The Silk Road: Connecting the ancient world through trade - Shannon Harris Castelo

3,735,996 views ใƒป 2014-06-03

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
A banker in London sends the latest stock info
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ื‘ื ืงืื™ ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืžื ื™ื•ืช
00:09
to his colleagues in Hong Kong in less than a second.
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ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื ืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื•ื ื’ ืงื•ื ื’ ื‘ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื”.
00:12
With a single click, a customer in New York
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ื‘ืœื—ื™ืฆื” ืื—ืช, ืœืงื•ื— ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง
00:14
orders electronics made in Beijing,
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ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ื’'ื™ื ื’,
00:16
transported across the ocean within days
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ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื
00:19
by cargo plane or container ship.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื˜ื•ืก ืžื˜ืขืŸ ืื• ืื•ื ื™ื™ืช ืžื›ื•ืœื•ืช.
00:21
The speed and volume at which goods and information
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ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื‘ื” ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืžื™ื“ืข
00:23
move across the world today is unprecedented in history.
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ื ืขื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
00:27
But global exchange itself is older than we think,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ ืขืฆืžื• ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื,
00:30
reaching back over 2,000 years along a 5,000 mile stretch
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ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืขื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 2,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš 8,000 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ
00:34
known as the Silk Road.
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ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™.
00:36
The Silk Road wasn't actually a single road,
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ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”,
00:39
but a network of multiple routes
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ืืœื ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช
00:41
that gradually emerged over centuries,
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ืฉืœืื˜ ืœืื˜ ืฆืฆื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืžืื•ืช,
00:43
connecting to various settlements and to each other
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ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”
00:45
thread by thread.
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ื—ื•ื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ื—ื•ื˜.
00:47
The first agricultural civilizations were isolated places
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ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื™ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื
00:51
in fertile river valleys,
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื,
00:52
their travel impeded by surrounding geography
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ื”ืžืกืข ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื•ืคืจืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืžืงื™ืคื”
00:54
and fear of the unknown.
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ื•ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ื“ื•ืข.
00:56
But as they grew,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ื ื’ื“ืœื•,
00:57
they found that the arid deserts and steps on their borders
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ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื”ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
01:00
were inhabited, not by the demons of folklore,
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ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื , ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื“ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืœืงืœื•ืจ,
01:02
but nomadic tribes on horseback.
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ืืœื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื™ื.
01:05
The Scythians, who ranged from Hungary to Mongolia,
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ื”ืกื›ื™ื˜ืื ื™ื, ืฉื ืขื• ืžื”ื•ื ื’ืจื™ื” ืœืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื”,
01:08
had come in contact with the civilizations of
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ื‘ืื• ื‘ืžื’ืข ืขื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ
01:10
Greece, Egypt, India and China.
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ื™ื•ื•ืŸ, ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื, ื”ื•ื“ื• ื•ืกื™ืŸ.
01:13
These encounters were often less than peaceful.
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ื”ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ื•ื™ื.
01:15
But even through raids and warfare,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืžืœื—ืžื”,
01:17
as well as trade and protection of traveling merchants
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ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื—ืจ ื•ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืขื™ื
01:20
in exchange for tariffs,
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ื‘ืชืžื•ืจื” ืœืชืฉืœื•ื,
01:22
the nomads began to spread goods, ideas and technologies
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ื”ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
01:25
between cultures with no direct contact.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ื™ืฉื™ืจ.
01:28
One of the most important strands of this growing web
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
01:31
was the Persian Royal Road,
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ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ืช ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืชื™ืช,
01:33
completed by Darius the First in the 5th century BCE.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื•ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”.
01:36
Stretching nearly 2,000 miles from the Tigris River to the Aegean Sea,
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ืžืฉืชืจืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื ื™ 3,200 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ืžื ื”ืจ ื”ื˜ื™ื’ืจื™ืก ืœื™ื ื”ืื’ืื™,
01:41
its regular relay points allowed goods and messages
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื— ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืืคืฉืจื• ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืœืžืกืจื™ื
01:43
to travel at nearly 1/10 the time it would take a single traveler.
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ืœื ื•ืข ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ืช ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืงื— ืœื ื•ืกืข ื‘ื•ื“ื“.
01:48
With Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia,
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ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืคืจืก ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
01:50
and expansion into Central Asia through capturing cities like Samarkand,
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ื•ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื” ื“ืจืš ืชืคื™ืฉืช ืขืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืกืžืจืงื ื“,
01:54
and establishing new ones like Alexandria Eschate,
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ื•ื”ืงืžืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจื™ื” ืืกืฉื˜ื”,
01:57
the network of Greek, Egyptian, Persian and Indian culture and trade
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ื”ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืช, ืคืจืกื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื—ืจ
02:01
extended farther east than ever before,
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ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื• ื”ืจื—ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื–ืจื— ืžื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
02:04
laying the foundations for a bridge between China and the West.
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ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืขืจื‘.
02:07
This was realized in the 2nd century BCE,
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ื–ื” ื”ืชืžืžืฉ ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:11
when an ambassador named Zhang Qian,
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ื›ืฉื”ืฉื’ืจื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื–ืื ื’ ืงื™ืืŸ,
02:13
sent to negotiate with nomads in the West,
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ืฉืœื— ืœืฉืืช ื•ืœืชืช ืขื ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื‘,
02:15
returned to the Han Emperor with tales of
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ื•ื—ื–ืจ ืœืงื™ืกืจ ื”ืืŸ ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ
02:17
sophisticated civilizations, prosperous trade
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ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื•ืช, ืกื—ืจ ืคื•ืจื”
02:20
and exotic goods beyond the western borders.
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ื•ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื™ื.
02:23
Ambassadors and merchants were sent towards
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ืฉื’ืจื™ืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ื—ืจื™ื ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
02:26
Persia and India to trade silk and jade for horses and cotton,
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ืคืจืก ื•ื”ื•ื“ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœืกื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืžืฉื™ ื•ื™ืจืงืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื ื”,
02:29
along with armies to secure their passage.
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœืื‘ื˜ื— ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ.
02:32
Eastern and western routes gradually linked together
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื–ืจื—ื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื—ื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“
02:35
into an integrated system spanning Eurasia,
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ืœืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ืช ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืจื•ืืกื™ื”,
02:38
enabling cultural and commercial exhange
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ื•ืืคืฉืจื” ืžืกื—ืจ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืกื—ืจื™
02:40
farther than ever before.
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ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืื™ ืคืขื ื‘ืขื‘ืจ.
02:42
Chinese goods made their way to Rome,
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ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืจื•ืžื,
02:44
causing an outflow of gold that led to a ban on silk,
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ื•ื’ืจืžื• ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืื™ืกื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืฉื™,
02:48
while Roman glassware was highly prized in China.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ื•ืขืจื›ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืกื™ืŸ.
02:51
Military expeditions in Central Asia
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ืžืฉืœื—ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ืืกื™ื”
02:53
also saw encounters between Chinese and Roman soldiers.
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ื—ื•ื• ืžืคื’ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืกื™ื ื™ื ืœืจื•ืžื™ื.
02:57
Possibly even transmitting crossbow technology
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืงืฉืช
02:59
to the Western world.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
03:01
Demand for exotic and foreign goods
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ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช
03:04
and the profits they brought,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•,
03:05
kept the strands of the Silk Road in tact,
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ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื—ื•ื˜ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ืฉืœืžื™ื,
03:07
even as the Roman Empire disintegrated
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืฉื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืจื•ืžื™ืช ื”ืชืคื•ืจืจื”
03:09
and Chinese dynasties rose and fell.
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ื•ื”ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืช ืขืœื• ื•ื ืคืœื•.
03:13
Even Mongolian hoards, known for pillage and plunder,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื ื’ื•ืœื™ื™ื, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื™ื ื›ืฉื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื•ื‘ื•ื–ื–ื™ื,
03:16
actively protected the trade routes, rather than disrupting them.
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ื”ื’ื ื• ืขืœ ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืกื—ืจ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืคืจื™ืข ืœื”ื.
03:19
But along with commodities, these routes also enabled
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื”ื ืชื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืืคืฉืจื•
03:22
the movement of traditions, innovations, ideologies and languages.
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ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจื•ืช, ื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืื™ื“ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืคื•ืช.
03:27
Originating in India, Buddhism migrated to China and Japan
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ืžืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื•, ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื ื”ื’ืจื” ืœืกื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืคืŸ
03:30
to become the dominant religion there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื“ืช ื”ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ืช ืฉื.
03:32
Islam spread from the Arabian Penninsula into South Asia,
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ืื™ืกืœืื ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžื”ืคื ื™ื ืกื•ืœื” ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื“ืจื•ื ืืกื™ื”,
03:36
blending with native beliefs
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ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
03:37
and leading to new faiths, like Sikhism.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืกื™ืงื™ืช.
03:40
And gunpowder made its way from China to the Middle East
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ื•ืื‘ืง ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืขืฉื” ืืช ื“ืจื›ื• ืžืกื™ืŸ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
03:43
forging the futures of the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughul Empires.
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ื•ื—ื™ืฉืœ ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืชื•ืžืื ื™ื, ืœืกืคืื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™ืช.
03:48
In a way, the Silk Road's success led to its own demise
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช, ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืฉืœ ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™ ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืœืžืคืœื” ืฉืœื”
03:51
as new maritime technologies, like the magnetic compass,
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ื›ืฉื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฆืคืŸ ื”ืžื’ื ื˜ื™,
03:54
found their way to Europe, making long land routes obsolete.
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ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ืœืืจื•ืคื”, ื•ื™ืชืจื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช.
03:57
Meanwhile, the collapse of Mongol rule
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื”ืžืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื•ืœื™
04:00
was followed by China's withdrawal from international trade.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ื” ื”ื ืกื™ื’ื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช ืžืกื—ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™.
04:04
But even though the old routes and networks did not last,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื•ืช ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ืœื ืฉืจื“ื•,
04:06
they had changed the world forever
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ื”ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืชืžื™ื“
04:08
and there was no going back.
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ื—ื–ืจื”.
04:10
Europeans seeking new maritime routes
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ืืจื•ืคืื™ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
04:13
to the riches they knew awaited in East Asia
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ืœืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉื”ื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”
04:15
led to the Age of Exploration
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื
04:17
and expansion into Africa and the Americas.
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ื•ืœื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืคืจื™ืงื” ื•ืœืืžืจื™ืงื”.
04:20
Today, global interconnectedness shapes our lives like never before.
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื”.
04:24
Canadian shoppers buy t-shirts made in Bangladesh,
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ืงื•ื ื™ื ืงื ื“ื™ื ืงื•ื ื™ื ื—ื•ืœืฆื•ืช ืฉืžื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื ื’ืœื“ืฉ,
04:27
Japanese audiences watch British television shows,
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ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืกื“ืจื•ืช ื˜ืœื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช,
04:30
and Tunisians use American software to launch a revolution.
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ื•ืชื•ื ื™ืกืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืคื›ื”.
04:34
The impact of globalization on culture and economy is indisputable.
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉืœ ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืœื ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื”ืคืจื—ื”.
04:38
But whatever its benefits and drawbacks,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื”ืชื•ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช,
04:40
it is far from a new phenomenon.
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ื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืชื•ืคืขื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
04:43
And though the mountains, deserts and oceans
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ื•ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืกื™ื
04:45
that once separated us
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ืฉืคืขื ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื• ื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื•
04:46
are now circumvented through super sonic vehicles,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื ืขืงืคื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื™ื™ื,
04:49
cross-continental communication cables,
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ื›ื‘ืœื™ ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื—ื•ืฆื™ ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช,
04:51
and signals beamed through space
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ื•ืื•ืชื•ืช ืฉืžืฉื•ื’ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ
04:53
rather than caravans traveling for months,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืงืจื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืกืขื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:56
none of it would have been possible
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
04:57
without the pioneering cultures
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืฆื™ื•ืช
04:59
whose efforts created the Silk Road:
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ืฉื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื™ืฆืจื• ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืžืฉื™:
05:01
history's first world wide web.
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ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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