Can you solve the temple riddle? - Dennis E. Shasha

10,628,754 views ใƒป 2016-02-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:07
You've found the hidden switches,
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ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื ืืช ื”ืžืคืกืงื™ื ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื,
00:09
evaded the secret traps,
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ื”ืชื—ืžืงืชื ืžื”ืžืœื›ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช,
00:10
and now your expedition finally stands
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœื›ื ืขื•ืžื“ืช ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ
00:13
at the heart of the ancient temple inside The Lost City.
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ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:17
But as you study the inscriptions in the near total darkness,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืชื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ืช,
00:20
two of the eight graduate students accompanying you
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ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืžื•ื ืช ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืœื•ื•ื™ื ืืชื›ื
00:23
bump into the alter.
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ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืžื–ื‘ื—.
00:25
Suddenly, two whisps of green smoke burst forth
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ืคืชืื•ื ืฉืชื™ ืชืžืจื•ืช ืขืฉืŸ ื™ืจื•ืง ืคื•ืจืฆื•ืช
00:29
and the walls begin to shake.
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ื•ื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืจืขื•ื“.
00:30
Fleeing for your lives,
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ื‘ื•ืจื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื›ื,
00:32
you come to a room you passed before with five hallways,
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ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ ืฉืขื‘ืจืชื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ ืขื ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
00:36
including the one to the altar and the one leading back outside.
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื–ื‘ื— ื•ื–ื” ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื—ื–ืจื” ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:40
The giant sandglass in the center is now flowing,
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ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ื”ืขืฆื•ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื–ื•ืจื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
00:43
with less than an hour before it empties,
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ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ืชืจื•ืงืŸ,
00:45
and the rumbling tells you that you don't want to be around when that happens.
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ื•ื”ืจืขื ืฉืขื•ืœื” ืžื”ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ื•ืช ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื›ืฉื–ื” ื™ืงืจื”.
00:50
From what you recall of your way here,
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ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืคื ื™ืžื”,
00:52
it would take about 20 minutes to reach the exit at a fast pace.
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ื–ื” ื™ืงื— ื‘ืขืจืš 20 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
00:56
You know this is the last junction before the exit,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืฆื•ืžืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”,
00:59
but your trail markings have been erased,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ืžื ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื ื ืžื—ืงื•,
01:02
and no one remembers the way.
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ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš.
01:04
If nine of you split up,
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ืื ืชืฉืขื” ืžื›ื ื™ืชืคืฆืœื•,
01:05
there should be just enough time
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ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง ื–ืžืŸ
01:07
for each group to explore one of the four halls ahead and report back to this room,
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ืœื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”,
01:13
with everyone then making a run down the correct path.
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ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืจื•ืฆื• ื‘ื“ืจืš ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
01:16
There's just one problem;
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืจืง ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื—ืช;
01:18
the inscriptions told of the altar's curse:
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ื”ื›ืชื‘ ืกื™ืคืจ ืขืœ ืงืœืœืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—:
01:21
the spirits of the city's King and Queen possessing intruders
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ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืœืš ื•ืžืœื›ืช ื”ืขื™ืจ ืžืฉืชืœื˜ื•ืช ืขืœ ืคื•ืœืฉื™ื
01:25
and leading them to their doom through deception.
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” ืื•ืชื ืœืื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื”ื˜ืขื™ื”.
01:28
Remembering the green smoke,
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ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืฉืŸ ื”ื™ืจื•ืง,
01:30
you realize two of the students have been cursed.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืงื•ืœืœื•.
01:33
At any time, one or both of them might lie,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืงืจ,
01:37
though they also might tell the truth.
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
01:40
You know for sure that the curse didn't get you,
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช ืฉื”ืงืœืœื” ืœื ืชืคืกื” ืืชื›ื,
01:42
but you don't know which students can't be trusted,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืžื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—,
01:45
and because the possessed students may lie only occasionally,
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืงืจื• ืจืง ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
01:49
there is no guaranteed way to test them to determine which are cursed.
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืžื™ ืžื›ื•ืฉืฃ.
01:54
Can you figure out a way to ensure that you all escape?
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ื”ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื‘ืจื•ื—?
01:57
Don't worry about the possessed students attacking
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ืืœ ืชื“ืื’ื• ืฉื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื™ืชืงืคื• ืืชื›ื
02:00
or otherwise harming the others.
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ืื• ื™ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
02:02
This curse only affects their communication.
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ื”ืงืœืœื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืจืง ืขืœ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ืฉืœื”ื.
02:05
Pause the video now if you want to figure it out by yourself!
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ืขืฆืจื• ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืื ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ืœื‘ื“!
02:09
Answer in: 3
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“: 3
02:10
Answer in: 2
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“: 2
02:11
Answer in: 1
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ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“: 1
02:12
The first thing to realize is that since you know you aren't possessed,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉืžืื—ืจ ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืชื ืœื ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื,
02:16
you can explore one of the halls alone.
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ืœื‘ื“.
02:19
This leaves eight students for the remaining three paths.
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ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืืจ ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื.
02:22
Sending groups of four down just two of the paths won't work
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืจืง ืœืฉืชื™ ืžื ื”ืจื•ืช ืœื ื™ืขื–ื•ืจ
02:26
because if one group came back split two versus two,
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืชื—ื–ื•ืจ ืžืคื•ืฆืœืช ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœ ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
02:29
you'd have to guess who to trust.
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ืืชื ืชืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœื ื—ืฉ ื‘ืžื™ ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
02:31
But splitting them into one pair and two trios would work every time,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืคืฆืœ ืื•ืชื ืœื–ื•ื’ ื•ืฉืชื™ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืคืขื,
02:37
and here's why.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื”.
02:38
The possessed students might lie, or they might not,
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ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉืงืจื•, ื•ืืœื• ืœื,
02:42
but you know there are only two of them,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืจืง ืฉื ื™ื™ื ืžื”ื,
02:45
while the other six will always tell the truth.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
02:48
When each group returns to the hall,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืœื—ืœืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™,
02:50
all of its members will either give the same report
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืชื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
02:53
or argue about whether they found the exit.
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ืื• ื™ืชื•ื•ื›ื—ื• ืื ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื”.
02:56
If a trio returns in total agreement,
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ืื ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื” ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื”,
02:58
then you know none of them are lying.
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ืžืฉืงืจ.
03:01
With the pair, you can't be sure either way,
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ืขื ื–ื•ื’, ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื”,
03:04
but all you need is reliable evidence about three of the four paths.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื–ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืขื‘ืจื™ื.
03:08
The fourth you can figure out using the process of elimination.
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ืืช ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื ื“ืจืš ืืœื™ืžื™ื ืฆื™ื”.
03:12
Of course, none of this matters if you're lucky enough to find the exit yourself,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืžื–ืœ ืœื’ืœื•ืช ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื›ื,
03:17
but otherwise, putting everything together leaves you with three possibilities.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ืจืช, ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื—ื“ ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืชื›ื ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
03:21
If each group gives a consistent answer,
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ืื ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื ื•ืชื ืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืื—ื™ื“ื”,
03:24
either everyone is telling the truth,
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ืื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
03:26
or the two possessed students are paired together.
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ืื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžื–ื•ื•ื’ื™ื.
03:29
In either case, ignore the duo.
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”, ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื”ื–ื•ื’.
03:31
If there's only one group arguing, both others must be telling the truth,
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ืื ื™ืฉ ืจืง ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืื—ืช ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช,
03:36
and if there are two conflicts,
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ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืงื•ื ืคืœื™ืงื˜ื™ื,
03:37
then the possessed students are in separate groups
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ืื– ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื•ืฉืคื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื ืคืจื“ื•ืช
03:40
and you can safely trust the majority in both trios
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ื•ืช
03:44
since at least two people in each will be truthful.
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ื•ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ืช ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืืžืช.
03:47
The temple collapses behind you
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ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืงื•ืจืก ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื›ื
03:49
as greenish vapors escape from two of the students.
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ื›ืฉืื“ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืงื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืฉื ื™ื ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื.
03:52
You're all safe and free from the curse.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืžื”ืงืœืœื”.
03:55
After that ordeal,
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ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื‘ืœื’ืŸ,
03:56
you tell your group they all deserve a vacation,
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ืืชื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื—ื•ืคืฉื”,
03:59
and you just happen to have another expedition coming up.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืžืชืงืจื‘ืช.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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