How humanity got hooked on coffee - Jonathan Morris

1,568,552 views ใƒป 2024-03-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
One day around 850 CE, a goatherd named Kaldi observed that,
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 850 ืœืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ืจื•ืขื” ืขื–ื™ื ื‘ืฉื ืงืืœื“ื™ ื›ื™
00:12
after nibbling on some berries, his goats started acting abnormally.
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ื›ื™ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื™ืจืกืžื• ื›ืžื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ื”ืขื–ื™ื ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช.
00:17
Kaldi tried them himself, and soon enough he was just as hyper.
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ืงืืœื“ื™ ื ื™ืกื” ืื•ืชื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ืคืจืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:22
This was humanityโ€™s first run-in with coffeeโ€”
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื™ืชืงืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืขื ืงืคื” -
00:25
or so the story goes.
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ืื• ื›ืš ืื•ืžืจ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
00:27
When exactly people began consuming coffee is unclearโ€”
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืชื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืงืคื” -
00:31
but at some point before the 1400s, in whatโ€™s now Ethiopia,
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ืืš ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-1400, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ื ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
00:35
people began foraging for wild coffee in the forest undergrowth.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืงืคื” ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
00:39
The reason coffee plants are equipped with lots of caffeine
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ ืงืคื” ืžืฆื•ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงืคืื™ืŸ
00:43
might be because it makes them unattractive to herbivores
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ืœื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืœืื•ื›ืœื™ ืขืฉื‘
00:46
or more attractive to pollinators.
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ืื• ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืื‘ื™ืงื™ื.
00:49
But either way, people caught on to coffeeโ€™s advantages
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืš ืื• ื›ืš, ืื ืฉื™ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงืคื”
00:52
and began making tea from its leaves;
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ื•ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื™ืŸ ืชื” ืžืขืœื™ื•;
00:54
combining its berries with butter and salt for a sustaining snack;
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ื›ืฉืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ืืช ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ื—ืžืื” ื•ืžืœื— ืœื—ื˜ื™ืฃ ืžืงื™ื™ื;
00:59
and drying, roasting, and simmering its cherries into an energizing elixir.
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ื•ื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•, ืฆืœื• ื•ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœื• ืœืกื ืžืžืจื™ืฅ.
01:05
Coffee rode trade routes into the Middle East,
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ื”ืงืคื” ื ืกืข ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ืกื—ืจ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:08
and its widespread popularity began brewing in earnest in the 1450s.
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืจื—ื‘ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื”ืชื‘ืฉืœ ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” -14.
01:13
Upon returning from a visit to Ethiopia,
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ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืžื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ื‘ืืชื™ื•ืคื™ื”,
01:16
a Sufi leader recommended that worshippers in Yemen
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ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืกื•ืคื™ ื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœืžืชืคืœืœื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ
01:19
use coffee during ritual chants and dances.
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงืคื” ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื–ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ืจื™ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื™ื .
01:23
Soon enough, people within the Ottoman Empire
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ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืชโ€™ืžืื ื™ืช
01:25
began roasting and grinding the beans to yield a darker, bolder beverage.
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ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืœื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ื™ื‘ ืžืฉืงื” ื›ื”ื” ื•ื ื•ืขื– ื™ื•ืชืจ.
01:31
Many gathered in guesthouses and outside mosques
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ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืืกืคื• ื‘ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืืจื—ื” ื•ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžืกื’ื“ื™ื
01:35
to partake in coffeeโ€™s comforts.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื ืขืžื™ ื”ืงืคื”.
01:37
But authorities grew concerned about whether coffeeโ€™s influence
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคื›ื• ืžื•ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืื ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืงืคื”
01:40
was innocent or intoxicating,
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ื”ื™ื ืชืžื™ืžื” ืื• ืžืฉื›ืจืช,
01:42
and if Muslims should be allowed to drink it.
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ืชื•.
01:45
Indeed, in 1511, a religious court in Mecca put coffee on trial.
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื‘ืฉื ืช 1511, ื‘ื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื“ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื” ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืงืคื” ืœืžืฉืคื˜.
01:51
Scholars finally deemed it permissible,
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ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื•ืชืจ,
01:53
so coffeehouses sprang up in Damascus, Istanbul, and beyond,
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ืฆืฆื• ื‘ื“ืžืฉืง, ื‘ืื™ืกื˜ื ื‘ื•ืœ ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ,
01:58
where clientele could sip coffee, smoke, and enjoy a variety of entertainment.
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ืฉื ืงื”ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืœื’ื•ื ืงืคื”, ืœืขืฉืŸ ื•ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืจ.
02:04
By the late 1500s, people in Yemen were farming coffee
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ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื” 16 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื™ืžืŸ ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ืงืคื”
02:08
and exporting it from the port of Al-Makha,
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ื•ื™ื™ืฆืื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื ืžืœ ืืœ-ืžื›ื”,
02:11
which became known in other parts of the world as Mocha.
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ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื‘ืฉื ืžื•ืงื”.
02:16
But coffee was eventually transportedโ€” or smuggledโ€” into India,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงืคื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ - ืื• ื”ื•ื‘ืจื— - ืœื”ื•ื“ื•,
02:20
and soon took root in Java and beyond.
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ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืฉืชืจืฉ ื‘ื’โ€™ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืœืื” ืžืฉื.
02:24
Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire introduced the stimulating substance to Europe.
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืขื•ืช'ืžืื ื™ืช ื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืœืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
02:29
Central Londonโ€™s first coffeehouses opened in the 1650s.
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื ืคืชื—ื• ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -50 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื” -16.
02:33
By 1663 there were more than 80.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1663 ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-80.
02:36
And despite King Charles IIโ€™s attempt to ban them in 1675,
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืœืš ืฆโ€™ืืจืœืก ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืืกื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื ืช 1675,
02:41
coffeehouses kept simmering as social and intellectual hotbeds.
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ื‘ืชื™ ืงืคื” ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœื‘ืขื‘ืข ื›ื—ืžืžื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื ื˜ืœืงื˜ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช.
02:46
In 1679, for instance, patrons of Garrawayโ€™s coffeehouse
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1679, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืคื˜ืจื•ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืงืคื” ื’ืืจื•ื•ื™ื™
02:51
had the pleasure of watching Robert Hooke, the scientist who coined the term โ€œcell,โ€
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื ื’ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ื”ื•ืง, ื”ืžื“ืขืŸ ืฉื˜ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืžื•ื ื— โ€œืชืโ€œ,
02:56
publicly dissect a porpoise.
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ืžื ืชื— ื‘ืคื•ืžื‘ื™ ืคื•ืงืŸ.
02:59
In France, people began mixing coffee with milk and sugar.
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœืขืจื‘ื‘ ืงืคื” ืขื ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจ.
03:02
And throughout the 1700s,
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ื•ืœืื•ืจืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื” -1700
03:04
Parisโ€™ coffeehouses hosted Enlightenment figures like Diderot and Voltaire,
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ืื™ืจื—ื• ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืงืคื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ื– ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืื•ืจื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื“ื™ื“ืจื• ื•ื•ืœื˜ื™ื™ืจ,
03:10
who allegedly drank 50 cups of coffee a day.
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ืฉืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืฉืชื• 50 ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืคื” ื‘ื™ื•ื.
03:13
Granted, these were likely small servings of comparatively weak coffeeโ€”
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ืืžื ื, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื”ื ื™ื— ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืคื” ื—ืœืฉ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช -
03:18
but still, impressive.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืžืจืฉื™ื.
03:20
Meanwhile, European empires began profiting off coffee-growing,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืงืคื”,
03:24
establishing enslaved or exploited workforces
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืžื• ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื• ืžื ื•ืฆืœ
03:28
in Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean.
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ื‘ืืกื™ื”, ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช ื•ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
03:31
As cultivation boomed in Latin America, fueled by slavery,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืคืจื— ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื”ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ื ืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช,
03:35
growers displaced Indigenous populations
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ืžื’ื“ืœื™ื ืขืงืจื• ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืช ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืจืคื• ื™ืขืจื•ืช
03:38
and burned forests to establish ever-expanding plantations.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ื ืžื˜ืขื™ื ืžืชืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ.
03:43
By 1906, Brazil was exporting over 80% of the worldโ€™s coffee.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1906, ื‘ืจื–ื™ืœ ื™ื™ืฆืื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž -80% ืžื”ืงืคื” ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
03:48
That same year, the Milan Worldโ€™s Fair showcased
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ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉื ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ ื‘ืžื™ืœืื ื• ืืช ืžื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืืกืคืจืกื•
03:52
the first commercial espresso machine.
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ื”ืžืกื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:55
And alongside the development of industrial roasting equipment
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ื•ืœืฆื“ ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืงืœื™ื™ื” ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™
03:58
came various coffee brands.
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื•ืชื’ื™ ืงืคื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
04:01
By the mid-1950s, about 60% of US factories incorporated coffee breaks.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื, ื› -60% ืžื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉื™ืœื‘ื• ื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ืงืคื”.
04:07
As African countries cut colonial ties, many ramped up coffee production.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืจื™ืงื” ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ืœื•ื ื™ืืœื™ื™ื, ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืงืคื”.
04:12
And coffee drinking also later made inroads in East Asia,
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ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ืงืคื” ื’ื ื—ื“ืจื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”,
04:16
especially as canned, pre-prepared beverages.
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ื• ืžืจืืฉ.
04:20
In more recent decades,
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ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื,
04:21
specialty coffees with an emphasis on quality beans and brewing methods
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ืงืคื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื ื“ื’ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื•ืœื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืœ
04:26
grew popular and propelled farms in Central America and East Africa.
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ื”ืคืš ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื•ื”ื ื™ืข ื—ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืžืจื™ืงื” ื•ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืคืจื™ืงื”.
04:31
Yet coffee workers worldwide continued to endure inhumane conditions
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ืขื ื–ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืงืคื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื• ืœืกื‘ื•ืœ ืชื ืื™ื ืœื ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื
04:36
and insufficient compensation.
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ื•ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
04:38
This motivated certification efforts
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ื–ื” ื”ื ื™ืข ืžืืžืฆื™ ื”ืกืžื›ื”
04:41
for coffee production that met ethical standards,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืคื” ืฉืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ืืชื™ื™ื,
04:44
including minimum wage and sustainable farming.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื›ืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ื•ื—ืงืœืื•ืช ื‘ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื.
04:47
But issues still loom over the industry.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจื—ืคื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”.
04:50
And because of climate change,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืงืœื™ื,
04:52
the equatorial โ€œBean Beltโ€ where coffee thrives
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โ€œื—ื’ื•ืจืช ื”ืคื•ืœื™ืโ€ ื”ืžืฉื•ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืงืคื” ืžืฉื’ืฉื’
04:55
is projected to shrink in upcoming decades.
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ืฆืคื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืฅ ื‘ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื.
04:58
Itโ€™s unclear exactly what this might look like.
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ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืจืื•ืช.
05:01
But scientists are investigating possibilities
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
05:04
like resilient coffee hybrids that might help weather the unpredictable futureโ€”
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ื›ืžื• ืงืคื” ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ื“ื™ ืขืžื™ื“ ืฉืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ืขื ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืฆืคื•ื™ -
05:09
all to protect the beverage thatโ€™s become a cherished part
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ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืงื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื—ืœืง ื™ืงืจ ื‘ื˜ืงืกื™ื
05:12
of daily rituals worldwide.
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ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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