ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
00:27
Milk's primary function is as a complete source of nutrition for newborns.
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ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืชื–ื•ื ื” ืœื™ืœื•ึนื“ื™ื.
00:32
In fact, since it has all of the vital nutrients for development and growth,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื’ื“ื™ืœื”,
00:36
proteins,
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื,
00:37
carbohydrates,
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช,
00:38
fats,
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ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
00:39
vitamins and minerals,
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ื•ื™ื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื,
00:40
and water,
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ื•ืžื™ื,
00:41
milk is the only thing a baby even needs to ingest
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ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืชื™ื ื•ืง ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืื›ื•ืœ
00:45
for the first six months of life.
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ื‘ืฉืฉืช ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื•.
00:47
The unique makeup of milk can vary depending on factors like species,
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ื”ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื™ืŸ,
00:51
diet,
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ืชื–ื•ื ื”,
00:52
and location.
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ื•ืžื™ืงื•ื.
00:53
Reindeer of the Arctic Circle, for example,
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ืื™ื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
00:56
make energy-dense milk that's about 20% fat,
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 20% ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
00:59
roughly five times more than human or cow's milk,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืื“ื ืื• ืคืจื”,
01:03
to help their young survive the harsh, freezing climate.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืืงืœื™ื ื”ืงืฉื” ื•ื”ืงืคื•ื.
01:06
So how is milk made?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ื—ืœื‘ ื ื•ืฆืจ?
01:08
In the uniquely mammalian process of lactation,
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ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคืจืฉืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืœื™ื•ื ืงื™ื,
01:11
a special class of milk-secreting cells known as mammocytes
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ืกื•ื’ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืœ ืชืื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื™ื˜ื™ื
01:15
line up in a single layer around pear-shaped alveoli.
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ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื ืื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืื’ืก.
01:19
Those cells absorb all of the building blocks of milk,
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ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืกื•ืคื’ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื—ืœื‘,
01:23
then synthesize tiny droplets of fat
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ืื– ื”ื ืžืกื ืชื–ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ื–ืขื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ
01:25
on structures called smooth endoplasmic reticula.
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ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืจื˜ื™ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื ื“ื•ืคืœืกืžื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื•ืช.
01:29
The droplets combine with each other and other molecules
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ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื•ืช ื–ื• ืขื ื–ื• ื•ืขื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
01:33
and are then expelled and stored in spaces between cells.
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ื•ืื– ืžื•ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื ืื’ืจื•ืช ื‘ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ื.
01:37
Mammary glands eventually secrete the milk through the breasts, udders,
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ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืœื™ื•ืช ืžืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื“ืจืš ื”ืฉื“ื™ื™ื, ื”ืขื˜ื™ื ื™ื,
01:41
or, in the rare case of the platypus, through ducts in the abdomen.
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื ื“ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ื•ื–ืŸ, ื“ืจืš ืชืขืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื˜ืŸ.
01:47
Although this process is typically reserved for females,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืจ ืœื ืงื‘ื•ืช,
01:50
in some species, like dayak fruit bats,
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ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืขื˜ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ ื“ืื™ื™ืืง,
01:53
goats,
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ืขื™ื–ื™ื,
01:54
and even cats,
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื,
01:55
males can also lactate.
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ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ื—ืœื‘.
01:57
Milk drinkers worldwide consume dairy from buffalo,
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ืฉื•ืชื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืืคืœื•,
02:00
goats,
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ืขื™ื–ื™ื,
02:01
sheeps,
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ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื,
02:02
camels,
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ื’ืžืœื™ื,
02:03
yaks,
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02:03
horses,
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ื™ืืงื™ื,
ืกื•ืกื™ื,
02:04
and cows.
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ื•ืคืจื•ืช.
02:06
Almost all of these species are ruminants,
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ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืขืœื™ ื’ื™ืจื”,
02:09
a type of mammal with four-chambered stomachs
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืง ืขื ืงื™ื‘ื” ื‘ืช ืืจื‘ืขื” ื—ื“ืจื™ื
02:12
that yield large quantities of milk.
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ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘.
02:14
Of these, cows were the most easily domesticated
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ืžืืœื”, ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื•ืช
02:17
and produce a milk that is both easily separated into cream and liquid
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ื•ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื•ืช ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืžื•ืคืจื“ ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืฉืžื ืช ื•ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื
02:21
and has a similar fat content to human milk.
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ืœืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืœื‘ ืื ื•ืฉื™.
02:25
In their natural environment,
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ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
02:26
mammals secrete milk on call for immediate consumption by their young.
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ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืฉื™ื ื—ืœื‘ ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืœืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
02:31
But with the demands of thirsty consumers,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ืฉืœ ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื ืฆืžืื™ื,
02:33
the dairy industry has enlisted methods to step up production,
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ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื’ื™ื™ืกื” ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”,
02:37
enhance shelf life,
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ ื”ืžื“ืฃ,
02:39
and provide a variety of milk products.
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ื•ืœืกืคืง ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘.
02:42
In the dairy, centrifugation machines spin milk at high speeds,
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ื‘ืžื—ืœื‘ื”, ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช,
02:46
forcing less dense fats to separate from the liquid and float up.
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ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ืคื—ื•ืช ื“ื—ื•ืก ืœื”ื™ืคืจื“ ืžื”ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ื•ืœืฆื•ืฃ ืœืžืขืœื”.
02:51
After being skimmed off,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืกืจ,
02:53
this fat, known as butterfat, can be used in dairy products
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ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ืžืื”, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘
02:56
like butter,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ืžืื”,
02:57
cream,
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ืฉืžื ืช,
02:58
and cheese.
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ื•ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”.
02:59
Or it can be later added back to the liquid in varying proportions
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ืื• ืฉืืคืฉืจืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ืœื ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:03
to yield different fat content milks.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืœื‘.
03:06
Full fat milk, sometimes referred to as whole milk, has 3.25% butterfat added
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ืœื—ืœื‘ ืขื ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžืœื, ืฉืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ื—ืœื‘ ืžืœื, ืžื•ืกืคื™ื 3.25% ืฉื•ืžืŸ ื—ืžืื”
03:13
compared to 1-2% for low and reduced fat milk,
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ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœ 1-2% ืœื—ืœื‘ ืžื•ืคื—ืช ืฉื•ืžืŸ,
03:17
and less than half a percent for skim milk.
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ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืฆื™ ืื—ื•ื– ืœื—ืœื‘ ื“ืœ ืฉื•ืžืŸ.
03:20
To stop reseparation of the fat from the water, or creaming,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ื”ืคืจื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืžื”ืžื™ื, ืื• ื”ืฉืชืžื ื•ืช,
03:24
the mixture undergoes the high-energy pressurized process of homogenization.
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ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช ืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ืœื—ืฅ ืจื‘-ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื–ืฆื™ื”.
03:29
Before milk hits the shelves, it's also typically heat treated
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ืคื™ื, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืžื•ื
03:34
to reduce its level of microbes,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:36
a government-sanctioned process
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื” ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ืช,
03:37
that raw milk enthusiasts argue may reduce milk's nutritional worth.
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ืฉื ืœื”ื‘ื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืฉืœื•.
03:42
Milk spoilage is started by microbes,
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ืงืœืงื•ืœ ื—ืœื‘ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื,
03:45
which consume and break down the nutrients in milk.
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ืฉืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ื•ืžืคืจืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื‘.
03:48
That process causes butterfat to clump together,
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ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืฉื•ืžืŸ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืœื”ืฆื˜ื‘ืจ,
03:52
leading to a visually unpleasant product.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื ื ืจืื” ื ืขื™ื ืœืขื™ืŸ.
03:55
And the byproducts of the microbes' consumption
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื
03:57
are compounds that taste and smell nasty.
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ื”ื ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืขืžืŸ ื•ืจื™ื—ืŸ ื“ื•ื—ื”.
04:01
But there's a bigger problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:03
Raw milk can carry microbes that are the sources of deadly diseases,
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ื—ืœื‘ ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืืช ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ืœื ื™ื•ืช,
04:08
so in order to kill as many of those microbes as possible,
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ืื– ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
04:11
and keep milk fresh longer,
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ื•ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื˜ืจื™ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:13
we use a technique called pasteurization.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ.
04:16
One version of this process involves exposing milk
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ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ื—ืฉื™ืคืช ื—ืœื‘
04:19
to about 30 seconds of high heat.
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ืœื‘ืขืจืš 30 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
04:22
Another version, called ultra-high temperature processing,
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ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืื•ืœื˜ืจื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
04:25
or ultra pasteurization,
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ืื• ืื•ืœื˜ื” ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืจ,
04:27
blasts the milk with considerably higher temperatures over just a few seconds.
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ืžืคืฆื™ืฆื” ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
04:33
UHT milk boasts a much longer shelf life,
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ื—ืœื‘ ืขืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ ืžื“ืฃ ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
04:36
up to twelve months unrefrigerated,
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ืขื“ ืœืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืœืœื ืงืจื•ืจ,
04:38
compared to pasteurized milk's two weeks in the fridge.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœื—ืœื‘ ืžืคื•ืกื˜ืจ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจืจ.
04:42
That's because the higher temperatures of UHT processing
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื”ืขืžื™ื“
04:45
inactivate far more microbes.
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ืžืฉื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:47
Yet the higher processing temperatures
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ืื‘ืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:50
may adversely affect the nutritional and sensory properties of the milk.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืœืจืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
04:54
Ultimately, that choice lies in the consumer's taste
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื˜ืขืžื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืจื›ืŸ
04:57
and need for convenience.
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ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ื ื•ื—ื•ืช.
04:59
Fortunately, there are many choices available
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
05:02
in an industry that produces in excess of 840 million tons of products each year.
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ื‘ืชืขืฉื™ื” ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืžืขืœ 840 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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