How much will you change in the future? More than you think - Bence Nanay

367,600 views ใƒป 2018-09-27

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Roni Ravia
00:07
When trains began to shuttle people across the coutryside,
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ื›ืฉื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืกื™ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื
00:10
many insisted they would never replace horses.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื•ื• ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืกื•ืกื™ื.
00:14
Less than a century later, people repeated that same prediction about cars,
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ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืžืื” ืฉื ื”, ื ืฉืžืขื” ืื•ืชื” ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื—ืก ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ื•ืช,
00:18
telephones,
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ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื,
ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ ืจื“ื™ื•,
00:20
radio,
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00:20
television,
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ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื”
00:21
and computers.
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ื•ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
00:22
Each had their own host of detractors.
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ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื” ื”ืชืœื•ื•ืชื” ืขื“ืช ืžืœืขื™ื–ื™ื ืžืฉืœื•.
00:25
Even some experts insisted they wouldnโ€™t catch on.
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ื”ื™ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืฉื”ื ืœื "ื™ืชืคืกื•".
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื ื‘ื ืื™ืš ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื™ื™ืจืื” ื”ืขืชื™ื“
00:29
Of course, we canโ€™t predict exactly what the future will look like
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00:32
or what new inventions will populate it.
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ืื• ืื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื‘ื•.
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
00:35
But time and time again,
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00:36
weโ€™ve also failed to predict that the technologies of the present
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ืฉื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
ืชืฉื ื ื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ืจ.
00:40
will change the future.
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ื•ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ื—ืฉืฃ ื“ืคื•ืก ื“ื•ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื:
00:42
And recent research has revealed a similar pattern in our individual lives:
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื•.
00:47
weโ€™re unable to predict change in ourselves.
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00:50
Three psychologists documented our inability to predict personal change
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ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืชื™ืขื“ื• ืืช ืื™-ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื
00:55
in a 2013 paper called, โ€œThe End of History Illusion.โ€
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ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืž-2013 ืฉื›ื•ืชืจืชื•: "ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”".
01:00
Named after political scientist Francis Fukuyamaโ€™s prediction
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ื”ืžืืžืจ ื ืงืจื ืขืœ ืฉื ืชื—ื–ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืคื•ืงื•ื™ืืžื”,
01:04
that liberal democracy was the final form of government,
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ืฉืงื‘ืขื” ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ื” ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ืจืช ื”ืžืžืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”,
01:07
or as he called it, โ€œthe end of history,โ€
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ืื• ื‘ืžื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•, "ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”".
01:09
their work highlights the way we see ourselves as finished products
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ื”ืจืื” ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื›ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ืžืจื™ื
ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ.
01:14
at any given moment.
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01:16
The researchers recruited over 7,000 participants ages 18 to 68.
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื’ื™ื™ืกื• ืžืขืœ 7,000 ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื 18 ืขื“ 68.
01:21
They asked half of these participants to report their current personality traits,
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ื”ื ื‘ื™ืงืฉื• ืžืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืœื“ื•ื•ื— ืขืœ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
ืขืจื›ื™ื”ื
01:26
values,
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ื•ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”ื,
01:27
and preferences,
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01:28
along with what each of those metrics had been ten years before.
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ืœืฆื“ ืชื™ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืืœื” 10 ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
01:33
The other half described those features in their present selves,
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ื”ื—ืฆื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืชื™ืืจ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ื‘ืขืฆืžื ื›ื™ื•ื,
01:36
and predicted what they would be ten years in the future.
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ืœืฆื“ ืชื—ื–ื™ืช ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
01:40
Based on these answers,
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื
ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
01:42
the researchers then calculated the degree of change
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01:44
each participant reported or predicted.
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ืชื™ืืจ ืื• ื—ื–ื”.
01:48
For every age group in the sample,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื’ื™ืœ ื‘ืžื“ื’ื,
ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื—ื–ื•ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—.
01:51
they compared the predicted changes to the reported changes.
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01:54
So they compared the degree to which 18-year-olds thought they would change
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื ื”ืฉื•ื• ืืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”-18 ื—ื–ื•
01:58
to the degree to which 28-year-olds reported they had changed.
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ืœืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืขืœื™ื• ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”-28.
ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื›ืจื™ืข, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื™ื,
02:03
Overwhelmingly, at all ages,
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02:05
peopleโ€™s future estimates of change came up short
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ื”ืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ ืœืงื• ื‘ื—ืกืจ
ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืชื™ืืจื• ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:09
compared to the changes their older counterparts recalled.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”-20 ื ื™ื‘ืื• ืฉื‘ื’ื™ืœ 30 ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื ืžืื›ืœื™ื,
02:13
20-year-olds expected to still like the same foods at 30,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”-30 ื›ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื˜ืขืžื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœ.
02:17
but 30-year-olds no longer had the same tastes.
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02:20
30-year-olds predicted theyโ€™d still have the same best friend at 40,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื”-30 ื—ื–ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 40,
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”-40 ื ื™ืชืงื• ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื,
02:25
but 40-year-olds had lost touch with theirs.
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ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื”-40 ืฆืคื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืื•ืชื ืขืจื›ื™ ืœื™ื‘ื”
02:28
And 40-year-olds predicted theyโ€™d maintain the same core values
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02:32
that 50-year-olds had reconsidered.
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ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”-50 ื‘ื—ื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ.
02:35
While older people changed less than younger people on the whole,
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ืืฃ ืฉื›ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืฉืชื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:39
they underestimated their capacity for change just as much.
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ื”ื ื”ืžืขื™ื˜ื• ื‘ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:43
Wherever we are in life, the end of history illusion persists:
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื ืฉืžืจืช ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”:
02:47
we tend to think that the bulk of our personal change is behind us.
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•.
02:52
One consequence of this thinking
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ืชื•ืฆืื” ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื–ื•
02:54
is that weโ€™re inclined to overinvest in future choices
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ื”ื™ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช-ื™ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื™ื•ืช
02:58
based on present preferences.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:00
On average, people are willing to pay about 60% more
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ื‘ืžืžื•ืฆืข, ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื›-60% ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:04
to see their current favorite musician ten years in the future
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื•ืคืข ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื‘ืขื•ื“ 10 ืฉื ื™ื
03:07
than theyโ€™d currently pay to see their favorite musician from ten years ago.
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ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ื”ื™ื•ื
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžื•ืกื™ืงืื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืื”ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ 10 ืฉื ื™ื.
03:12
While the stakes involved in concert-going are low,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžื•ืคืข ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื,
03:15
weโ€™re susceptible to similar miscalculations
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื˜ืขื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื
03:18
in more serious commitments,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจืฆื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
ื›ืžื• ื‘ื™ืช,
03:20
like homes,
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03:21
partners,
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ื‘ื ื™ ื–ื•ื’
03:22
and jobs.
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ื•ืžืงื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
03:23
At the same time, thereโ€™s no real way to predict
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ื‘ื”-ื‘ืขืช, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœื—ื–ื•ืช
ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื™ื ื” ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืชื™ื“.
03:26
what our preferences will be in the future.
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03:28
Without the end of history Illusion,
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ืœืœื ืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
03:30
it would be difficult to make any long-term plans.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ืœืจืงื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชื›ื ื™ื•ืช ืืจื•ื›ื•ืช-ื˜ื•ื•ื—.
03:33
So the end of history illusion applies to our individual lives,
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ื›ืš ืฉืืฉืœื™ื™ืช ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื,
ืืš ืžื” ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ?
03:38
but what about the wider world?
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”?
03:40
Could we be assuming that how things are now is how they will continue to be?
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœืžื–ืœื ื• ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืชื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื
03:45
If so, fortunately, there are countless records
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03:47
to remind us that the world does change, sometimes for the better.
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ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืœื ื• ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืื›ืŸ ืžืฉืชื ื”, ืœืขืชื™ื - ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
03:52
Our own historical moment isnโ€™t the end of history,
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ื”ืจื’ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืงืฅ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
ื•ื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ืจ ืœื ื—ืžื” ื•ื”ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืื’ื”.
03:55
and that can be just as much a source of comfort as a cause for concern.
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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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