A needle in countless haystacks: Finding habitable worlds - Ariel Anbar

424,178 views ใƒป 2012-11-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Yifat Adler
00:14
The universe contains about 100 billion galaxies.
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ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช.
00:18
Each of those galaxies contains about 100 billion stars.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ืžื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ืžื›ื™ืœื” ื‘ืขืจืš 100 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:22
Many of those stars have planets orbiting them.
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ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื™ืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
00:24
So how do we look for life in all that immensity?
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”?
00:27
It's like searching for a needle in trillions of haystacks.
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ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจืžื•ืช ืฉื—ืช.
00:31
We might want to focus our search on planets that we know can support life as we know it --
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ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืฆื” ืœืžืงื“ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื --
00:35
what we call habitable worlds.
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:38
What do such planets look like?
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ืื™ืš ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื ืจืื•ืช?
00:40
To answer that question, we don't look out there.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:43
Instead, we look at ourselves. At Earth.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื ื•. ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
00:45
Because this is the one planet in the universe that we know for certain is habitable.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืงื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ืช ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:50
When we look at Earth from space, we see a blue, watery world.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื”ื—ืœืœ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืœื ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ืžื™ืžื™.
00:53
It's no coincidence that three quarters of the surface is covered by oceans.
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ื–ื” ืœื ืžืงืจื” ืฉืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืจื‘ืขื™ื ืžื”ืฉื˜ื— ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื.
00:57
Because of its unique chemical and physical properties,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
01:00
water is absolutely essential for all life as we know it.
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ืžื™ื ื”ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
01:04
And so we get especially excited about other worlds on which water is abundant.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชืœื”ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื”ืžื™ื ื ืคื•ืฆื™ื.
01:09
Fortunately, water is very common in the universe.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืžื™ื ื”ื ืžืื•ื“ ืฉื›ื™ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
01:11
But life needs water in the form of liquid, not ice, and not vapor,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื ื•ื–ืœื™, ืœื ืงืจื—, ื•ืœื ืื“ื™ื,
01:15
and that's a little bit less common.
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ื•ื–ื” ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื™ื—.
01:17
For a planet to have liquid water at its surface, three things are important.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—, ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
01:21
First, the planet needs to be large enough that the force of gravity
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ื— ื”ืžืฉื™ื›ื”
01:24
keeps the water molecules from flying off into space.
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ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื ืžืœืขื•ืฃ ืœื—ืœืœ.
01:27
For example, Mars is smaller than Earth, and so has less gravity,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืžืื“ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื‘ื• ื—ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:31
and that's one important reason that Mars has a very thin atmosphere,
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ื•ื–ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœืžืื“ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื“ืงื”,
01:34
and no oceans at its surface.
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
01:37
Second, the planet needs to have an atmosphere. Why?
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ืฉื ื™ืช, ืœืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”. ืœืžื”?
01:41
Because without an atmosphere, the planet is in a vacuum,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืœื™ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื,
01:43
and liquid water isn't stable in a vacuum.
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ื•ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ืืงื•ื.
01:46
For example, our moon has no atmosphere, and so if you spill some water on the moon,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืœื™ืจื— ืฉืœื ื• ืื™ืŸ ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืš ืื ืชืฉืคื›ื• ืžื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื—,
01:50
it will either boil away as vapor, or freeze solid to make ice.
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ื”ื ื™ืจืชื—ื• ืžื™ื“ ืœืื“ื™ื, ืื• ื™ืงืคืื• ืœืงืจื—.
01:54
Without the pressure of an atmosphere, liquid water can't survive.
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ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืจื•ื“.
01:59
Third, the planet needs to be at the right distance from its star.
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ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:02
Too close, and the surface temperature will exceed the boiling point of water,
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžื“ื™, ื•ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืชืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืจืชื™ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
02:06
and oceans will turn to vapor.
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ื•ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืชืื“ื•.
02:09
Too far, and the surface temperature will fall below the freezing point of water,
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ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™, ื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ื™ืคืœื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื™ืคืื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื,
02:12
causing the oceans to turn to ice.
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ืžื” ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœืงืจื—.
02:15
Fire or ice. For life as we know it, neither will suffice.
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ืืฉ ืื• ืงืจื—. ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•, ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื.
02:21
You can imagine that the perfect zone where water stays liquid looks kind of like a belt around a star.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื• ืžื™ื ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื’ื•ืจื” ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘.
02:27
We call that belt the habitable zone.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื’ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืชื•ืžืš ื—ื™ื™ื.
02:30
So when we search for habitable worlds, we definitely want to look for planets in the habitable zones around their stars.
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ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื, ื ืจืฆื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
02:36
Those regions are the best bets to find planets like Earth.
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ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
02:40
But while habitable zones are a pretty good place to begin the search for planets with life,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื,
02:44
there are a couple of complications.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื.
02:47
First, a planet isn't necessarily habitable just because it's in the habitable zone.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืคืœื ื˜ื” ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื.
02:51
Consider the planet Venus in our solar system.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:53
If you were an alien astronomer, you'd think Venus is a pretty good bet for life.
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ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ื•ื’ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
02:57
It's the right size, it has an atmosphere, and it's in the habitable zone of our sun.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ื™ืฉ ืœื” ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
03:01
An alien astronomer might see it as Earth's twin.
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ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจืื” ืื•ืชื” ื›ืชืื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:05
But Venus is not habitable, at least not at its surface.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื•ื’ื” ืœื ืจืื•ื™ื” ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ื, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื—.
03:08
Not by life as we know it. It's too hot.
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ืœื ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื. ื”ื™ื ื—ืžื” ืžื“ื™.
03:11
That's because Venus' atmosphere is full of carbon dioxide, an important greenhouse gas.
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื” ืžืœืื” ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ, ื’ื– ื—ืžืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
03:15
In fact, its atmosphere is almost entirely carbon dioxide,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื” ื“ื• ืชื—ืžื•ืฆืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ,
03:19
and is almost 100 times thicker than our own.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืคื™ ืžืื” ืžืฉืœื ื•.
03:22
As a result, the temperature on Venus is hot enough to melt lead,
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื ื•ื’ื” ื—ืžื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืชื™ืš ืขื•ืคืจืช,
03:25
and the planet is dry as a bone.
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ื•ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื“ื‘ืจ.
03:28
So finding planets of the right size and distance from their stars is only a beginning.
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ืื– ืžืฆื™ืืช ืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืจื—ืง ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื”ืชื—ืœื”.
03:32
We also want to know about the makeup of their atmospheres.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ื• ื”ืจื›ื‘ ื”ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
03:36
The second complication emerges when we look a little more deeply at planet Earth.
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ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:40
In the last 30 years, we've discovered microbes living in all sorts of extreme environments.
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ื‘-30 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:45
We find them in fissures of rock miles beneath our feet,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื‘ืงื™ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืกืœืขื™ื ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืชื™ื ื•,
03:47
in boiling waters of the ocean floor,
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ื‘ืžื™ื ืจื•ืชื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก,
03:50
in acidic waters of thermal springs,
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ื‘ืžื™ื ื—ื•ืžืฆื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ืžื™ื,
03:52
and in cloud droplets miles above our heads.
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ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืขื ืŸ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืœ ืจืืฉื™ื ื•.
03:55
These so-called extremophiles aren't rare.
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ื•ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืืงืกื˜ืจื™ืžื•ืคื™ืœื™ื, ืœื ื ื“ื™ืจื™ื.
03:58
Some scientists estimate that the mass of microbes living deep underground
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ื›ืžื” ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืง ื‘ืื“ืžื”
04:03
equals the mass of all the life at Earth's surface.
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ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืžืกื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื“ื•ืจ.
04:06
These subterranean microbes don't need oceans or sunshine.
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ื”ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชืช ืงืจืงืขื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืกื™ื ืื• ืื•ืจ ืฉืžืฉ.
04:09
These discoveries suggest that Earth-like planets may be only the tip of the astrobiological iceberg.
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืจืื™ื ืฉืคืœื ื˜ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืŸ ืื•ืœื™ ืจืง ืงืฆื” ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
04:15
It's possible that life might persist in aquifers beneath the surface of Mars.
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ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืืงื•ื•ื™ืคืจื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ืžืื“ื™ื.
04:18
Microbes may thrive on Jupiter's moon Europa,
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืฆื“ืง ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
04:21
where liquid water ocean probably lies beneath the icy crust.
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ืฉื ืžื™ื ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžืขื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื—.
04:25
Another ocean beneath the surface of Saturn's moon Enceladus is the source of geysers erupting into space.
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ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืงื™ืื ื•ืก ืžืชื—ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืจื— ืฉืœ ืžืื“ื™ื, ืื ืกืœื“ื•ืก, ื”ื•ื ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ืฉืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืœื—ืœืœ.
04:31
Could these geysers be raining microbes?
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ื”ืื ื”ื’ื™ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื˜ื™ืจื™ื ืžื™ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื?
04:33
Could we fly through them to find out?
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ื”ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื˜ื•ืก ื“ืจื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง?
04:35
And what about life as we don't know it, using a liquid other than water?
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ื•ืžื” ืขื ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื, ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ื–ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืžื™ื?
04:39
Maybe we are the crazy creatures living in an unusual and extreme environment.
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื”.
04:43
Maybe the real habitable zone is so large
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ืชื•ืžืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:46
that there are billions of needles in those trillions of haystacks.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืขืจืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ืช.
04:49
Maybe in the big scheme of things, Earth is only one of many different kinds of habitable worlds.
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ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ื‘.
04:55
The only way to find out is to go out and explore.
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื“ืขืช ื”ื™ื ืœืฆืืช ืœืฉื ื•ืœื—ืงื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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