The evolution of the human eye - Joshua Harvey

1,450,487 views ใƒป 2015-01-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:09
The human eye is an amazing mechanism,
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ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืคืœื,
00:12
able to detect anywhere from a few photons to direct sunlight,
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ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืคื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ ื™ืฉื™ืจ,
00:16
or switch focus from the screen in front of you
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ืื• ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืคื•ืงื•ืก ืžื”ืžืกืš ืœืคื ื™ื›ื
00:19
to the distant horizon in a third of a second.
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ืœืื•ืคืง ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
00:22
In fact, the structures required for such incredible flexibility
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ื›ื–ื• ืžืคืœื™ืื”
00:26
were once considered so complex
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืคืขื ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื
00:28
that Charles Darwin himself acknowledged that the idea of there having evolved
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ืฉ'ืฆืืจืœืก ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•
00:33
seemed absurd in the highest possible degree.
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ื ืจืื” ืื‘ืกื•ืจื“ื™ ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:37
And yet, that is exactly what happened, starting more than 500 million years ago.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”, ื”ื—ืœ ืžืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 500 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื”.
00:42
The story of the human eye begins with a simple light spot,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”,
00:46
such as the one found in single-celled organisms,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืชื ื™ื—ื™ื“,
00:49
like euglena.
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ื›ืžื• ื™ื•ื’ืœื™ื ื™ื”.
00:51
This is a cluster of light-sensitive proteins
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ื–ื” ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืื•ืจ
00:53
linked to the organism's flagellum,
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ืฉืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืคืœื’ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื,
00:56
activating when it finds light and, therefore, food.
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื ืื•ืจ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื•ื›ืœ.
01:00
A more complex version of this light spot can be found in the flat worm, planaria.
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ื’ืจืกื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืœืขื™ื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช, ืคืœื ืจื™ื”.
01:05
Being cupped, rather than flat,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืงืฉืช ื•ืœื ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช,
01:07
enables it to better sense the direction of the incoming light.
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ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืข.
01:12
Among its other uses,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื”,
01:13
this ability allows an organism to seek out shade and hide from predators.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืฆืœ ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ื ืžื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื.
01:19
Over the millenia,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื,
01:20
as such light cups grew deeper in some organisms,
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ื›ืฉืงืฉืชื•ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ืืœื• ื ืขืฉื• ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื,
01:23
the opening at the front grew smaller.
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ื”ืคืชื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ืŸ ืงื˜ืŸ.
01:26
The result was a pinhole effect, which increased resolution dramatically,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ื™ืชื” ืืคืงื˜ ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ื˜, ืฉืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™,
01:31
reducing distortion by only allowing a thin beam of light into the eye.
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ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื•ื•ืชื™ื ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืจืง ืœืงืจืŸ ืื•ืจ ื“ืงื” ืœื”ื›ื ืก ืœืขื™ืŸ.
01:36
The nautilus, an ancestor of the octopus,
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ื”ื ืื•ื˜ื™ืœื•ืก, ื”ืื‘ ื”ืงื“ืžื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืžื ื•ืŸ,
01:39
uses this pinhole eye for improved resolution and directional sensing.
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ืจื™ืจ ืขื™ืŸ ืœื”ืคืจื“ื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ื•ื—ื™ืฉื” ื›ื™ื•ื ื™ืช.
01:45
Although the pinhole eye allows for simple images,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื—ืจื™ืจ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
01:48
the key step towards the eye as we know it is a lens.
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ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื”ื•ื ืขื“ืฉื”.
01:52
This is thought to have evolved
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ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืชื—ื”
01:54
through transparent cells covering the opening to prevent infection,
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ื“ืจืš ืชืื™ื ืฉืงื•ืคื™ื ืฉื›ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ืคืชื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื ื•ืข ื–ื™ื”ื•ื,
01:58
allowing the inside of the eye to fill with fluid
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ืžื” ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืžืœื ื‘ื ื•ื–ืœ
02:01
that optimizes light sensitivity and processing.
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ืฉืฉื™ืคืจ ืืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“.
02:05
Crystalline proteins forming at the surface
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ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื’ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—
02:07
created a structure that proved useful
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉื”ื•ื›ื— ื›ื™ืขื™ืœ
02:09
in focusing light at a single point on the retina.
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ืœืžื™ืงื•ื“ ืื•ืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช ืขืœ ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช.
02:13
It is this lens that is the key to the eye's adaptability,
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ื”ืขื“ืฉื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ,
02:17
changing its curvature to adapt to near and far vision.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฉื ื” ืืช ื”ืขืงืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœืจืื™ื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื•ืจื—ื•ืงื”.
02:21
This structure of the pinhole camera with a lens
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ื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆืœืžืช ื—ื•ืจ ืžื—ื˜ ืขื ืขื“ืฉื”
02:24
served as the basis for what would eventually evolve into the human eye.
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ืฉื™ืจืชื” ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœืžื” ืฉืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืชืคืชื— ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
02:29
Further refinements would include a colored ring, called the iris,
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ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ื™ื›ืœืœื• ื˜ื‘ืขืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืื™ืจื™ืก,
02:33
that controls the amount of light entering the eye,
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ืช ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื›ื ืกืช ืœืขื™ืŸ,
02:36
a tough white outer layer, known as the sclera,
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ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื ื” ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื”, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›ืกืงืœืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื‘ื ื” ืฉืœื”,
02:39
to maintain its structure,
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02:41
and tear glands that secrete a protective film.
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ื•ื‘ืœื•ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืžืข ืฉืžืคืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืงืจื•ื ืžื’ืŸ.
02:45
But equally important
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
02:46
was the accompanying evolution of the brain,
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02:49
with its expansion of the visual cortex
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ืขื ื”ื”ืชืจื—ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื˜ืงืก ื”ืจืื™ื™ืชื™
02:51
to process the sharper and more colorful images it was receiving.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืงื™ื‘ืœ.
02:56
We now know that far from being an ideal masterpiece of design,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื–ื” ืจื—ื•ืง ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžื•ืคืช ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช.
03:00
our eye bares traces of its step by step evolution.
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ื”ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื” ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ื™ื.
03:04
For example, the human retina is inverted,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื›ื”,
03:07
with light-detecting cells facing away from the eye opening.
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ืขื ืชืื™ื ืžื’ืœื™ ืื•ืจ ืฉืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืจื—ืง ืžืคืชื— ื”ืขื™ืŸ.
03:11
This results in a blind spot,
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ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืžืชื”,
03:12
where the optic nerve must pierce the retina
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ื‘ื• ืขืฆื‘ ื”ืจืื™ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืจืฉืชื™ืช
03:15
to reach the photosensitive layer in the back.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื›ื‘ื” ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉื” ืœืื•ืจ ืžืื—ื•ืจ.
03:18
The similar looking eyes of cephalopods,
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ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืคืœื•ืคื•ื“ื™ื,
03:21
which evolved independently,
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ืฉื”ืชืคืชื—ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
03:23
have a front-facing retina, allowing them to see without a blind spot.
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ื™ืฉ ืจืฉืชื™ืช ื”ืคื•ื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืฉื˜ื— ืžืช.
03:27
Other creatures' eyes display different adaptations.
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ืขื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืจืื•ืช ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:30
Anableps, the so called four-eyed fish,
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ืœืื ื‘ืœืคืก, ืžื” ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ื“ื’ ื”ืคื•ื–ืœ,
03:33
have eyes divided in two sections for looking above and under water,
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ื™ืฉ ืขื™ื ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืœืงื•ืช ืœืฉื ื™ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืžืขืœ ื•ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื,
03:38
perfect for spotting both predators and prey.
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ืžืขื•ืœื” ืœืจืื™ืช ื’ื ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื•ื’ื ื˜ืจืฃ.
03:42
Cats, classically nighttime hunters, have evolved with a reflective layer
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ื—ืชื•ืœื™ื, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงืœืืกื™ ืฆื“ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืคื™ืชื—ื• ืฉื›ื‘ื” ืžื—ื–ื™ืจืช ืื•ืจ
03:47
maximizing the amount of light the eye can detect,
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ืฉืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช,
03:51
granting them excellent night vision, as well as their signature glow.
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืื™ื™ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืžืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ.
03:55
These are just a few examples of the huge diversity of eyes in the animal kingdom.
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ืืœื• ืจืง ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืœื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืžืœื›ืช ื”ื—ื™.
04:00
So if you could design an eye, would you do it any differently?
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ืื– ืื ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืขื™ืŸ, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืื—ืจืช?
04:04
This question isn't as strange as it might sound.
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืœื ืžืฉื•ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืฉืžืขืช.
04:07
Today, doctors and scientists are looking at different eye structures
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื‘ื ื™ ืขื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื™ื
04:11
to help design biomechanical implants for the vision impaired.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืฉืชืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื™ื ืœืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืจืื™ื”.
04:15
And in the not so distant future,
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ื•ื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืœื ืจื—ื•ืง,
04:18
the machines built with the precision and flexibilty of the human eye
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ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื•ื’ืžื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช
04:22
may even enable it to surpass its own evolution.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืŸ ืœื”ืชืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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