The surprising reason birds sing - Partha P. Mitra

658,191 views ใƒป 2018-02-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Shai Hakim
00:10
This is a song sung by a brown thrasher.
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ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ืงื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ื.
00:13
But thatโ€™s just one of the thousand or more that it knows,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืืœืคื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข,
00:17
and itโ€™s not the only avian virtuoso.
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ื”ื•ื™ืจื˜ื•ืื•ื– ื”ืžืขื•ืคืฃ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“.
00:20
A wood thrush can sing two pitches at once.
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ื›ื™ื—ืœื™ ืขืฅ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ ืฆืœื™ืœ ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช.
00:26
A mockingbird can match the sounds around it, including car alarms.
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ืขื•ืจื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืงื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•, ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื–ืขืงื•ืช.
00:32
And the Australian superb lyrebird
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ื•ืœื ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ ื”ื ืคืœื
00:35
has an incredible, elaborate song and dance ritual.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ื•ื˜ืงืก ืจื™ืงื•ื“.
00:41
These are just a few of the 4,000 species of songbirds.
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ืืœื” ืจืง ื›ืžื” ืž 4,000 ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ.
00:46
Most birds produce short, simple calls,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืงืจื™ืื•ืช ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
00:50
but songbirds also have a repertoire of complex vocal patterns
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฆืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:54
that help them attract mates,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’,
00:56
defend territory,
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ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
00:57
and strengthen their social bonds.
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ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
01:00
Each songbird species has its own distinct song patterns,
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื™ืจ ื™ืฉ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื” ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•,
01:04
some with characteristic regional dialects.
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ื›ืžื” ืขื ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื ื™ื‘ื™ื ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื.
01:08
Experienced listeners can even distinguish individual birds by their unique songs.
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ืžืื–ื™ื ื™ื ืžื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื™ื ืœื”ืŸ.
01:14
So how do birds learn these songs in the first place?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•?
01:18
How do they know to mimic the songs of their own species?
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ืื™ืš ื”ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืื™ืš ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ืŸ?
01:21
Are they born knowing how to sing?
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ื”ืื ื”ืŸ ื ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืื™ืš ืœืฉื™ืจ?
01:25
A lot of what scientists know about bird song comes from studying zebra finches.
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ืจื™ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžื’ื™ืข ืžืคืจื•ืฉื™ ื–ื‘ืจื”.
01:30
A baby male zebra finch typically learns to sing from its father or other males,
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ื–ื›ืจ ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœื•ืžื“ ืœืฉื™ืจ ืžืื‘ื™ื• ืื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:36
starting while itโ€™s still a fledgling in the nest.
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ื”ื—ืœ ืžื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื‘ืงืŸ.
01:40
First comes a sensory learning phase,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื’ื™ืข ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™,
01:43
when the baby finch hears the songs sung around it and commits them to memory.
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ื›ืฉื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืฉ ืฉื•ืžืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืžื•ืฉืจื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ื•ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืื•ืชื.
01:48
The bird starts to vocalize during the motor learning phase,
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื•ืจื™,
01:52
practicing until it can match the song it memorized.
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ืžืชืืžืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉื–ื›ืจ.
01:55
As the bird learns, hearing the tutorโ€™s song over and over again
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ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื•ืžื“, ืฉืžื™ืขืช ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
01:59
is helpfulโ€” up to a point.
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช -- ืขื“ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
02:01
If he hears it too many times, the imitation degradesโ€”
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ืื ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžืชื“ืจื“ืจ --
02:06
and the source matters.
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ื•ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืžืฉื ื”.
02:07
If the song is played through a loudspeaker,
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ืื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžื•ืฉืžืข ื“ืจืš ืจืžืงื•ืœื™ื,
02:09
he canโ€™t pick it up as easily.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ืงื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืช.
02:12
But hide the same loudspeaker inside a toy painted to look like a zebra finch,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื™ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืจืžืงื•ืœ ื‘ืชื•ืš ืฆืขืฆื•ืข ืฉืฆื‘ื•ืข ื›ืžื• ืคืจื•ืฉ ื–ื‘ืจื”,
02:16
and his learning improves.
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ื•ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืžืฉืชืคืจืช.
02:19
What if the baby never hears another zebra finchโ€™s song?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื’ื•ื–ืœ ืืฃ ืคืขื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืข ืคืจื•ืฉ ื–ื‘ืจื” ืื—ืจ ืฉืจ?
02:23
Interestingly enough, itโ€™ll sing anyway.
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช.
02:27
Isolated finches still produce what are called innate or isolate songs.
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ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ืื• ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื.
02:32
A specific tune might be taught,
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ืžื ื’ื™ื ื” ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ืช ืื•ืœื™ ืชืœืžื“,
02:34
but the instinct to sing seems to be hardwired into a songbirdโ€™s brain.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื™ื ืกื˜ื™ืงื ื˜ ืœืฉื™ืจ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ืœืžื•ื— ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ืจ.
02:39
Innate songs sound different from the โ€œculturedโ€ songs
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ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœื“ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขื™ื ืื—ืจืช ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”"ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื"
02:42
learned from other finchesโ€”at first.
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ืฉื ืœืžื“ื• ืžืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื -- ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
02:46
If isolated zebra finches start a new colony,
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ืื ืคืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืžื•ืฉื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
02:48
the young birds pick up the isolate song from their parents.
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ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืžื”ื•ืจื™ื™ื”ื.
02:52
But the song changes from generation to generation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื“ื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ืจ.
02:55
And after a few iterations,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื,
02:57
the melody actually starts to resemble
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ื”ืžืœื•ื“ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื”ื“ืžื•ืช
02:59
the cultured songs sung by zebra finches in the wild.
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ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื•ืจื‘ืชื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจื•ืฉื™ ื–ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข.
03:03
Something about the learning process must be hardwired, too,
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ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืœืžื™ื“ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืžืข,
03:07
drawing the birds towards the same song patterns again and again.
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ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืฉืš ืืช ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชืŸ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘.
03:11
This means that basic information about the zebra finch song
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉื™ืจ ืคืจื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื‘ืจื”
03:15
must be stored somewhere in its genome,
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืกืŸ ื‘ื’ื ื•ื,
03:18
imprinted there by millions of years of evolution.
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ืžื•ื˜ืžืข ืฉื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
03:21
At first, this might seem odd,
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื” ืžื•ื–ืจ,
03:23
as we usually think of genetic code as a source of biochemical or physical traits,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืงื•ื“ ื’ื ื˜ื™ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื‘ื™ื•-ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช,
03:29
not something like a behavior or action.
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ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ืื• ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช.
03:31
But the two arenโ€™t fundamentally different;
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืกืŸ;
03:34
we can connect genomes to behavior through brain circuitry.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื’ื ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื—ื™ื•ื•ื•ื˜ ื‘ืžื•ื—.
03:37
The connection is noisy and quite complex.
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ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืจื•ืขืฉ ื•ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘.
03:40
It doesnโ€™t simply map single genes to single behaviors, but it exists.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืžืคื” ื’ื ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืงื™ื™ื.
03:46
Genomes contain codes for proteins that guide brain development,
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ื’ื ื•ืžื™ืงื” ื›ื•ืœืœืช ืงื•ื“ื™ื ืœื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:50
such as molecules that guide the pathways of developing axons,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืžื ื—ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืงืกื•ื ื™ื,
03:54
shaping distinct circuits.
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ืœืขืฆื‘ ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ื.
03:56
Birdsโ€™ brains have so-called โ€œsong circuitsโ€
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ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื "ืžืขื’ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ"
04:00
that are active when the birds sing.
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ืฉืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ืช.
04:02
These circuits also respond to the song of a birdโ€™s own species
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ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžื’ื™ื‘ื™ื ื’ื ืœืฉื™ืจ ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ
04:07
more strongly than to other speciesโ€™ songs.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื•ื–ืงื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
04:10
So the theory is that a birdโ€™s genes guide development of brain circuits
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ืื– ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
04:14
that relate to singing and the ability to learn songs.
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉื™ืจื” ื•ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืฉื™ืจื™ื.
04:18
Then, exposure to songs shapes those neural circuits
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ืื–, ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžืขืฆื‘ืช ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื
04:21
to produce the songs that are typical to that species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืฉื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืชื• ืžื™ืŸ.
04:26
Genetically encoded or innate behaviors arenโ€™t unique to songbirds.
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ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื˜ืžืขื•ืช ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช ืื• ืžื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืœื ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืฆื™ืคื•ืจื™ ืฉื™ืจ.
04:30
Theyโ€™re widespread in the animal kingdom.
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ื”ืŸ ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
04:33
Spectacular examples include
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ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžืจื”ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช
04:34
the long-distance migrations of monarch butterflies and salmon.
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ืืช ื”ื”ื’ื™ืจื” ืœืžืจื—ืงื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ืคืจืคืจื™ ื“ื ืื™ืช ื•ืกืœืžื•ืŸ.
04:39
So what does this mean for humans?
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ืื– ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื?
04:41
Are we also born with innate information written into our genomes
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ื”ืื ื’ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืขื ืžื™ื“ืข ืžื•ืœื“ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืœื’ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
04:45
that helps shape our neural circuits,
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ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
04:48
and ultimately results in something we know?
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื?
04:51
Could there be some knowledge
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ื”ืื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื›ืœืฉื”ื•
04:53
that is unique and intrinsic to humans as a species?
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ืฉื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ืข ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื™ืŸ?
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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