Is DNA the future of data storage? - Leo Bear-McGuinness

397,010 views ใƒป 2017-10-09

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
Let's say there's a disaster that sends humanity back to the Stone Age.
0
7183
5143
ื ืืžืจ ืฉืžืชืจื—ืฉ ืืกื•ืŸ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ืื‘ืŸ.
00:12
Can our knowledge and history survive?
1
12326
3078
ื”ืื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื•ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“?
00:15
The printed page will decompose.
2
15404
2009
ื”ื“ืฃ ื”ืžื•ื“ืคืก ื™ืชืคื•ืจืจ.
00:17
Hard drive storage will deteriorate.
3
17413
2341
ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื™ืชืคืจืงื•.
00:19
Even stones will eventually crumble.
4
19754
3140
ืืคื™ืœื• ืื‘ื ื™ื ื™ืชืคื•ืจืจื• ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ.
00:22
But we might have something inside us that can outlast these physical limitations:
5
22894
5360
ืื‘ืœ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•:
00:28
deoxyribonucleic acid.
6
28254
2630
ื—ื•ืžืฆื” ื“ืื•ืงืกื™ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืงืœืื™ืช.
00:30
DNA already stores our biological information.
7
30884
3850
DNA ื›ื‘ืจ ืื•ื’ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:34
From eye color to skin tone, it programs our entire bodies.
8
34734
5120
ืžืฆื‘ืข ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:39
DNA is made of four organic bases:
9
39854
2900
DNA ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื™ื:
00:42
adenine,
10
42754
911
ืื“ื ื™ืŸ,
00:43
guanine,
11
43665
724
ื’ื•ืื ื™ืŸ,
00:44
cytosine,
12
44389
806
ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื–ื™ืŸ,
00:45
and thymine,
13
45195
1371
ื•ืชื™ืžื™ืŸ,
00:46
or A, G, C, and T.
14
46566
2800
ืื• A, G, C, ื• T.
00:49
The specific sequence of these bases into groups of three, known as codons,
15
49366
4719
ืจืฆืคื™ื ืกืคื™ืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”, ื”ื ืงืจืื™ื ืงื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื,
00:54
gives our cells instructions to make each of the proteins in our bodies.
16
54085
5460
ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืชืื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื•.
00:59
But this code can be used for other things, too,
17
59545
2940
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžืฉ ื’ื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:02
like secret messages.
18
62485
2251
ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช.
01:04
In 1999, scientists in New York created an alphabet
19
64736
3960
ื‘-1999, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื™ืฆืจื• ืืœืคื‘ื™ืช
01:08
in which each of the 64 possible DNA codons
20
68696
3940
ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-64 ื”ืงื•ื“ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘-DNA
01:12
substituted for a specific letter, number, or grammar symbol.
21
72636
5511
ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช, ืžืกืคืจ, ืื• ืกื™ืžืŸ ืื™ื•ืช.
01:18
They spliced a 22-character message into a long strand of DNA
22
78147
5139
ื”ื ื—ืชื›ื• ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื‘ืช 22 ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื’ื“ื™ืœ ืืจื•ืš ืฉืœ DNA
01:23
and surrounded it with specific genetic markers.
23
83286
3720
ื•ื”ืงื™ืคื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกืžื ื™ื ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื.
01:27
They then hid the DNA over a period in a type-written letter
24
87006
4621
ืื– ื”ื ื”ื—ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”-DNA ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ื™ื“
01:31
with only a small smudge to give the location away.
25
91627
4120
ื›ืฉืจืง ืžืจื™ื—ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืžืกื’ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ืžื™ืงื•ื.
01:35
They mailed the letter back to themselves.
26
95747
2330
ื”ื ืฉืœื—ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืขืฆืžื.
01:38
Then they examined the letter looking for the DNA strand.
27
98077
3601
ืื– ื”ื ื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”-DNA.
01:41
Once the DNA strand was located, they found the genetic markers.
28
101678
3879
ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”-DNA ืื•ืชืจ, ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ืกืžื ื™ื ื”ื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื.
01:45
Then, they sequenced the DNA and successfully decoded the message.
29
105557
4842
ืื–, ื”ื ืจื™ืฆืคื• ืืช ื”-DNA ื•ืคื™ืขื ื—ื• ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื”.
01:50
It soon became obvious that DNA cryptography
30
110399
2688
ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื™ืช DNA
01:53
could code for much more than simple text.
31
113087
3791
ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืงื•ื“ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื˜ืงืกื˜ ืคืฉื•ื˜.
01:56
By translating the 1's and 0's of binary code into DNA codons,
32
116878
4741
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืชืจื’ื•ื 1ื™ื ื•-0ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ืœืงื•ื“ื•ื ื™ DNA,
02:01
digital data could be programmed into synthetic DNA,
33
121619
3999
ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื›ื ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื“ื™ื’ื™ื˜ืœื™ ืœืชื•ืš DNA ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™,
02:05
then decoded back into its original form.
34
125618
3843
ื•ืื– ืœืคืขื ื— ืื•ืชื• ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืฆื•ืจืชื• ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
02:09
In 2012, UK scientists encoded 739 kilobytes of computer files
35
129461
5697
ื‘-2012, ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื“ื• 739 ืงื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘
02:15
into DNA strands,
36
135158
2218
ืœื’ื“ื™ืœื™ DNA,
02:17
including all 154 Shakespeare sonnets
37
137376
3631
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ 154 ื”ืกื•ื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ
02:21
and an excerpt from Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
38
141007
4012
ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืื•ื "ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื—ืœื•ื" ืฉืœ ืžืจื˜ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืชืจ ืงื™ื ื’.
02:25
And four years later, researchers at Microsoft and the University of Washington
39
145019
4660
ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืงืจื•ืกื•ืคื˜ ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ
02:29
broke that record.
40
149679
2401
ืฉื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”ื–ื”.
02:32
They used binary coding to capture a whopping 200 megabytes of data,
41
152080
5510
ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืงื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ื ืืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืœื›ื•ื“ 200 ืžื’ื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื“ืข,
02:37
including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
42
157590
2911
ื›ื•ืœืœ ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉ
02:40
and a high-def OK Go music video,
43
160501
3169
ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืœื”ืงืช ืื•ืงื™ื™-ื’ื•,
02:43
all in strings of DNA.
44
163670
2700
ื›ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ DNA.
02:46
As far as storage capacity goes,
45
166370
2581
ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข,
02:48
DNA stands out because of the surprising amount of information it can hold
46
168951
4409
DNA ื‘ื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื–ื›ื•ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืžืคืชื™ืขื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ
02:53
in so little space.
47
173360
2281
ื‘ืฉื˜ื— ื›ื” ืงื˜ืŸ.
02:55
The current theoretical limit of DNA'S storage capacity is so high
48
175641
4150
ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื—ืกื•ืŸ DNA ื”ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื
02:59
that you could fit 100 million HD movies on a pencil eraser.
49
179791
5450
ืฉืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขืœ ืžื—ืง ืฉืœ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ.
03:05
It's even conceivable that one day we could fit all of the information
50
185241
4081
ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
03:09
currently on the Internet
51
189322
1479
ืฉื›ืจื’ืข ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜
03:10
into the space of a shoe box.
52
190801
2921
ืœืชื•ืš ื—ืœืœ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืคืกืช ื ืขืœื™ื™ื.
03:13
Also, computers and the magnetic tape and discs that their information is stored on
53
193722
5169
ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืกืœื™ืœื™ื ืžื’ื ื˜ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื ืื’ืจ
03:18
only last for a few decades, at most, before degrading and becoming unreliable.
54
198891
7129
ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ืจืง ื›ืขืฉื•ืจ, ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืžื•ื, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืคืจืงื™ื ื•ืžืื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื•ืชื.
03:26
Meanwhile, DNA has a half-life of 500 years,
55
206020
4433
ืœ-DNA, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 500 ืฉื ื”,
03:30
meaning that's how long it takes for half of its bonds to break.
56
210453
4220
ืฉื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืง.
03:34
And if left in a cold and dark environment,
57
214673
3220
ื•ืื ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงืจื” ื•ื—ืฉื•ื›ื”,
03:37
DNA could potentially last for hundreds of thousands of years.
58
217893
5428
DNA ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช ืžืื•ืช ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื.
03:43
And if that isn't long enough,
59
223321
1603
ื•ืื ื–ื” ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ,
03:44
scientists experimented with having synthetic DNA auto-reproduce.
60
224924
5829
ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ืชื ืกื• ื‘ืฉื›ืคื•ืœ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ DNA ืกื™ื ื˜ื˜ื™.
03:50
After creating their own strands of DNA
61
230753
2360
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื™ืฆืจื• ื’ื“ื™ืœื™ DNA ื‘ืขืฆืžื
03:53
that spelled out the lyrics to the children's song "It's a Small World,"
62
233113
3741
ืฉื”ื›ื™ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื "ื–ื” ืขื•ืœื ืžื•ืคืœื,"
03:56
they placed them into the genome of a microbe nicknamed Conan the Bacterium.
63
236854
5836
ื”ื ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื ืงื•ื ืืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง.
04:02
Conan belongs to a species which can survive in a vacuum,
64
242690
4104
ืงื•ื ืืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืžื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื•ืืงื•ื,
04:06
or without water, for six years,
65
246794
2600
ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ืžื™ื, ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื,
04:09
or come out unscathed after being exposed to a dose of radiation
66
249394
4780
ืื• ืœืฆืืช ืœืœื ืคื’ืข ืžื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืงืจื™ื ื”
04:14
1,000 times that which would kill a human.
67
254174
4689
ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ ืืœืฃ ืžืžื” ืฉื™ื”ืจื•ื’ ืื“ื.
04:18
According to the experiment,
68
258863
1251
ืœืคื™ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
04:20
the bacterium was able to reproduce at least 100 generations without data loss.
69
260114
6900
ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืคื—ื•ืช 100 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืื‘ื“ ืžื™ื“ืข.
04:27
Theoretically, if the organism had redundant copies of the information
70
267014
4300
ืชื™ืื•ืจื˜ื™ืช, ืื ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื™ืชื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข
04:31
that could be used to automatically correct mistakes,
71
271314
3011
ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ืœืชื™ืงื•ืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช,
04:34
the information could stay preserved even longer.
72
274325
4561
ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ืฉืžืจ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ืžืŸ ืืจื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:38
So one day, you might be able to create a living, growing, knowledge archive
73
278886
5069
ืื– ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“, ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืจื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื“ืข ื—ื™ ื•ืฆื•ืžื—
04:43
in your own backyard,
74
283955
2350
ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
04:46
and its seeds might carry your family's history,
75
286305
2701
ื•ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื ืฉืœื• ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื,
04:49
a detailed breakdown of the world's political upheavals,
76
289006
3469
ืคื™ืจื•ื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช,
04:52
or the sum of humanity's knowledge into forests and across continents.
77
292475
6172
ืื• ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื•ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื‘ืฉื•ืช.
04:58
Perhaps even into the far reaches of space.
78
298647
3700
ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืขืžื•ืง.
05:02
Though we might one day disappear, perhaps our legacy can still live on,
79
302347
4421
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืขืœื, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช,
05:06
if anyone would think to find it.
80
306768
2659
ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื ืกื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ืื•ืชื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7