How do we smell? - Rose Eveleth

1,694,847 views ใƒป 2013-12-19

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
ื–ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื.
00:07
It's the first sense you use when you're born.
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00:09
One out of every fifty of your genes is dedicated to it.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื›ืœ ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
ืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื•.
00:12
It must be important, right?
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ื”ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืœื?
00:14
Okay, take a deep breath through your nose.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืงื—ื• ื ืฉื™ืžื” ืขืžื•ืงื”
ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:17
It's your sense of smell,
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ื–ื” ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื,
00:18
and it's breathtakingly powerful.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขื•ืฆืจ ื ืฉื™ืžื”.
00:20
As an adult, you can distinguish about 10,000 different smells.
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ื›ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื, ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
ื‘ื™ืŸ 10,000 ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
ื›ืš ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื–ื”.
00:24
Here's how your nose does it.
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00:25
Smell starts when you sniff molecules from the air into your nostrils.
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ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉื•ืืคื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช
ืžื”ืื•ื™ืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื.
00:29
95% of your nasal cavity
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95% ืžื—ืœืœ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
00:30
is used just to filter that air before it hits your lungs.
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ืจืง ืžืกื ืŸ ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
00:34
But at the very back of your nose
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื
00:35
is a region called the olfactory epithelium,
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ื™ืฉ ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื—,
00:37
a little patch of skin that's key to everything you smell.
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ืคื™ืกืช ืขื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”
ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื.
00:40
The olfactory epithelium has a layer of olfactory receptor cells,
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ืœืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ื™ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื”
ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ืจื™ื—,
00:43
special neurons that sense smells,
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื—,
00:45
like the taste buds of your nose.
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ื›ืžื• ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ื”ืืฃ.
00:47
When odor molecules hit the back of your nose,
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ื›ืฉืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืจื™ื— ืคื•ื’ืขื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืืฃ,
00:49
they get stuck in a layer of mucus covering the olfactory epithelium.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืชืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ืจ
ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืืช ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื—.
00:53
As they dissolve, they bind to the olfactory receptor cells,
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ื›ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืชืžื•ืกืกื•ืช,
ื”ืŸ ื ืงืฉืจื•ืช ืœืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื—,
ืฉื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืื•ืชื•ืช
00:56
which fire and send signals through the olfactory tract
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ื“ืจืš ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ื—
00:58
up to your brain.
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ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื.
00:59
As a side note, you can tell a lot
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ื›ื”ืขืจืช ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ื,
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืขืจ
01:01
about how good an animal's sense of smell is
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ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื”
01:03
by the size of its olfactory epithelium.
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ืœืคื™ ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื”.
01:05
A dog's olfactory epithelium
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ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื›ืœื‘ื™ื
ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืคื™ 20
01:07
is 20 times bigger than your puny human one.
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ืžื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื.
01:09
But there's still a lot we don't know about this little patch of cells, too.
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
ืขืœ ืžืงื‘ืฅ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื–ื”.
ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื ื• ืฆื‘ื•ืข,
01:13
For example, our olfactory epithelium is pigmented,
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01:15
and scientists don't really know why.
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ืข.
01:17
But how do you actually tell the difference between smells?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช?
01:20
It turns out that your brain has
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืฉ
40 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืœื˜ื™ ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:22
40 million different olfactory receptor neurons,
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01:24
so odor A might trigger
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ืื– ืจื™ื— ื' ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื 3 ,427 ื• 988,
01:27
neurons 3, 427, and 988,
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01:29
and odor B might trigger
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ื•ืจื™ื— ื‘' ื™ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื 8, 76 ื• 2,349,989.
01:32
neurons 8, 76, and 2,496,678.
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01:36
All of these different combinations
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”
ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ืจื—ื‘ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจื™ื—ื•ืช.
01:38
let you detect a staggeringly broad array of smells.
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01:40
Olfactory neurons are always fresh and ready for action.
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ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื˜ืจื™ื™ื
ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœื”.
01:43
They're the only neuron in the body that gets replaced regularly,
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ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
ืฉืžื•ื—ืœืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ,
01:46
every four to eight weeks.
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ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช.
01:47
Once they are triggered, the signal travels through a bundle
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื,
ื”ืื•ืช ื ืข ื“ืจืš ืื™ื–ื•ืจ
ืฉื ืงืจื ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื”ืจื™ื—
01:50
called the olfactory tract
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01:51
to destinations all over your brain, making stops in the amygdala,
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ืืœ ื™ืขื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
ื•ืขื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ื’ื“ืœื”,
01:54
the thalamus, and the neocortex.
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ื‘ืชืืœืžื•ืก,
ื•ื‘ื ื™ืื•-ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก.
01:56
This is different from how sight and sound are processed.
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ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื”
ืžืื™ืš ืฉืžืจืื•ืช ื•ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื“ื
01:59
Each of those signals goes first to a relay center
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ืœืžืจื›ื– ื ื™ืชื•ื‘
ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžื•ื—
02:01
in the middle of the cerebral hemisphere
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ื•ืžืฉื ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
02:03
and then out to other regions of the brain.
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02:05
But smell, because it evolved before most of your other senses,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื™ื—, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชืคืชื—
ืœืคื ื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
02:08
takes a direct route to these different regions of the brain,
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ืžื’ื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช
ืœืื–ื•ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
02:11
where it can trigger your fight-or-flight response,
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ืฉื ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ืชื’ื•ื‘ืช ื”"ื”ื™ืœื—ื ืื• ื‘ืจื—",
ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื–ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
02:13
help you recall memories, or make your mouth water.
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ืื• ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœืจื™ื™ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ
02:16
But even though we've all got the same physiological set-up,
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืคื™ื–ื™,
ืฉื ื™ ื ื—ื™ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ ืจื™ื—,
02:19
two nostrils and millions of olfactory neurons,
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ืžืจื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
02:21
not everybody smells the same things.
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02:23
One of the most famous examples of this
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช ืœื›ืš
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืฉืชืŸ ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก."
02:25
is the ability to smell so-called "asparagus pee."
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02:27
For about a quarter of the population,
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ืจื‘ืข ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”,
02:29
urinating after eating asparagus
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ืžืจื™ื— ืจื™ื— ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืฉืชืŸ
02:31
means smelling a distinct odor.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืกืคืจื’ื•ืก.
02:33
The other 75% of us don't notice.
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ืฉืืจ 75 ื”ืื—ื•ื– ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื— ื”ื–ื”.
02:35
And this isn't the only case of smells differing from nose to nose.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
ืœื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ ืจื™ื—.
02:38
For some people, the chemical androstenone smells like vanilla;
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ืœื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื
ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืŸ ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ื•ื ื™ืœ;
02:41
to others, it smells like sweaty urine,
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ืœืื—ืจื™ื, ื”ื•ื ืžืจื™ื— ื›ืžื• ืฉืชืŸ ืžื™ื•ื–ืข.
02:44
which is unfortunate
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ื•ื—ื‘ืœ,
02:45
because androstenone is commonly found in tasty things like pork.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”
ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื–ื™ืจ.
02:48
So with the sweaty urine smellers in mind,
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ืื– ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžืจื™ื—ื™ ืฉืชืŸ ืžื™ื•ื–ืข,
02:50
pork producers will castrate male pigs
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ื™ืฆืจื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ืกืจืกื• ื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื
02:52
to stop them from making androstenone.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ืžื”ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื ื“ืจื•ืกื˜ื ื•ืŸ.
02:55
The inability to smell a scent is called anosmia,
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืจื™ื—
ื ืงืจื ืื ื•ืกืžื™ื” (ืชืชืจื ื•ืช),
02:57
and there are about 100 known examples.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช.
02:59
People with allicin anosmia can't smell garlic.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ืื ื•ืกืžื™ื™ืช ืืœื™ืกื™ืŸ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื.
ืืœื ืขื ืื ื•ืกืžื™ื™ืช ืื™ื•ื’ื ื•ืœ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ.
03:03
Those with eugenol anosmia can't smell cloves.
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03:05
And some people can't smell anything
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ
03:08
at all.
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ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
03:09
This kind of full anosmia could have several causes.
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ืื ื•ืกืžื™ื” ืžืœืื” ื›ื–ื•
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ื‘ื•ืข ืžื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
03:12
Some people are born without a sense of smell.
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ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ื—ื•ืฉ ืจื™ื—.
03:14
Others lose it after an accident or during an illness.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืื—ืจื™ ืชืื•ื ื”
ืื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื—ืœื”.
03:17
If the olfactory epithelium gets swollen or infected,
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ืื ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืžืชื ืคื— ืื• ืžื–ื“ื”ื
03:20
it can hamper your sense of smell,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื‘ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื—,
03:21
something you might have experienced when you were sick.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื
ื›ืฉื—ืœื™ืชื.
03:24
Not being able to smell anything can mess with your other senses, too.
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ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื›ืœื•ื
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื’ืข ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
03:27
Many people who can't smell at all
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ื‘ื›ืœืœ
03:29
also can't really taste the same way the rest of us do.
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ื’ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš
ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื—ืฉื™ื.
03:32
It turns out that how something tastes is closely related to how it smells.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœ ืžืฉื”ื•
ืงืฉื•ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœืจื™ื— ืฉืœื•.
03:35
As you chew your food, air is pushed up your nasal passage,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืขืกื™ื ืื•ื›ืœ,
ืื•ื™ืจ ื ื“ื—ืฃ ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ืืฃ ืฉืœื›ื,
03:38
carrying with it the smell of your food.
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืื™ืชื• ืืช ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”ื.
03:40
Those scents hit your olfactory epithelium
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ื”ืจื™ื—ื•ืช ืคื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ืืคื™ืชืœ ื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื
03:42
and tell your brain a lot about what you're eating.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื.
03:45
Without the ability to smell, you lose the ability to taste
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื™ื—,
ืืชื ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื˜ืขื•ื
03:48
anything more complicated than the five tastes
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื™ื
ืžื—ืžืฉืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื
03:50
your taste buds can detect:
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ืฉื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช:
03:51
sweet, salty,
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ืžืชื•ืง,
ืžืœื•ื—,
03:53
bitter, sour, and savory.
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ื—ืžื•ืฅ,
ืžืจ,
ื•ื—ืจื™ืฃ.
03:55
So, the next time you smell exhaust fumes,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืชืจื™ื—ื• ืื’ื–ื•ื–,
ืื•ื™ืจ ื™ื,
03:57
salty sea air, or roast chicken,
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ืื• ืขื•ืฃ ืฆืœื•ื™,
03:58
you'll know exactly how you've done it
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ืชื“ืขื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
04:00
and, perhaps, be a little more thankful that you can.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชืขืจื™ื›ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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