Why do competitors open their stores next to one another? - Jac de Haan

6,674,080 views ใƒป 2012-10-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: tom carter Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: eviatar edlerman
00:15
Why are gas stations always built right next to other gas stations?
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ืœืžื” ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ืœื™ื“ ืชื—ื ื•ืช ื“ืœืง ืื—ืจื•ืช?
00:19
Why can I drive for a mile without finding a coffee shop
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ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื•ื’ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื ื•ืช ืงืคื”
00:21
and then stumble across three on the same corner?
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ื•ืื– ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืคื™ื ื”?
00:24
Why do grocery stores, auto repair shops and restaurants
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ืœืžื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืœืช, ืžื•ืกื›ื™ื ื•ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช
00:27
always seem to exist in groups
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ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืงื”ื™ืœื”?
00:28
instead of being spread evenly throughout a community?
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00:31
While there are several factors
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื ืกื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื ื”ืขืกืง ืฉืœื›ื,
00:33
that might go into deciding where to place your business,
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ืžืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜
00:36
clusters of similar companies can be explained by a very simple story
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00:39
called Hotelling's Model of Spatial Competition.
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ืฉื ืงืจื ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื•ื˜ืœื™ื ื’ ืฉืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ืช.
00:43
Imagine that you sell ice cream at the beach.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ.
00:45
Your beach is one mile long and you have no competition.
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ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืจืš ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืชื—ืจื•ืช.
00:48
Where would you place your cart in order to sell the most product?
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ืื™ืคื” ืชืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืฆืจ?
00:51
In the middle.
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ื‘ืžืจื›ื–.
00:52
The one-half-mile walk may be too far for some people
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ื”ืœื™ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืžืื•ืช ืžื˜ืจ ืื•ืœื™ ืืจื•ื›ื” ืžื“ื™ ืœื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื
00:55
at each end of the beach,
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืžืฉืจืชืช ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื™ืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช.
00:56
but your cart serves as many people as possible.
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืฉื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื›ื ื˜ื“ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื—ื•ืฃ
00:59
One day you show up at work
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01:01
just as your cousin Teddy is arriving at the beach
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ืขื ืขื’ืœืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื•. ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื•ื ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื•ื’ ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืืชื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื.
01:03
with his own ice cream cart.
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01:04
In fact, he's selling
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01:06
exactly the same type of ice cream as you are.
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ืืชื ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื.
01:08
You agree that you will split the beach in half.
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01:10
In order to ensure that customers don't have to walk too far
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื˜ืจื›ื• ืœืœื›ืช ืจื—ื•ืง ืžื“ื™
01:13
you set up your cart a quarter mile south of the beach center,
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ืืชื ืžืชืžืงืžื™ื 400 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
01:16
right in the middle of your territory.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื.
01:18
Teddy sets up a quarter mile north of the center,
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ื˜ื“ื™ ืžืชืžืงื 400 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœืžืจื›ื–,
01:20
in the middle of Teddy territory.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ื™.
01:22
With this agreement, everyone south of you buys ice cream from you.
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ืขื ื”ื”ืกื›ื ื”ื–ื”, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื“ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืงื•ื ื” ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ืžื›ื.
01:25
Everyone north of Teddy buys from him, and the 50% of beachgoers in between
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ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžืฆืคื•ืŸ ืœื˜ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ื” ืžืžื ื•, ื•ื‘50% ืžื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื‘ื™ื ื›ื
01:29
walk to the closest cart.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœืขื’ืœื” ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื”. ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื”ื•ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž400 ืžื˜ืจ,
01:31
No one walks more than a quarter of a mile,
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01:33
and both vendors sell to half of the beachgoers.
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ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื—ืฆื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ.
01:36
Game theorists consider this a socially optimal solution.
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ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช.
01:40
It minimizes the maximum number of steps any visitor must take
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ื–ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื”ืžืงืกื™ืžืœื™ ืฉื›ืœ ืžื‘ืงืจ ื™ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืœื›ืช
01:44
in order to reach an ice cream cart.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืขื’ืœืช ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
01:46
The next day, when you arrive at work,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื‘ื, ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
01:48
Teddy has set up his cart in the middle of the beach.
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ื•ื˜ื“ื™ ืžื™ืงื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
01:51
You return to your location a quarter mile south of center
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ืืชื ื—ื•ืกืจื™ื ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืฉืœื›ื 400 ืžื˜ืจ ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–
01:54
and get the 25% of customers to the south of you.
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ื•ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 25% ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืœื“ืจื•ืžื›ื.
01:57
Teddy still gets all of the customers north in Teddy territory,
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ื˜ื“ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
02:00
but now you split the 25% of people in between the two carts.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช 25% ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช.
02:04
Day three of the ice cream wars, you get to the beach early,
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ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื”, ืืชื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฃ ืžื•ืงื“ื,
02:07
and set up right in the center of Teddy territory,
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ื•ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื™ืฉืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ืฉื˜ื— ืฉืœ ื˜ื“ื™,
02:10
assuming you'll serve the 75% of beachgoers to your south,
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืืชื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื 75% ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืžื›ื,
02:13
leaving your cousin to sell to the 25% of customers to the north.
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ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืœื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ื›ื ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ืœ25% ืžื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
02:17
When Teddy arrives, he sets up just south of you
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ื‘ืฉื˜ื“ื™ ืžื’ื™ืข, ื”ื•ื ื ืขืžื“ ืžืขื˜ ื“ืจื•ืžื” ืžื›ื
02:20
stealing all of the southerly customers,
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ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ.
02:22
and leaving you with a small group of people to the north.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืœื ื™ื ืฆื— ืืชื›ื, ืืชื ื–ื–ื™ื 10 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื˜ื“ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
02:25
Not to be outdone, you move 10 paces south of Teddy to regain your customers.
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02:29
When you take a mid-day break, Teddy shuffles 10 paces south of you,
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื”ืคืกืงื” ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ื™ื•ื, ื˜ื“ื™ ื–ื– 10 ืฆืขื“ื™ื ื“ืจื•ืžื™ืช ืœื›ื,
02:32
and again, steals back all the customers to the far end of the beach.
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ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ื’ื•ื ื‘ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฆื“ ื”ืจื—ื•ืง ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ.
02:36
Throughout the course of the day,
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืฉื ื™ื›ื ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ ืœื ื•ืข ื“ืจื•ืžื”
02:38
both of you continue to periodically move south
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02:40
towards the bulk of the ice cream buyers,
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ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื•ื‘ ืงื•ื ื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื”,
02:42
until both of you eventually end up at the center of the beach,
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ืขื“ ืฉืฉื ื™ื›ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
02:45
back to back, each serving 50% of the ice-cream-hungry beachgoers.
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ื’ื‘ ืืœ ื’ื‘, ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืจืช 50% ืžื”ื•ืœื›ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืจืขื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
02:49
At this point, you and your competitive cousin
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ืืชื” ื•ื”ืžืชื—ืจื” ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ ืฉืœืš ื”ื’ืขืชื ืœืžื” ืฉื”ืชืื•ืจื˜ื™ืงื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื• ืฉื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืืฉ
02:51
have reached what game theorists call a Nash Equilibrium -
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02:54
the point where neither of you can improve your position
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื‘ื” ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื”ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืกื˜ื™ื” ืžื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:57
by deviating from your current strategy.
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02:59
Your original strategy,
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ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื 400 ืžื˜ืจ ืžืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
03:01
where you were each a quarter mile from the middle of the beach,
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ืœื ื”ืืจื™ื›ื” ื–ืžืŸ, ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื ืืฉ.
03:04
didn't last, because it wasn't a Nash Equilibrium.
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03:07
Either of you could move your cart towards the other to sell more ice cream.
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื›ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื–ื™ื– ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื• ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื›ื•ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:10
With both of you now in the center of the beach,
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ื›ืฉืฉื ื™ื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื—ื•ืฃ,
ืืชื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžืงื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ืฉืœื›ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื›ื
03:13
you can't reposition your cart closer to your furthest customers
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03:16
without making your current customers worse off.
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ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืจืข ืœืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื.
03:19
However, you no longer have a socially optimal solution,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžืœื™ ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช,
03:22
since customers at either end of the beach
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ืžืื—ืจ ื•ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื
03:24
have to walk further than necessary to get a sweet treat.
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ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืคื™ื ื•ืง ื”ืžืชื•ืง.
03:27
Think about all the fast food chains,
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžืกืขื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื, ืื• ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ืกืœื•ืœืืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืงื ื™ื•ืŸ.
03:29
clothing boutiques, or mobile phone kiosks at the mall.
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03:32
Customers may be better served
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ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืฉืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื”ืฉืจื•ืช ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื”,
03:33
by distributing services throughout a community,
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03:36
but this leaves businesses vulnerable to aggressive competition.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืžืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืกืงื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืื’ืจืกื™ื‘ื™ืช.
03:39
In the real world, customers come from more than one direction,
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ืžื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืื—ื“,
03:42
and businesses are free to compete with marketing strategies,
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ื•ืขืกืงื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืขื ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ื•ืง,
03:45
by differentiating their product line, and with price cuts,
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืœ ืงื• ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื•ืขื ื”ื ื—ื•ืช,
ืื‘ืœ ืœื‘ ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช
03:48
but at the heart of their strategy,
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03:50
companies like to keep their competition as close as possible.
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ืงืจื•ื‘ื” ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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