The 2,400-year search for the atom - Theresa Doud

2,771,654 views ใƒป 2014-12-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
What do an ancient Greek philosopher
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ืžื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืœืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืขืชื™ืง
00:09
and a 19th century Quaker
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ืœืงื•ื•ื™ืงืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื” 19
00:11
have in common with Nobel Prize-winning scientists?
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ื•ืœืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื–ื•ื›ื™ ืคืจืก ื ื•ื‘ืœ?
00:17
Although they are separated over 2,400 years of history,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืžื•ืคืจื“ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,400 ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:21
each of them contributed to answering the eternal question:
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืชืจื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื ืฆื—ื™ืช:
00:25
what is stuff made of?
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ืžืžื” ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืขืฉื•ื™?
00:27
It was around 440 BCE that Democritus first proposed
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ 440 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉื“ืžื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืฆื™ืข ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื”
00:31
that everything in the world was made up of tiny particles
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ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
00:35
surrounded by empty space.
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ืฉืžื•ืงืคื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
00:37
And he even speculated that they vary in size and shape
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื™ืขืจ ืฉื”ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืฆื•ืจื”
00:41
depending on the substance they compose.
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื.
00:44
He called these particles "atomos," Greek for indivisible.
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ื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” "ืื˜ื•ืžื•ืก," ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ืงื”.
00:49
His ideas were opposed by the more popular philosophers of his day.
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ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื• ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื ื”ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืชื•.
00:53
Aristotle, for instance, disagreed completely,
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ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื ื”ืกื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
00:57
stating instead that matter was made of four elements:
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ื•ื”ืฆื”ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช:
01:00
earth, wind, water and fire,
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ืื“ืžื”, ืจื•ื—, ืžื™ื, ื•ืืฉ,
01:03
and most later scientists followed suit.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ื—ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื•.
01:06
Atoms would remain all but forgotten until 1808,
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ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื• ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ื ืขื“ 1808,
01:12
when a Quaker teacher named John Dalton sought to challenge Aristotelian theory.
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ื’'ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืจืฆื” ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
01:18
Whereas Democritus's atomism had been purely theoretical,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื™ื˜ื•ืก ื”ื™ื” ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ,
01:21
Dalton showed that common substances always broke down into the same elements
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ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ืชื—ืœืงื• ืœืื•ืชื ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช
01:26
in the same proportions.
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ื—ืกื™ื.
01:28
He concluded that the various compounds
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉื”ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
01:30
were combinations of atoms of different elements,
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ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื•ืคื™ื ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:33
each of a particular size and mass
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืกื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช
01:36
that could neither be created nor destroyed.
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ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื• ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“.
01:39
Though he received many honors for his work,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืชืฉื‘ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•,
01:41
as a Quaker, Dalton lived modestly until the end of his days.
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ืงืงื•ื•ื™ืงืจ, ื“ืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ ื‘ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช ืขื“ ืกื•ืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื•.
01:46
Atomic theory was now accepted by the scientific community,
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ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ืช ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืชืงื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช,
01:49
but the next major advancement
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื”
01:50
would not come until nearly a century later
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ืœื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืขื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžืื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:53
with the physicist J.J. Thompson's 1897 discovery of the electron.
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ืขื ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ 1897 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ื’'ื™ ื’'ื™ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ.
01:59
In what we might call the chocolate chip cookie model of the atom,
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ื‘ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื• ืžื•ื“ืœ ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฆ'ื™ืคืก ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื,
02:03
he showed atoms as uniformly packed spheres of positive matter
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ื ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืžืจ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™
02:07
filled with negatively charged electrons.
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ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื˜ืขื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืœื™ืœื™.
02:11
Thompson won a Nobel Prize in 1906 for his electron discovery,
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ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ 1906 ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ืŸ,
02:15
but his model of the atom didn't stick around long.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืœื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ.
02:18
This was because he happened to have some pretty smart students,
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื,
02:24
including a certain Ernest Rutherford,
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืฉื ืืจื ืกื˜ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“,
02:27
who would become known as the father of the nuclear age.
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืื‘ื™ ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ.
02:31
While studying the effects of X-rays on gases,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืœื•ืžื“ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื’ื–ื™ื,
02:34
Rutherford decided to investigate atoms more closely
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ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“ ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืงืจื•ื‘
02:37
by shooting small, positively charged alpha particles at a sheet of gold foil.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื™ืจื™ื™ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ืืœืคื ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ืขื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘.
02:43
Under Thompson's model,
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ืชื—ืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ,
02:44
the atom's thinly dispersed positive charge
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ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ
02:47
would not be enough to deflect the particles in any one place.
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ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงื•ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื.
02:50
The effect would have been like a bunch of tennis balls
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจื™ ื˜ื ื™ืก
02:53
punching through a thin paper screen.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ืžืกืš ื ื™ื™ืจ ื“ืง.
02:55
But while most of the particles did pass through,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš,
02:58
some bounced right back,
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ื—ืœืงื ืงืคืฆื• ื—ื–ืจื”,
03:00
suggesting that the foil was more like a thick net with a very large mesh.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืงืจื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืช ืขื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
03:05
Rutherford concluded that atoms consisted largely of empty space
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ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“ ื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
03:09
with just a few electrons,
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ืขื ืจืง ืžืขื˜ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื,
03:11
while most of the mass was concentrated in the center,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื” ืžืจื•ื›ื–ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–,
03:14
which he termed the nucleus.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื ืœื• ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ.
03:17
The alpha particles passed through the gaps
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ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ ื”ืืœืคื ืขื‘ืจื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืขืจื™ื
03:19
but bounced back from the dense, positively charged nucleus.
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ืื‘ืœ ืงืคืฆื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืžื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื—ื•ืก ื”ื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:24
But the atomic theory wasn't complete just yet.
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
03:27
In 1913, another of Thompson's students by the name of Niels Bohr
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ื‘ 1913, ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืคืกื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื ื™ืœืก ื‘ื•ื”ืจ
03:31
expanded on Rutherford's nuclear model.
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ื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื’ืœืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืจืชืจืคื•ืจื“.
03:34
Drawing on earlier work by Max Planck and Albert Einstein
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ืžืงืก ืคืœืื ืง ื•ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืŸ
03:38
he stipulated that electrons orbit the nucleus
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืจื™ืš ืฉื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื—ื’ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื’ืœืขื™ืŸ
03:41
at fixed energies and distances,
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ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
03:44
able to jump from one level to another, but not to exist in the space between.
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ื•ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ืžืจืžื” ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ื ื”ืŸ.
03:49
Bohr's planetary model took center stage,
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ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื•ืจ ืœืงื— ืืช ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”,
03:52
but soon, it too encountered some complications.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžื”ืจื”, ื’ื ื”ื•ื ื ืชืงืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช.
03:56
Experiments had shown that rather than simply being discrete particles,
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ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืื• ืฉื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื,
03:59
electrons simultaneously behaved like waves,
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ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ื›ื’ืœื™ื,
04:04
not being confined to a particular point in space.
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ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ื‘ืžืจื—ื‘.
04:07
And in formulating his famous uncertainty principle,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืื™ ื”ื•ื“ืื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœื•,
04:10
Werner Heisenberg showed it was impossible to determine
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ื•ื•ืจื ืจ ื”ื™ื™ื–ื ื‘ืจื’ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข
04:14
both the exact position and speed of electrons
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ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืง ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงืช ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื
04:17
as they moved around an atom.
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื.
04:20
The idea that electrons cannot be pinpointed
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื
04:23
but exist within a range of possible locations
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ืื‘ืœ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื˜ื•ื•ื— ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ืžื™ื ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื
04:26
gave rise to the current quantum model of the atom,
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ืชืจื ืœืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื ื˜ื™ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ื•ื,
04:29
a fascinating theory with a whole new set of complexities
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ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืžืจืชืงืช ืขื ืกื˜ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช
04:33
whose implications have yet to be fully grasped.
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ืฉื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ื• ืœื’ืžืจื™.
04:36
Even though our understanding of atoms keeps changing,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
04:39
the basic fact of atoms remains,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจืช,
04:42
so let's celebrate the triumph of atomic theory
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื’ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื
04:45
with some fireworks.
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ืขื ื›ืžื” ื–ื™ืงื•ืงื™ื.
04:46
As electrons circling an atom shift between energy levels,
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ื›ืฉืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืงื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืื˜ื•ื ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”,
04:50
they absorb or release energy in the form of specific wavelengths of light,
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ื”ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื• ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ,
04:55
resulting in all the marvelous colors we see.
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ืžื” ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:58
And we can imagine Democritus watching from somewhere,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ืก ืฆื•ืคื” ืžืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
05:00
satisfied that over two millennia later,
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ืžืจื•ืฆื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืœืคื™ื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:03
he turned out to have been right all along.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืฆื“ืง ืœื›ืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ืจืš.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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