Is DNA the future of data storage? - Leo Bear-McGuinness

Let's say there's a disaster that sends humanity back to the Stone Age.

Can our knowledge and history survive?

The printed page will decompose.

Hard drive storage will deteriorate.

Even stones will eventually crumble.

But we might have something inside us that can outlast these physical limitations:

deoxyribonucleic acid.

DNA already stores our biological information.

From eye color to skin tone, it programs our entire bodies.

DNA is made of four organic bases:

adenine,

guanine,

cytosine,

and thymine,

or A, G, C, and T.

The specific sequence of these bases into groups of three, known as codons,

gives our cells instructions to make each of the proteins in our bodies.

But this code can be used for other things, too,

like secret messages.

In 1999, scientists in New York created an alphabet

in which each of the 64 possible DNA codons

substituted for a specific letter, number, or grammar symbol.

They spliced a 22-character message into a long strand of DNA

and surrounded it with specific genetic markers.

They then hid the DNA over a period in a type-written letter

with only a small smudge to give the location away.

They mailed the letter back to themselves.

Then they examined the letter looking for the DNA strand.

Once the DNA strand was located, they found the genetic markers.

Then, they sequenced the DNA and successfully decoded the message.

It soon became obvious that DNA cryptography

could code for much more than simple text.

By translating the 1's and 0's of binary code into DNA codons,

digital data could be programmed into synthetic DNA,

then decoded back into its original form.

In 2012, UK scientists encoded 739 kilobytes of computer files

into DNA strands,

including all 154 Shakespeare sonnets

and an excerpt from Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.

And four years later, researchers at Microsoft and the University of Washington

broke that record.

They used binary coding to capture a whopping 200 megabytes of data,

including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

and a high-def OK Go music video,

all in strings of DNA.

As far as storage capacity goes,

DNA stands out because of the surprising amount of information it can hold

in so little space.

The current theoretical limit of DNA'S storage capacity is so high

that you could fit 100 million HD movies on a pencil eraser.

It's even conceivable that one day we could fit all of the information

currently on the Internet

into the space of a shoe box.

Also, computers and the magnetic tape and discs that their information is stored on

only last for a few decades, at most, before degrading and becoming unreliable.

Meanwhile, DNA has a half-life of 500 years,

meaning that's how long it takes for half of its bonds to break.

And if left in a cold and dark environment,

DNA could potentially last for hundreds of thousands of years.

And if that isn't long enough,

scientists experimented with having synthetic DNA auto-reproduce.

After creating their own strands of DNA

that spelled out the lyrics to the children's song "It's a Small World,"

they placed them into the genome of a microbe nicknamed Conan the Bacterium.

Conan belongs to a species which can survive in a vacuum,

or without water, for six years,

or come out unscathed after being exposed to a dose of radiation

1,000 times that which would kill a human.

According to the experiment,

the bacterium was able to reproduce at least 100 generations without data loss.

Theoretically, if the organism had redundant copies of the information

that could be used to automatically correct mistakes,

the information could stay preserved even longer.

So one day, you might be able to create a living, growing, knowledge archive

in your own backyard,

and its seeds might carry your family's history,

a detailed breakdown of the world's political upheavals,

or the sum of humanity's knowledge into forests and across continents.

Perhaps even into the far reaches of space.

Though we might one day disappear, perhaps our legacy can still live on,

if anyone would think to find it.