Is DNA the future of data storage? - Leo Bear-McGuinness

387,818 views ・ 2017-10-09

TED-Ed


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Prevoditelj: Irma Komljenović Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:07
Let's say there's a disaster that sends humanity back to the Stone Age.
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Recimo da katastrofa čovječanstvo vrati u kameno doba.
00:12
Can our knowledge and history survive?
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Mogu li naše znanje i povijest opstati?
00:15
The printed page will decompose.
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Tiskane će se stranice razgraditi.
00:17
Hard drive storage will deteriorate.
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Podaci na tvrdim diskovima će propadati.
00:19
Even stones will eventually crumble.
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Čak će se i kamenje s vremenom raspasti.
00:22
But we might have something inside us that can outlast these physical limitations:
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Možda imamo nešto u sebi što može nadživjeti ta fizička ograničenja:
00:28
deoxyribonucleic acid.
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deoksiribonukleinsku kiselinu.
00:30
DNA already stores our biological information.
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U DNK su već sadržane naše biološke informacije.
00:34
From eye color to skin tone, it programs our entire bodies.
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Od boje očiju do boje kože, ona programira cijela naša tijela.
00:39
DNA is made of four organic bases:
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DNK tvore četiri organske baze:
00:42
adenine,
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adenin,
00:43
guanine,
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gvanin,
00:44
cytosine,
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citozin
00:45
and thymine,
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i timin
00:46
or A, G, C, and T.
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ili A, G, C i T.
00:49
The specific sequence of these bases into groups of three, known as codons,
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Specifičan redoslijed te tri baze, kod,
00:54
gives our cells instructions to make each of the proteins in our bodies.
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stanicama u našem tijelu daje upute za izgradnju bjelančevina.
00:59
But this code can be used for other things, too,
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Taj se kod može koristiti i za druge stvari
01:02
like secret messages.
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poput tajnih poruka.
01:04
In 1999, scientists in New York created an alphabet
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1999. su znanstvenici u New Yorku stvorili abecedu
01:08
in which each of the 64 possible DNA codons
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u kojoj svaki od mogućih 64 DNK kodova mijenja
01:12
substituted for a specific letter, number, or grammar symbol.
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određeno slovo, broj ili interpunkciju.
01:18
They spliced a 22-character message into a long strand of DNA
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Spojili su poruku sa 22 simbola u dugačak lanac DNK
01:23
and surrounded it with specific genetic markers.
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i okružili ju specifičnim genetskim markerima.
01:27
They then hid the DNA over a period in a type-written letter
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Sakrili su DNK na točki u pismu napisanom pisaćim strojem
01:31
with only a small smudge to give the location away.
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Malo je zamrljavši kako bi joj lakše odredili lokaciju.
01:35
They mailed the letter back to themselves.
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Poslali su pismo sami sebi.
01:38
Then they examined the letter looking for the DNA strand.
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Onda su pregledali pismo tražeći molekulu DNK.
01:41
Once the DNA strand was located, they found the genetic markers.
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Kad su locirali molekulu DNK, pronašli su genetske markere.
01:45
Then, they sequenced the DNA and successfully decoded the message.
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Nakon toga su sekvencirali DNK i uspješno dekodirali poruku.
01:50
It soon became obvious that DNA cryptography
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Uskoro je postalo očito da se s DNK kriptografijom
01:53
could code for much more than simple text.
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može šifrirati puno više od običnog teksta.
01:56
By translating the 1's and 0's of binary code into DNA codons,
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Prevođenjem jedinica i nula iz binarnog koda u DNA kodove,
02:01
digital data could be programmed into synthetic DNA,
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omogućeno je programiranje digitalnih podataka u sintetički DNK
02:05
then decoded back into its original form.
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koji se mogu dešifrirati u svoj izvorni oblik.
02:09
In 2012, UK scientists encoded 739 kilobytes of computer files
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2012. su britanski znanstvenici šifrirali 739 kilobajta datoteka
02:15
into DNA strands,
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u DNA lanac,
02:17
including all 154 Shakespeare sonnets
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uključivši sva 154 Shakespeareova soneta
02:21
and an excerpt from Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech.
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i dio iz govora Martina Luthera Kinga "Imam san".
02:25
And four years later, researchers at Microsoft and the University of Washington
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Četiri su godine kasnije istraživači iz Microsofta i Sveučilišta Washington
02:29
broke that record.
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slomili taj rekord.
02:32
They used binary coding to capture a whopping 200 megabytes of data,
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Binarnim šifriranjem prenijeli su čak 200 megabajta podataka,
02:37
including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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uključujući Opću deklaraciju o pravima čovjeka
02:40
and a high-def OK Go music video,
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i HD spot pjesme OK Go-a,
02:43
all in strings of DNA.
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na lanac DNK-a.
02:46
As far as storage capacity goes,
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Što se kapaciteta memorije tiče,
02:48
DNA stands out because of the surprising amount of information it can hold
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DNK se ističe zbog iznenađujuće količine informacije koje može spremiti
02:53
in so little space.
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u tako malom prostoru.
02:55
The current theoretical limit of DNA'S storage capacity is so high
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Trenutačno teoretsko ograničenje kapaciteta memorije DNK-a toliko je visoko
02:59
that you could fit 100 million HD movies on a pencil eraser.
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da bi 100 milijuna HD filmova stalo u gumicu olovke.
03:05
It's even conceivable that one day we could fit all of the information
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Zamislivo je i da bi jednoga dana sve informacije
03:09
currently on the Internet
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trenutno na internetu
03:10
into the space of a shoe box.
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mogle stati u kutiju za cipele.
03:13
Also, computers and the magnetic tape and discs that their information is stored on
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Usto, računala i magnetske trake i diskovi na kojima su sačuvani njihovi podaci
03:18
only last for a few decades, at most, before degrading and becoming unreliable.
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traju najviše par desetljeća prije nego se razgrade i postanu nepouzdane.
03:26
Meanwhile, DNA has a half-life of 500 years,
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Međutim, vrijeme poluraspada DNK-a je 500 godina,
03:30
meaning that's how long it takes for half of its bonds to break.
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što znači da je toliko potrebno da bi joj pola veza puklo.
03:34
And if left in a cold and dark environment,
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Ostavi li se u hladnoj i mračnoj okolini,
03:37
DNA could potentially last for hundreds of thousands of years.
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DNK bi mogla opstati stotinama tisuća godina.
03:43
And if that isn't long enough,
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Ako ni to nije dovoljno,
03:44
scientists experimented with having synthetic DNA auto-reproduce.
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znanstvenici su eksperimentirali sa samoumnažanjem sintetičke DNK.
03:50
After creating their own strands of DNA
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Nakon što su stvorili svoje lance DNK-a
03:53
that spelled out the lyrics to the children's song "It's a Small World,"
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u kojima je zapisana dječja pjesma "Mali je svijet",
03:56
they placed them into the genome of a microbe nicknamed Conan the Bacterium.
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stavili su ih u genom mikroba prozvanog Conan Bakterija.
04:02
Conan belongs to a species which can survive in a vacuum,
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Conan pripada vrsti koja može preživjeti u vakuumu
04:06
or without water, for six years,
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ili bez vode šest godina
04:09
or come out unscathed after being exposed to a dose of radiation
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te ostati neozlijeđen nakon što je podvrgnut dozi radijacije
04:14
1,000 times that which would kill a human.
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1000 puta jačoj od one smrtne za čovjeka.
04:18
According to the experiment,
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Prema eksperimentu,
04:20
the bacterium was able to reproduce at least 100 generations without data loss.
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bakterija je sposobna umnožiti bar 100 generacija bez gubitka podataka.
04:27
Theoretically, if the organism had redundant copies of the information
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U teoriji, ako organizam ima suvišne kopije podatka
04:31
that could be used to automatically correct mistakes,
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pomoću kojih se automatski mogu ispraviti pogreške,
04:34
the information could stay preserved even longer.
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podaci će ostati očuvani još duže.
04:38
So one day, you might be able to create a living, growing, knowledge archive
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Jednog ćeš dana moći stvoriti živuću, rastuću arhivu znanja
04:43
in your own backyard,
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u vlastitom dvorištu,
04:46
and its seeds might carry your family's history,
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i možda će njeno sjeme prenijeti povijest tvoje obitelji,
04:49
a detailed breakdown of the world's political upheavals,
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detaljan pregled političkih prevrata svijeta
04:52
or the sum of humanity's knowledge into forests and across continents.
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ili sumu znanja čovječanstva u šume i po raznim kontinentima.
04:58
Perhaps even into the far reaches of space.
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Možda i u daleke obzore svemira.
05:02
Though we might one day disappear, perhaps our legacy can still live on,
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Iako je moguće da ćemo jednom nestati, možda naše nasljedstvo može opstati,
05:06
if anyone would think to find it.
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ako ga se itko sjeti pronaći.
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