Is DNA the future of data storage? - Leo Bear-McGuinness

396,162 views ・ 2017-10-09

TED-Ed


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:07
Let's say there's a disaster that sends humanity back to the Stone Age.
0
7183
5143
Recimo da katastrofa čovječanstvo vrati u kameno doba.
00:12
Can our knowledge and history survive?
1
12326
3078
Mogu li naše znanje i povijest opstati?
00:15
The printed page will decompose.
2
15404
2009
Tiskane će se stranice razgraditi.
00:17
Hard drive storage will deteriorate.
3
17413
2341
Podaci na tvrdim diskovima će propadati.
00:19
Even stones will eventually crumble.
4
19754
3140
Čak će se i kamenje s vremenom raspasti.
00:22
But we might have something inside us that can outlast these physical limitations:
5
22894
5360
Možda imamo nešto u sebi što može nadživjeti ta fizička ograničenja:
00:28
deoxyribonucleic acid.
6
28254
2630
deoksiribonukleinsku kiselinu.
00:30
DNA already stores our biological information.
7
30884
3850
U DNK su već sadržane naše biološke informacije.
00:34
From eye color to skin tone, it programs our entire bodies.
8
34734
5120
Od boje očiju do boje kože, ona programira cijela naša tijela.
00:39
DNA is made of four organic bases:
9
39854
2900
DNK tvore četiri organske baze:
00:42
adenine,
10
42754
911
adenin,
00:43
guanine,
11
43665
724
gvanin,
00:44
cytosine,
12
44389
806
citozin
00:45
and thymine,
13
45195
1371
i timin
00:46
or A, G, C, and T.
14
46566
2800
ili A, G, C i T.
00:49
The specific sequence of these bases into groups of three, known as codons,
15
49366
4719
Specifičan redoslijed te tri baze, kod,
00:54
gives our cells instructions to make each of the proteins in our bodies.
16
54085
5460
stanicama u našem tijelu daje upute za izgradnju bjelančevina.
00:59
But this code can be used for other things, too,
17
59545
2940
Taj se kod može koristiti i za druge stvari
01:02
like secret messages.
18
62485
2251
poput tajnih poruka.
01:04
In 1999, scientists in New York created an alphabet
19
64736
3960
1999. su znanstvenici u New Yorku stvorili abecedu
01:08
in which each of the 64 possible DNA codons
20
68696
3940
u kojoj svaki od mogućih 64 DNK kodova mijenja
01:12
substituted for a specific letter, number, or grammar symbol.
21
72636
5511
određeno slovo, broj ili interpunkciju.
01:18
They spliced a 22-character message into a long strand of DNA
22
78147
5139
Spojili su poruku sa 22 simbola u dugačak lanac DNK
01:23
and surrounded it with specific genetic markers.
23
83286
3720
i okružili ju specifičnim genetskim markerima.
01:27
They then hid the DNA over a period in a type-written letter
24
87006
4621
Sakrili su DNK na točki u pismu napisanom pisaćim strojem
01:31
with only a small smudge to give the location away.
25
91627
4120
Malo je zamrljavši kako bi joj lakše odredili lokaciju.
01:35
They mailed the letter back to themselves.
26
95747
2330
Poslali su pismo sami sebi.
01:38
Then they examined the letter looking for the DNA strand.
27
98077
3601
Onda su pregledali pismo tražeći molekulu DNK.
01:41
Once the DNA strand was located, they found the genetic markers.
28
101678
3879
Kad su locirali molekulu DNK, pronašli su genetske markere.
01:45
Then, they sequenced the DNA and successfully decoded the message.
29
105557
4842
Nakon toga su sekvencirali DNK i uspješno dekodirali poruku.
01:50
It soon became obvious that DNA cryptography
30
110399
2688
Uskoro je postalo očito da se s DNK kriptografijom
01:53
could code for much more than simple text.
31
113087
3791
može šifrirati puno više od običnog teksta.
01:56
By translating the 1's and 0's of binary code into DNA codons,
32
116878
4741
Prevođenjem jedinica i nula iz binarnog koda u DNA kodove,
02:01
digital data could be programmed into synthetic DNA,
33
121619
3999
omogućeno je programiranje digitalnih podataka u sintetički DNK
02:05
then decoded back into its original form.
34
125618
3843
koji se mogu dešifrirati u svoj izvorni oblik.
02:09
In 2012, UK scientists encoded 739 kilobytes of computer files
35
129461
5697
2012. su britanski znanstvenici šifrirali 739 kilobajta datoteka
02:15
into DNA strands,
36
135158
2218
u DNA lanac,
02:17
including all 154 Shakespeare sonnets
37
137376
3631
uključivši sva 154 Shakespeareova soneta
02:21
and an excerpt from Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
38
141007
4012
i dio iz govora Martina Luthera Kinga "Imam san".
02:25
And four years later, researchers at Microsoft and the University of Washington
39
145019
4660
Četiri su godine kasnije istraživači iz Microsofta i Sveučilišta Washington
02:29
broke that record.
40
149679
2401
slomili taj rekord.
02:32
They used binary coding to capture a whopping 200 megabytes of data,
41
152080
5510
Binarnim šifriranjem prenijeli su čak 200 megabajta podataka,
02:37
including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
42
157590
2911
uključujući Opću deklaraciju o pravima čovjeka
02:40
and a high-def OK Go music video,
43
160501
3169
i HD spot pjesme OK Go-a,
02:43
all in strings of DNA.
44
163670
2700
na lanac DNK-a.
02:46
As far as storage capacity goes,
45
166370
2581
Što se kapaciteta memorije tiče,
02:48
DNA stands out because of the surprising amount of information it can hold
46
168951
4409
DNK se ističe zbog iznenađujuće količine informacije koje može spremiti
02:53
in so little space.
47
173360
2281
u tako malom prostoru.
02:55
The current theoretical limit of DNA'S storage capacity is so high
48
175641
4150
Trenutačno teoretsko ograničenje kapaciteta memorije DNK-a toliko je visoko
02:59
that you could fit 100 million HD movies on a pencil eraser.
49
179791
5450
da bi 100 milijuna HD filmova stalo u gumicu olovke.
03:05
It's even conceivable that one day we could fit all of the information
50
185241
4081
Zamislivo je i da bi jednoga dana sve informacije
03:09
currently on the Internet
51
189322
1479
trenutno na internetu
03:10
into the space of a shoe box.
52
190801
2921
mogle stati u kutiju za cipele.
03:13
Also, computers and the magnetic tape and discs that their information is stored on
53
193722
5169
Usto, računala i magnetske trake i diskovi na kojima su sačuvani njihovi podaci
03:18
only last for a few decades, at most, before degrading and becoming unreliable.
54
198891
7129
traju najviše par desetljeća prije nego se razgrade i postanu nepouzdane.
03:26
Meanwhile, DNA has a half-life of 500 years,
55
206020
4433
Međutim, vrijeme poluraspada DNK-a je 500 godina,
03:30
meaning that's how long it takes for half of its bonds to break.
56
210453
4220
što znači da je toliko potrebno da bi joj pola veza puklo.
03:34
And if left in a cold and dark environment,
57
214673
3220
Ostavi li se u hladnoj i mračnoj okolini,
03:37
DNA could potentially last for hundreds of thousands of years.
58
217893
5428
DNK bi mogla opstati stotinama tisuća godina.
03:43
And if that isn't long enough,
59
223321
1603
Ako ni to nije dovoljno,
03:44
scientists experimented with having synthetic DNA auto-reproduce.
60
224924
5829
znanstvenici su eksperimentirali sa samoumnažanjem sintetičke DNK.
03:50
After creating their own strands of DNA
61
230753
2360
Nakon što su stvorili svoje lance DNK-a
03:53
that spelled out the lyrics to the children's song "It's a Small World,"
62
233113
3741
u kojima je zapisana dječja pjesma "Mali je svijet",
03:56
they placed them into the genome of a microbe nicknamed Conan the Bacterium.
63
236854
5836
stavili su ih u genom mikroba prozvanog Conan Bakterija.
04:02
Conan belongs to a species which can survive in a vacuum,
64
242690
4104
Conan pripada vrsti koja može preživjeti u vakuumu
04:06
or without water, for six years,
65
246794
2600
ili bez vode šest godina
04:09
or come out unscathed after being exposed to a dose of radiation
66
249394
4780
te ostati neozlijeđen nakon što je podvrgnut dozi radijacije
04:14
1,000 times that which would kill a human.
67
254174
4689
1000 puta jačoj od one smrtne za čovjeka.
04:18
According to the experiment,
68
258863
1251
Prema eksperimentu,
04:20
the bacterium was able to reproduce at least 100 generations without data loss.
69
260114
6900
bakterija je sposobna umnožiti bar 100 generacija bez gubitka podataka.
04:27
Theoretically, if the organism had redundant copies of the information
70
267014
4300
U teoriji, ako organizam ima suvišne kopije podatka
04:31
that could be used to automatically correct mistakes,
71
271314
3011
pomoću kojih se automatski mogu ispraviti pogreške,
04:34
the information could stay preserved even longer.
72
274325
4561
podaci će ostati očuvani još duže.
04:38
So one day, you might be able to create a living, growing, knowledge archive
73
278886
5069
Jednog ćeš dana moći stvoriti živuću, rastuću arhivu znanja
04:43
in your own backyard,
74
283955
2350
u vlastitom dvorištu,
04:46
and its seeds might carry your family's history,
75
286305
2701
i možda će njeno sjeme prenijeti povijest tvoje obitelji,
04:49
a detailed breakdown of the world's political upheavals,
76
289006
3469
detaljan pregled političkih prevrata svijeta
04:52
or the sum of humanity's knowledge into forests and across continents.
77
292475
6172
ili sumu znanja čovječanstva u šume i po raznim kontinentima.
04:58
Perhaps even into the far reaches of space.
78
298647
3700
Možda i u daleke obzore svemira.
05:02
Though we might one day disappear, perhaps our legacy can still live on,
79
302347
4421
Iako je moguće da ćemo jednom nestati, možda naše nasljedstvo može opstati,
05:06
if anyone would think to find it.
80
306768
2659
ako ga se itko sjeti pronaći.
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7