The brilliance of bioluminescence - Leslie Kenna

2,334,687 views ใƒป 2013-05-15

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Jessica Ruby
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:14
Imagine a place so dark
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื—ืฉื•ืš
00:15
you can't see the nose on your face.
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ืฉืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื™ื›ื.
00:18
Eyes opened or closed, it's all the same
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ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืคืชื•ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืกื’ื•ืจื•ืช, ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
00:21
because the sun never shines there.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืฉืžืฉ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื–ื•ืจื—ืช ืฉื.
00:23
Up ahead, you see a light.
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ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืจ.
00:26
When you creep in to investigate,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง,
00:27
a blue light flits around you.
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ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืžืจื—ืฃ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื›ื.
00:30
"I could watch this forever," you think.
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"ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืœื," ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:32
But you can't
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื
00:33
because the mouth of an anglerfish has just sprung open
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืคื™ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื’ ืื ื’ืœืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื ืคืชื—
00:36
and eaten you alive.
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ื•ืื›ืœ ืืชื›ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
00:38
You are just one of many creatures
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ืืชื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื
00:40
at the bottom of the ocean who learn too late
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ื‘ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ืฉืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™
00:42
to appreciate the power of bioluminescence.
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ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
00:45
Bioluminescence refers to the ability
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืช
00:48
of certain living things to create light.
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ืฉืœ ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ืจ.
00:50
The human body can make stuff
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ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:52
like ear wax and toe nails,
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขื•ื•ืช ืื•ื–ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ื”ื•ื ื•ืช,
00:55
but these organisms can turn
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš
00:57
parts of their body into glow sticks.
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžื’ื•ืคื ืœืžืงืœื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
00:59
It's like nature made them ready to rave.
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ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ืขืฉื” ืื•ืชื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืจื™ื™ื‘.
01:02
Why?
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ืœืžื”?
01:03
In one way or another,
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืช ืื• ืื—ืจืช,
01:04
bioluminescence improves a living thing's chances of survival.
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ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืคืจืช ืืช ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื.
01:08
Take the firefly.
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช.
01:10
It's ability to glow green
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืง
01:11
helps it attract a mate on a warm, summer night,
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ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื” ืœืžืฉื•ืš ื‘ืŸ ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ืœื™ืœ ืงื™ื™ืฅ ื—ื,
01:14
but it's just one of many living things that can glow.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื.
01:17
The railroad worm, Phrixothrix hirtus,
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ืชื•ืœืขืช ื”ืจื›ื‘ืช, ืคืจื™ืงืกื•ืชืจืงืก ื”ื™ืจื˜ื•ืก,
01:20
can light up its body in two colors:
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื’ื•ืคื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื:
01:21
red and green.
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ืื“ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื•ืง.
01:23
Would you eat something
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ื”ืื ืชืื›ืœื• ืžืฉื”ื•
01:24
that looks like an airport runway?
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ืฉื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ืชืขื•ืคื”?
01:26
Neither would any sensible predator.
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ื’ื ืœื ืืฃ ื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื‘ืจ ื“ืขืช.
01:28
The flashing lights keep the worm safe.
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ื”ืื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื ืฆื ืฆื™ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืœืขืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื”.
01:31
Then there's the deep sea shrimp,
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ื•ืื– ื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืจื™ืžืค ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื,
01:33
Acantherphyra purpurea.
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ืืงื ืชืจืคื™ื™ืจื” ืคื•ืจืคื•ืจืื”.
01:35
When it feels threatened,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื™ื™ื,
01:36
it spews a cloud of glowing goo from its mouth.
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ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืœื˜ ื’'ืœื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืžืคื™ื•.
01:40
Who doesn't run the other way
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ืžื™ ืœื ื‘ื•ืจื— ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™
01:41
when they've just been puked on?
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ื›ืฉืจืง ื”ืงื™ืื• ืขืœื™ื”ื?
01:43
Plus, that puke attracts bigger predators
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ื•ืขื•ื“, ื”ืงื™ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืš ื˜ื•ืจืคื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:46
who want to eat the shrimp's enemy.
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ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ืื•ื™ื™ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉืจื™ืžืค.
01:48
So what if you can't bioluminesce?
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ื ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”?
01:50
No problem!
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ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”!
01:51
There are other ways for living things
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฆื•ื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื
01:53
to make bioluminescence work for them,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื,
01:55
even if they weren't born with the equipment to glow.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืื ื”ื ืœื ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ.
01:58
Let's revisit the anglerfish
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื“ื’ ื”ืื ื’ืœืจ
02:00
moments before it tried to eat you.
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ืจื’ืขื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื ื™ืกื” ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืชื›ื.
02:02
That glowing bait on top of its head?
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ื”ืคืชื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•?
02:04
It comes from a pocket of skin called the esca.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืžื›ื™ืก ืฉืœ ืขื•ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืืกืงื”.
02:07
The esca holds bioluminescent bacteria.
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ื”ืืกืงื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
02:10
The anglerfish can't glow there by itself,
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ื“ื’ ื”ืื ื’ืœืจ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•,
02:12
so it holds a sack of glowing bacteria instead.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืฉืง ืฉืœ ื‘ืงื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื.
02:16
Remember the firefly?
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช?
02:18
It can actually make itself glow.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืขืฆืžื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ ืœืžืขืฉื”.
02:20
Inside its lantern are two chemicals,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื,
02:22
a luciferin and a luciferase.
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ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ ื•ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืื–.
02:25
When firefly luciferase and luciferin mix together
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืื– ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ืช ืžืชืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื
02:28
in the presence of oxygen
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ื‘ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืžืฆืŸ
02:29
and fuel for the cell, called ATP,
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ื•ื“ืœืง ืœืชื, ืฉื ืงืจื ATP,
02:31
the chemical reaction gives off energy in the form of light.
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ื ื•ืชื ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ.
02:35
Once scientists figured out
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
02:36
how the firefly creates its luciferase and luciferin,
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ืื™ืš ื”ื’ื—ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจืื– ื•ื”ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ,
02:39
they used genetic engineering
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ื”ื ื“ืกื” ื’ื ื˜ื™ืช
02:41
to make this light-producing reaction
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ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ื–ื•
02:43
occur inside other living things that can't glow.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืจ.
02:46
For example, they inserted the genes,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ื ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื• ืืช ื”ื’ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:48
or instructions, for a cell
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ืื• ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”, ืœืชื
02:50
to create firefly luciferase and luciferin into a tobacco plant.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืœื•ื–ื™ืคืจืื– ื•ืœื•ืกื™ืคืจื™ืŸ ื‘ืฆืžื— ื˜ื‘ืง.
02:54
Once there, the tobacco plant followed the instructions
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื, ืฆืžื— ื”ื˜ื‘ืง ืขืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช
02:57
slipped into its DNA and lit up like a Christmas tree.
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ืฉื”ื•ื›ื ืกื• ืœืชื•ืš ื”DNA ืฉืœื• ื•ื–ื”ืจ ื›ืžื• ืขืฅ ื—ื’ ืžื•ืœื“.
03:01
The beauty of bioluminescence,
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ื”ื™ื•ืคื™ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”,
03:02
unlike the light from the sun or an incandescent bulb,
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ืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืื• ื ื•ืจืช ืœื™ื‘ื•ืŸ,
03:05
is that it's not hot.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื—ื.
03:07
It takes place in a range of temperatures
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ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
03:09
that don't burn a living thing.
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ืฉืœื ืฉื•ืจืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ.
03:11
And unlike a glow stick,
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžืงืœื•ืช ื–ื•ื”ืจื™ื,
03:12
which fades out as the chemicals inside get used up,
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ืฉื“ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืฉื”ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื ื’ืžืจื™ื,
03:15
bioluminescent reactions use replenishable resources.
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ืชื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืื’ืจื™ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
03:19
That's one reason engineers
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ื–ื• ืื—ืช ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื
03:20
are trying to develop bioluminescent trees.
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืคืชื— ืขืฆื™ื ืขื ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
03:24
Just think, if planted on the side of highways,
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ืจืง ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื•, ืื ืฉื•ืชืœื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื™ื,
03:26
they could light the way, using only oxygen
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ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:28
and other freely available, clean resources to run.
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ื•ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื ืงื™ื™ื ื•ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
03:32
Talk about survival advantage!
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ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืฉืจื“ื•ืชื™!
03:34
That could help our planet live longer.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:37
Do you find yourself thinking of other ways
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ื”ืื ืืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
03:39
to put bioluminescence to good use?
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ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื?
03:42
That glow stick you swing at a rave
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ื”ืžืงืœ ื”ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืืชื ืžื ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืจื™ื™ื‘
03:44
may help you find a mate,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื‘ืจ,
03:46
but how else can bioluminescence improve your survival?
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืš ื‘ื™ื•-ืœื•ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืจื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•?
03:49
If you start thinking in this way,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื•,
03:51
you have seen the light.
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ืจืื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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