Is there a center of the universe? - Marjee Chmiel and Trevor Owens

639,046 views ใƒป 2013-06-25

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Zeeva Livshitz
00:14
What is at the center of the universe?
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
00:16
It's an essential question
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ื–ื• ืฉืืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ืช
00:18
that humans have been wondering about for centuries.
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืชื”ื• ื‘ื” ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
00:21
But the journey toward an answer
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืกืข ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
00:22
has been a strange one.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื–ืจ.
00:24
If you wanted to know the answer to this question
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ืื ืจืฆื™ืชื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•
00:26
in third century B.C.E. Greece,
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ,
00:28
you might look up at the night sky
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”
00:30
and trust what you see.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
00:32
That's what Aristotle,
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
00:33
THE guy to ask back then, did.
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ื”-ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืขืฉื”.
00:35
He thought that since we're on Earth, looking up,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื”,
00:38
it must be the center, right?
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:40
For him, the sphere of the world
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•, ื”ืกืคืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
00:41
was made up of four elements:
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช:
00:43
Earth,
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ืื“ืžื”,
00:44
water,
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00:44
air,
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00:44
and fire.
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ืžื™ื,
ืื•ื™ืจ,
ื•ืืฉ.
00:46
These elements shifted around a nested set
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ื”ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืกื˜ ืžืงื•ื ืŸ
00:48
of solid crystalline spheres.
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ืฉืœ ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืฆืงื•ืช.
00:50
Each of the wandering stars, the planets,
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ืขื™ื, ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช,
00:53
had their own crystal sphere.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืกืคืจืช ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœ ืžืฉืœื•.
00:55
The rest of the universe and all of its stars
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ืฉืืจ ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•
00:57
were on the last crystal sphere.
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ื”ื™ื• ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืงืจื™ืกื˜ืœื™ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”.
00:59
If you watch the sky change over time,
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ืื ืฆืคื™ืชื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ,
01:01
you could see that this idea worked fine
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“ ืžืขื•ืœื”
01:03
at explaining the motion you saw.
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ื‘ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืจืื™ืชื.
01:05
For centuries, this was central to how Europe
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืื™ืš ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:08
and the Islamic world saw the universe.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ ืจืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:11
But in 1543, a guy named Copernicus
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ 1543, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก
01:13
proposed a different model.
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื—ืจ.
01:16
He believed that the sun
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:17
was at the center of the universe.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:19
This radically new idea
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ื”ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื”ื–ื”
01:21
was hard for a lot of people to accept.
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ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœื” ืœื”ืจื‘ื” ืื ืฉื™ื.
01:23
After all, Aristotle's ideas made sense
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
01:25
with what they could see,
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ืขื ืžื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:26
and they were pretty flattering to humans.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื™ ืžื—ืžื™ืื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื.
01:28
But a series of subsequent discoveries
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
01:30
made the sun-centric model hard to ignore.
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ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ
01:34
First, Johannes Kepler pointed out
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ื•ื”ื ืก ืงืคืœืจ ื”ืจืื”
01:36
that orbits aren't perfect circles or spheres.
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ืฉื”ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ื ืœื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช.
01:39
Then, Galileo's telescope caught
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ืื–, ื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ืœืื• ืชืคืก
01:41
Jupiter's moons orbiting around Jupiter,
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ืืช ื™ืจื—ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ืกื•ื‘ื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•,
01:43
totally ignoring Earth.
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ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:45
And then, Newton proposed the theory of universal gravitation,
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ื•ืื–, ื ื™ื•ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช,
01:48
demonstrating that all objects are pulling on each other.
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ื•ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืขืฆืžื™ื ืžื•ืฉื›ื™ื ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™.
01:52
Eventually, we had to let go of the idea
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ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
01:54
that we were at the center of the universe.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
01:57
Shortly after Copernicus, in the 1580s,
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ืžืขื˜ ืื—ืจื™ ืงื•ืคืจื ื™ืงื•ืก, ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 1580,
01:59
an Italian friar, Giordano Bruno,
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ื ื–ื™ืจ ืื™ื˜ืœืงื™, ื’'ื™ืื•ืจื“ื ื• ื‘ืจื•ื ื•,
02:02
suggested the stars were suns
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžืฉื•ืช
02:03
that likely had their own planets
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ืŸ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ืŸ
02:05
and that the universe was infinite.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
02:08
This idea didn't go over well.
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื”.
02:10
Bruno was burned at the stake for his radical suggestion.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืžื•ืงื“ ืขืœ ื”ื”ืฆืขื” ื”ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:14
Centuries later, the philosopher Rene Descartes
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ืžืื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืจื ื” ื“ืงืืจื˜
02:17
proposed that the universe was a series of whirlpools,
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ื”ืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:20
which he called vortices,
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ืฉื ืงืจืื•ืช ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:21
and that each star was at the center of a whirlpool.
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ื•ืฉื›ืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื•ืœืช.
02:25
In time, we realized there were far more stars
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ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื‘ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
02:28
than Aristotle ever dreamed.
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ืžืฉืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ื—ืœื.
02:30
As astronomers like William Herschel
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ื›ืฉืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืื ื”ืจืฉืœ
02:32
got more and more advanced telescopes,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื,
02:34
it became clear that our sun is actually
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ื ืขืฉื” ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื”
02:36
one of many stars inside the Milky Way.
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ื”ื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘.
02:40
And those smudges we see in the night sky?
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ื•ื”ืžืจื™ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”?
02:42
They're other galaxies,
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ื”ืŸ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช,
02:43
just as vast as our Milky Way home.
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ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•.
02:46
Maybe we're farther from the center than we ever realized.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืžืฉืื™ ืคืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื ื•.
02:50
In the 1920s, astronomers studying the nebuli
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”20 ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”ืงื•ื“ืžืช, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ืฉื—ืงืจื• ืืช ื”ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื•ืช
02:53
wanted to figure out how they were moving.
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ืจืฆื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ื ืขื•ืช.
02:55
Based on the Doppler Effect,
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ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืคืœืจ,
02:56
they expected to see blue shift
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ื”ื ืฆื™ืคื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœื›ื—ื•ืœ
02:58
for objects moving toward us,
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ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•,
03:00
and red shift for ones moving away.
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ื•ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ืžืชืจื—ืงื™ื.
03:02
But all they saw was a red shift.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืจืื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื˜ื” ืœืื“ื•ื.
03:05
Everything was moving away from us, fast.
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ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื—ืง ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ืžื”ืจ.
03:08
This observation is one of the pieces of evidence
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ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจืื™ื•ืช
03:10
for what we now call the Big Bang Theory.
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ืœืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืชืื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:13
According to this theory,
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ืœืคื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื•,
03:14
all matter in the universe
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื
03:16
was once a singular, infinitely dense particle.
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ื”ื™ื” ืคืขื ืกื™ื ื’ื•ืœืจื™, ื—ืœืงื™ืง ื“ื—ื•ืก ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
03:20
In a sense, our piece of the universe
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ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื, ืคื™ืกืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:21
was once at the center.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืคืขื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
03:23
But this theory eliminates the whole idea of a center
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžื—ืกืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–
03:26
since there can't be a center to an infinite universe.
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื– ืœื™ืงื•ื ืื™ืŸ ืกื•ืคื™.
03:30
The Big Bang wasn't just an explosion in space;
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ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ืœืœ;
03:33
it was an explosion of space.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:36
What each new discovery proves
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ืžื” ืฉื›ืœ ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื” ืžื•ื›ื™ื—ื”
03:38
is that while our observations are limited,
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ื–ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืชืฆืคื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช,
03:40
our ability to speculate and dream
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœืฉืขืจ ื•ืœื—ืœื•ื
03:42
of what's out there isn't.
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ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ืœื.
03:44
What we think we know today can change tomorrow.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืžื—ืจ.
03:47
As with many of the thinkers we just met,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื”ื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืคื’ืฉื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
03:49
sometimes our wildest guesses
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
03:52
lead to wonderful and humbling answers
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ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื•ืขื ื•ื•ืช
03:54
and propel us toward even more perplexing questions.
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ื•ืžื ื™ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืงื“ื™ืžื” ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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