The great conspiracy against Julius Caesar - Kathryn Tempest

9,141,023 views ใƒป 2014-12-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
What would you do if you thought your country was on the path to tyranny?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ื—ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืจื•ื“ื ื•ืช?
00:11
If you saw one man gaining too much power, would you try to stop him?
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ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืฆื•ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืชื•?
00:16
Even if that man was one of your closest friends and allies?
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ืื“ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช?
00:20
These were the questions haunting Roman Senator Marcus Junius Brutus in 44 BCE,
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ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ืฉืจื“ืคื• ืืช ื”ืกื ืื˜ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™ ืžืจื›ื•ืก ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ 44 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
00:27
the year Julius Caesar would be assassinated.
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ื”ืฉื ื” ื‘ื” ื”ืชื ืงืฉื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ.
00:31
Opposing unchecked power wasn't just a political matter for Brutus;
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ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื— ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœืœื ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก:
00:35
it was a personal one.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™.
00:37
He claimed descent from Lucius Junius Brutus,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฆืืฆื ืฉืœ ืœื•ืกื™ื•ืก ื’'ื•ื ื™ื•ืก ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก,
00:40
who had helped overthrow the tyrannical king known as Tarquin the Proud.
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ืฉืขื–ืจ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื›ื™ืกืื• ืืช ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื˜ืจืงื•ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ื”ื’ืื”.
00:45
Instead of seizing power himself,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•,
00:47
the elder Brutus led the people in a rousing oath
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ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื”ืื‘ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื”
00:51
to never again allow a king to rule.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืœืš ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ืฉื•ื‘.
00:54
Rome became a republic
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ืจื•ืžื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”
00:56
based on the principle that no one man should hold too much power.
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉืืฃ ืื“ื ืœื ื™ื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื›ื•ื—.
01:00
Now, four and a half centuries later, this principle was threatened.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืžืื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื ื”.
01:04
Julius Ceasar's rise to the powerful position of consul
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ื”ืขืœื™ื” ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ ืœืขืžื“ื” ื›ื•ื—ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื™ื•ืขืฅ
01:08
had been dramatic.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ืช.
01:10
Years of military triumphs had made him the wealthiest man in Rome.
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ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืื“ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืžื.
01:14
And after defeating his rival Pompey the Great in a bitter civil war,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื• ืคื•ืžืคื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืžืจื”,
01:18
his power was at its peak.
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ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืื•.
01:21
His victories and initiatives, such as distributing lands to the poor,
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ื”ื ืฆื—ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื•ื”ื™ื•ื–ืžื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืœืง ืื“ืžื•ืช ืœืขื ื™ื™ื,
01:25
had made him popular with the public,
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืื•ืชื• ืœืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ,
01:27
and many senators vied for his favor by showering him with honors.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืืช ื—ืกื•ืชื• ื‘ื”ืจืขืคืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœื™ื•.
01:32
Statues were built, temples were dedicated,
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ืคืกืœื™ื ื ื‘ื ื•, ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ืงื“ืฉื•,
01:34
and a whole month was renamed, still called July today.
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ื•ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืฉื ื—ื“ืฉ, ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื ืงืจื ื™ื•ืœื™.
01:40
More importantly, the title of dictator,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ,
01:42
meant to grant temporary emergency powers in wartime,
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ืฉื™ื•ืขื“ ืœืชืช ืœื• ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื—ืจื•ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:45
had been bestowed upon Caesar several times in succession.
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ื”ื•ืจืขืฃ ืขืœ ืงื™ืกืจ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืจืฆื™ืคื•ืช.
01:50
And in 44 BCE, he was made dictator perpetuo,
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ื•ื‘ 44 ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืคืจืคื˜ื•ืื•,
01:54
dictator for a potentially unlimited term.
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ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจ ืœื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ.
01:59
All of this was too much for the senators
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืœืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื
02:01
who feared a return to the monarchy their ancestors had fought to abolish,
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ืฉืคื—ื“ื• ืžื—ื–ืจืช ื”ืžื•ื ืจื›ื™ื” ืฉืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ืœื‘ื˜ืœ,
02:06
as well as those whose own power and ambition
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืœื” ืฉื”ื›ื•ื— ื•ื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
02:09
were impeded by Caesar's rule.
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ืขื•ื›ื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืกืจ.
02:12
A group of conspirators calling themselves the liberators
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ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืฉืงืจืื” ืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื
02:15
began to secretly discuss plans for assassination.
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ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช.
02:20
Leading them were the senator Gaius Cassius Longinus
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ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจ ื’ืื™ื•ืก ืงืกื™ื•ืก ืœื•ื ื’ื™ื ื•ืก
02:23
and his friend and brother-in-law, Brutus.
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ื•ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื’ื™ืกื•, ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก.
02:26
Joining the conspiracy was not an easy choice for Brutus.
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ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื•ืช ืœืžื–ื™ืžื” ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืœื” ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก.
02:30
Even though Brutus had sided with Pompey in the ill-fated civil war,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ืฆื™ื“ื“ ื‘ืคื•ืžืคื™ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ื”ืขื’ื•ืžื”,
02:34
Caesar had personally intervened to save his life,
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ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืชืขืจื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื•,
02:38
not only pardoning him but even accepting him as a close advisor
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื—ื ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืืœื ืืฃ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื• ื›ื™ื•ืขืฅ ืงืจื•ื‘
02:42
and elevating him to important posts.
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ื•ื”ืขืœื” ืื•ืชื• ืœืžืฉืจื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช.
02:45
Brutus was hesitant to conspire against the man who had treated him like a son,
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ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื—ืฉืฉ ืœื–ืžื•ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื• ื›ืžื• ื‘ืŸ,
02:50
but in the end,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ,
02:51
Cassius's insistence and Brutus's own fear of Caesar's ambitions won out.
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ื”ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืกื™ื•ืก ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ืขืฆืžื• ืžื”ืืžื‘ื™ืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ ื’ื‘ืจื•.
02:58
The moment they had been waiting for came on March 15.
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ื”ืจื’ืข ืœื• ื—ื™ื›ื• ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ 15 ื‘ืžืจืฅ.
03:01
At a senate meeting
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ื‘ืคื’ื™ืฉืช ืกื ืื˜
03:02
held shortly before Caesar was to depart on his next military campaign,
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ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืงื™ืกืจ ืขืžื“ ืœืฆืืช ืœืžืขืจื›ื” ื”ืฆื‘ืื™ืช ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื•,
03:07
as many as 60 conspirators surrounded him,
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ื› 60 ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืžื–ื™ืžื” ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื•,
03:10
unsheathing daggers from their togas and stabbing at him from all sides.
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ื—ืฉืคื• ืคื’ื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื˜ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื“ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื• ืžื›ืœ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื.
03:15
As the story goes,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœืš,
03:17
Caesar struggled fiercely until he saw Brutus.
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ืงื™ืกืจ ื ืื‘ืง ื‘ืขื•ืฆืžื” ืขื“ ืฉืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก.
03:21
Despite the famous line, "Et tu, Brute?" written by Shakespeare,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื "ืื” ื˜ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก?" ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ,
03:25
we don't know Caesar's actual dying words.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ.
03:28
Some ancient sources claim he said nothing,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื˜ื•ืขื ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ืืžืจ ื›ืœื•ื.
03:31
while others record the phrase, "And you, child?",
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, "ื•ืืชื”, ื™ืœื“?",
03:33
fueling speculation that Brutus may have actually been Caesar's illegitimate son.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื ื• ื”ืœื ืœื’ื™ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ.
03:39
But all agree that when Caesar saw Brutus among his attackers,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืฉื›ืฉืงื™ืกืจ ืจืื” ืืช ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืชื•ืงืคื™ื,
03:43
he covered his face and gave up the fight,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ืกื” ืืช ืคื ื™ื• ื•ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ืœื—ื,
03:46
falling to the ground after being stabbed 23 times.
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ื ืคืœ ืœืงืจืงืข ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื“ืงืจ 23 ืคืขืžื™ื.
03:51
Unfortunately for Brutus,
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก,
03:52
he and the other conspirators had underestimated Caesar's popularity
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ื”ื•ื ื•ื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ
03:57
among the Roman public,
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ื‘ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ืžืื™,
03:58
many of whom saw him as an effective leader,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืจืื• ืื•ืชื• ื›ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™,
04:01
and the senate as a corrupt aristocracy.
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ื•ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื›ืืจื™ืกื˜ื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื—ืชืช.
04:04
Within moments of Caesar's assassination, Rome was in a state of panic.
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ืชื•ืš ื“ืงื•ืช ืžื”ื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืกืจ, ืจื•ืžื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ืคื ื™ืงื”.
04:08
Most of the other senators had fled,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื•,
04:11
while the assassins barricaded themselves on the Capitoline Hill.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืžืชื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืงืคื™ื˜ื•ืœ.
04:14
Mark Antony, Caesar's friend and co-consul,
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ืžืืจืง ืื ื˜ื•ื ื™, ื—ื‘ืจื• ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื• ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ,
04:17
was swift to seize the upper hand,
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ืžื™ื”ืจ ืœืชืคื•ืฉ ืืช ืขืžื“ืช ื”ื›ื•ื—,
04:20
delivering a passionate speech at Caesar's funeral days later
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ื•ื ืฉื ื ืื•ื ืžืœื ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื‘ืœื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืงื™ืกืจ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:24
that whipped the crowd into a frenzy of grief and anger.
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ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœื˜ืจื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืฆืขืจ ื•ื–ืขื.
04:28
As a result, the liberators were forced out of Rome.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื”, ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืœืฆื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ืจื•ืžื.
04:31
The ensuing power vacuum led to a series of civil wars,
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ื•ืืงื•ื ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืื–ืจื—ื™ื,
04:35
during which Brutus, facing certain defeat, took his own life.
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ื‘ืžื”ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก, ื›ืฉืขืžื“ ืžื•ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื” ื•ื•ื“ืื™ืช, ื”ืชืื‘ื“.
04:40
Ironically, the ultimate result
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื”, ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช
04:42
would be the opposite of what the conspirators had hoped to accomplish:
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืคืš ืžืžื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืงื™ื•ื• ืœื”ืฉื™ื’:
04:46
the end of the Republic
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ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื”
04:47
and the concentration of power under the office of Emperor.
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ื•ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ื›ื•ื— ืชื—ืช ื”ืงื™ืกืจ.
04:51
Opinions over the assassination of Caesar were divided from the start
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ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื”ืชื ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืชื—ืœืงื• ืžื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”
04:55
and have remained so.
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ื•ื ืฉืืจื• ื›ืš.
04:57
As for Brutus himself,
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ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื‘ืขืฆืžื•,
04:58
few historical figures have inspired such a conflicting legacy.
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ืžืขื˜ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœื›ื–ื• ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžืคื•ืœื’ืช.
05:02
In Dante's "Inferno," he was placed in the very center of Hell
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ื‘ืื™ื ืคืจื ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื ื˜ื”, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžืžื•ืงื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ื”ื ื•ื
05:06
and eternally chewed by Satan himself for his crime of betrayal.
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ื•ื ืœืขืก ืœืชืžื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืœ ืคืฉืข ื‘ื’ื™ื“ืชื•.
05:12
But Swift's "Gulliver's Travels"
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ืื‘ืœ "ืžืกืขื™ ื’ื•ืœื™ื‘ืจ" ืฉืœ ืกื•ื•ื™ืคื˜
05:14
described him as one of the most virtuous and benevolent people to have lived.
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ืžืชืืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘ ืฉื—ื™ื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
05:18
The interpretation of Brutus as either a selfless fighter against dictatorship
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ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื•ืก ื›ืœื•ื—ื ื—ืกืจ ืื ื•ื›ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื“ ื”ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื”
05:22
or an opportunistic traitor
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ืื• ื›ื‘ื•ื’ื“ ืื•ืคื•ืจื˜ื•ื ื™ืกื˜
05:25
has shifted with the tides of history and politics.
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ื ืขื” ืขื ื”ื’ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”.
05:28
But even today, over 2000 years later,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื•ื, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2000 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
05:31
questions about the price of liberty,
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ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืจื•ืช,
05:33
the conflict between personal loyalties and universal ideals,
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ื”ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ื™ื,
05:37
and unintended consequences remain more relevant than ever.
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ื•ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื ืฉืืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจืœื•ื•ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืžื™ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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