How does alcohol cause blackouts? - Shannon Odell

1,140,199 views ใƒป 2024-02-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: zeeva livshitz ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:07
In 1969, Dr. Donald Goodwin gathered a group of study participants
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 1969, ื“"ืจ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื’ื•ื“ื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืืกืฃ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ
00:12
and asked them each to recall the object he'd shown them two minutes prior.
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ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ืฉื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืงื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
00:15
The twist?
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ื”ืชืคื ื™ืช?
00:16
All the participants were very intoxicated.
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
00:19
Despite this, most could pay attention to the task
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื™ืžื”
00:22
and correctly name the toy they had just seen.
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ื•ืœืชืช ืฉื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืจืื• ื–ื” ืขืชื”.
00:24
Yet, when Donald asked them to recall that object a mere 30 minutes later,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื•ื ืœื“ ื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื” ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ 30 ื“ืงื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“,
00:29
half the participants drew a blank,
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ืžื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฆื™ื™ืจื• ืจื™ืง,
00:31
having โ€œblacked outโ€ the earlier moment entirely.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ื• โ€œื‘ืœืืงืืื•ื˜โ€ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ืงื•ื“ื.
00:34
This study illustrates the strange and somewhat selective effects
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื” ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ืกืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช
00:38
alcohol has on the brain.
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ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
00:39
Many intoxicated people can perform complex tasks
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:43
like holding a detailed conversation or navigating a walk home.
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ื›ืžื• ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ืฉื™ื—ื” ืžืคื•ืจื˜ืช ืื• ื ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”.
00:47
Yet for those experiencing what is known as a blackout,
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ืื•ืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื” ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” โ€œื‘ืœืืง ืืื•ื˜โ€,
00:50
the memory of these events is quickly forgotten.
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ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื ืฉื›ื— ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช.
00:53
So how does alcohol cause these memory lapses?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื”ืคืกืงื•ืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืืœื”?
00:56
First, let's identify the culprit.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ื” ื ื–ื”ื” ืืช ื”ืืฉื.
00:58
While a single drink often contains hundreds of different chemical compounds,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืงื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื›ื™ืœ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืื•ืช ืชืจื›ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
01:02
ethanol is responsible for alcohol's effects on the brain.
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ืืชื ื•ืœ ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:06
Ethanol is lightweight and lipophilic,
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ืืชื ื•ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงืœ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืคื™ืœื™,
01:08
meaning its structure easily dissolves into fats,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื‘ื ื”ื• ืžืชืžื•ืกืก ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืžื ื™ื,
01:11
like those in the membranes of the outer blood-brain barrier.
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ื›ืžื• ืืœื” ื‘ืงืจื•ื ืžื—ืกื•ื ื”ื“ื-ืžื•ื— ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™.
01:14
Once inside the brain, ethanolโ€™s unique structure
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื•ื—, ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ืืชื ื•ืœ
01:17
allows it to bind to, interact, and affect many different neuronal receptors,
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื• ืœื”ื™ืงืฉืจ, ืœืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
01:22
impairing pathways that allow you to make careful decisions, control your impulses,
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ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœื›ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ื“ื—ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
01:27
and even manage your motor skills.
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01:29
And the networks that control memory seem to be especially sensitive
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ื•ื”ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:33
to alcoholโ€™s effects.
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ืœื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
01:34
Typically, information about your surroundings is taken in
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ื ืœืงื—
01:38
by your sensory organs and sent to the brain.
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืื‘ืจื™ ื”ื—ื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืœืžื•ื—.
01:40
Neurons transfer this information to one another
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ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืขื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ื“ืข ื–ื” ืœื–ื”
01:43
via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœื™ื—ื™ื ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ื ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื,
01:46
which are released by one neuron and received by receptors at another.
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ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืื—ื“ ื•ืžืชืงื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ื‘ืื—ืจ.
01:50
When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจ ื ืงืฉืจ ืœืงื•ืœื˜ืŸ,
01:53
it unlocks an internal channel, allowing small ions to flow into the cell.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืชืขืœื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœืชื.
01:57
If enough ions enter the cell, the neuron fires,
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ืื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืชื, ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืจื”
02:01
sending the signal forward.
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ื•ืฉื•ืœื— ืืช ื”ืื•ืช ืงื“ื™ืžื”.
02:02
Through this process, different regions of the brain
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื–ื”, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
02:05
can communicate with one another in milliseconds,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ื‘ืืœืคื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”,
02:08
creating our moment-to-moment understanding of the world.
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ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข.
02:11
But ethanol interacts with receptors,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื•ืœ ืžืงื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื,
02:13
making it harder for neurons to communicate.
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ืžื” ืฉืžืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ.
02:16
While compromised, the brain is still able to transfer information,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืคื’ืข, ื”ืžื•ื— ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืžื™ื“ืข,
02:19
which is why many intoxicated people seem somewhat capable
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื ืจืื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื
02:23
of performing basic tasks.
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ืœื‘ืฆืข ืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช.
02:24
In other words, brain function is highly impaired,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืชืคืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื— ื ืคื’ืข ืžืื•ื“,
02:27
but not completely broken.
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ืืš ืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
02:29
But memory storage is a different story.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
02:31
The transfer of moment-to-moment understanding
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ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ื”ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข
02:34
to something we can remember is thought to depend on a process
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ื›ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš
02:38
called long-term potentiation, or LTP.
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ื”ื ืงืจื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื” ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ืืจื•ืš, ืื• LTP.
02:41
LTP happens throughout the brain,
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LTP ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:43
but is especially important in learning and memory regions,
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ืืš ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื•ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
02:46
like the neocortex and the hippocampus.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื ื™ืื•ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื•ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืงืžืคื•ืก.
02:49
During LTP,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš LTP,
02:50
the firing of a neuron triggers physical changes to its structure.
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ื™ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื•.
02:54
For example, more receptors may be moved to the cell's surface,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื•ืœื˜ื ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืชื,
02:57
making the neuron more sensitive to future signaling from its neighbors.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืŸ ืœืจื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ืชื•ืช ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืžืฉื›ื ื™ื•.
03:01
These physical changes increase the likelihood that a cell
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ืืœื” ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืชื
03:04
will fire again at that connection,
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ื™ื™ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”,
03:06
strengthening the wiring between neurons.
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ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื.
03:09
And through this stronger connection,
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื”ื–ื”,
03:10
it's thought that a stable memory is formed.
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ื‘.
03:13
Yet studies suggest that ethanol has a unique ability to disrupt LTP,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืœืืชื ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ืฉ LTP,
03:18
blocking the physical changes needed for memory formation.
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ื•ืœื—ืกื•ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
03:21
So, while moment-to-moment information is encoded and understood,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ืžืจื’ืข ืœืจื’ืข ืžืงื•ื“ื“ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
03:25
the storage of that information is blunted,
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ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื–ื” ืงื”ื”,
03:27
resulting in a blackout.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš ื‘ืœืืง ืืื•ื˜.
03:29
Of course, not all levels of drinking result in blackouts.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืœื ื›ืœ ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืืง ืืื•ื˜ื™ื.
03:32
They happen when the concentration of alcohol in the blood, or BAC,
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืจื™ื›ื•ื– ื”ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ื, ืื• BAC,
03:36
exceeds a certain level, approximately 0.16.
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช, ื‘ืขืจืš 0.16.
03:40
But thereโ€™s no magic number.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืงืกื.
03:41
At slightly lower BACs, brownouts, or the spotty memory of events, can occur,
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ื‘- BAC ืžืขื˜ ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืจืื•ื ืื•ื˜ื™ื, ืื• ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื,
03:46
as some neurons continue to function properly while others fail.
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ืœืชืคืงื“ ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ื ื›ืฉืœื™ื.
03:50
And drinking too much can cause a person to pass out altogether.
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ื•ืฉืชื™ื™ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื“ื ืœื”ืชืขืœืฃ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
03:54
Other factors like dehydration level, genetic differences, medications,
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืจืžืช ื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช, ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
03:58
and even how much youโ€™ve eaten can affect the likelihood of a blackout.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ืื›ืœืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื‘ืœืืง ืืื•ื˜
04:02
And teenagers appear to be especially vulnerable
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ื•ื ืจืื” ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
04:05
due to the substantial changes in brain development during those years.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื.
04:08
Alcoholโ€™s short-term effects usually donโ€™t last longer
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ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืื™ื ืŸ ื ืžืฉื›ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:11
than the time it takes for their body to metabolize it, or about a day.
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ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื’ื•ืคื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื, ืื• ื‘ืขืจืš ื™ื•ื.
04:15
But repeatedly over-drinking can damage neurons and permanently impair memory.
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ืืš ืฉืชื™ื™ืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืฆืžื™ืชื•ืช.
04:19
It can also harm other organs like the liver,
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ืื™ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ื‘ื“,
04:22
which works overtime breaking down alcohol.
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืง ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
04:25
After all, experiencing a blackout or witnessing others
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื—ื•ื•ื™ืช ื‘ืœืงืืื•ื˜ ืื• ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืื—ืจื™ื
04:28
in this compromised state
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืคื’ื•ืข ื–ื”
04:30
can be a lot for your mind and body to process.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขื‘ื“.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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