The race to decode a mysterious language - Susan Lupack

825,899 views ใƒป 2020-07-14

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
In the early 1900s on the island of Crete,
0
6600
3030
ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20 ื‘ืื™ ื›ืจืชื™ื,
00:09
British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans uncovered nearly 3,000 tablets
1
9630
4542
ื”ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืกืจ ืืจืชื•ืจ ืื•ื•ื ืก ื—ืฉืฃ ื›ืžืขื˜ 3000 ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช
00:14
inscribed with strange symbols.
2
14172
2490
ืฉื—ืจื•ื˜ื•ืช ื‘ืกืžืœื™ื ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื.
00:16
He thought these symbols represented the language spoken
3
16662
2770
ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ืฆื’ื• ืืช ื”ืฉืคื” ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจื”
00:19
by Europeโ€™s oldest civilization.
4
19432
2490
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
00:21
Their meaning would elude scholars for 50 years.
5
21922
4000
ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื—ืžืงื” ืžื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื”.
00:25
Evans discovered these tablets amid the colorful frescoes
6
25922
3291
ืื•ื•ื ืก ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคืจืกืงื•ืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช
00:29
and maze-like hallways of the palace of Knossos.
7
29213
3640
ื•ื”ืžืกื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื™ ื”ืžื‘ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืืจืžื•ืŸ ืงื ื•ืกื•ืก.
00:32
He called the civilization Minoanโ€”
8
32853
2550
ื”ื•ื ืงืจื” ืœืฆื™ื‘ื™ืœื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช --
00:35
after the mythical Cretan ruler, King Minos.
9
35403
3380
ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืจืชื™ื, ื”ืžืœืš ืžื™ื ื•ืก.
00:38
He thought the script, dubbed Linear B, represented the Minoan language,
10
38783
4556
ื”ื•ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ื, ืฉื ืงืจืื• ืœื™ื ืืจ B ื™ืฆื’ื• ืฉืคื” ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช,
00:43
and scholars all over the world came up with their own theories.
11
43339
4007
ื•ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืขืœื• ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืžืฉืœื”ื.
00:47
Was it the lost language of the Etruscans?
12
47346
2590
ื”ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ื–ื• ื”ืฉืคื” ื”ืื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื˜ืจื•ืกืงืŸ?
00:49
Or perhaps it represented an early form of Basque?
13
49936
3460
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ืฆื•ืจื” ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืืกืงื™ืช?
00:53
The mystery intensified because Evans guarded the tablets closelyโ€“โ€“
14
53396
4000
ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืื•ื•ื ืก ืฉืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืงืจื•ื‘ --
00:57
only 200 of the inscriptions were published during his lifetimeโ€“โ€“
15
57396
3660
ืจืง 200 ืžื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื—ื™ื™ื• --
01:01
but he couldnโ€™t decipher the script.
16
61056
2300
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคืขื ื— ืื•ืชื.
01:03
However, he did make two accurate observations:
17
63356
3880
ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืฉืชื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื™ื™ืงื•ืช:
01:07
the tablets were administrative records, and the script was a syllabary,
18
67236
4120
ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืชืขื•ื“ื™ื ืื“ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช,
01:11
where each symbol represented both a consonant and a vowel,
19
71356
3450
ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ื™ืฆื’ ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช,
01:14
mixed with characters that each represented a whole word.
20
74806
3590
ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืขื ืชื•ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืœืžื”.
01:18
Evans worked on Linear B for three decades before a scholar from Brooklyn, New York,
21
78396
5330
ืื•ื•ื ืก ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืœื™ื ืืจ B ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื—ื•ืงืจืช ืžื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ, ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง,
01:23
named Alice Kober set out to solve the mystery.
22
83726
3520
ื‘ืฉื ืืœื™ืก ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆืื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ.
01:27
Kober was a professor of Classics at Brooklyn College
23
87246
3200
ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื‘ืžื›ืœืœืช ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ
01:30
when few women held such positions.
24
90446
3050
ื›ืฉืžืขื˜ ื ืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ื‘ื›ืืœื” ืžืฉืจื•ืช.
01:33
To help in her quest, she taught herself many languagesโ€“โ€“
25
93496
3400
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื” ื‘ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื”ื™ื ืœื™ืžื“ื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉืคื•ืช --
01:36
knowledge she knew she would need to decipher Linear B.
26
96896
3330
ื™ื“ืข ืฉื”ื™ื ื™ื“ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฆื˜ืจืš ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื ื— ืืช ืœื™ื ืืจ B.
01:40
For the next two decades, she analyzed the symbols.
27
100226
3710
ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ืกืžืœื™ื.
01:43
Working from the few available inscriptions,
28
103936
2500
ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืžืžืขื˜ ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ื–ืžื™ื ื™ื,
01:46
she recorded how often each symbol appeared.
29
106436
3030
ื”ื™ื ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข.
01:49
Then she recorded how frequently each symbol appeared next to another.
30
109466
3800
ืื– ื”ื™ื ืชืขื“ื” ืืช ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื›ืœ ืกืžืœ ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืœื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื.
01:53
She stored her findings on scrap paper in cigarette cartons
31
113266
3420
ื”ื™ื ืฉืžืจื” ืืช ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ืฉืœื” ืขืœ ืคื™ืกื•ืช ื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืกื™ื’ืจื™ื•ืช
01:56
because writing supplies were scarce during the Second World War.
32
116686
3710
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื›ืชื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื• ืงืฉื™ื ืœื”ืฉื’ื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:00
By analyzing these frequencies,
33
120396
1760
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
02:02
she discovered that Linear B relied on word endings
34
122156
3090
ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ืœืชื” ืฉืœื™ื ืืจ B ื”ืกืชืžื›ื” ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ืžื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื
02:05
to give its sentences grammar.
35
125246
1900
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืชื—ื‘ื™ืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื.
02:07
From this she began to build a chart of the relations between the signs,
36
127146
4100
ืžืคื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืžืœื™ื,
02:11
coming closer than anyone before to deciphering Linear B.
37
131246
4000
ื•ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื” ืœืคืขื ื•ื— ืœื™ื ืืจ B.
02:15
But she died, probably of cancer, in 1950 at the age of 43.
38
135246
5684
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื”, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกืจื˜ืŸ, ื‘ 1950 ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 43.
02:20
While Kober was analyzing the Knossos tablets,
39
140930
2600
ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืงื•ื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชื—ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื ื•ืกื•ืก,
02:23
an architect named Michael Ventris was also working to crack Linear B.
40
143530
4700
ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ ื‘ืฉื ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ื’ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ืœื™ื ืืจ B.
02:28
He had become obsessed with Linear B as a schoolboy after hearing Evans speak.
41
148230
5160
ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืขื ืœื™ื ืืจ B ื›ืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืฉืžืข ื”ืจืฆืื” ืฉืœ ืื•ื•ื ืก.
02:33
He even worked on deciphering the script while serving in World War II.
42
153390
4596
ื”ื•ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ืขื ื•ื— ื”ื˜ืงืกื˜ ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ืžืฉืจืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืฉื ื™ื”.
02:37
After the war, Ventris built on Koberโ€™s grid
43
157986
2990
ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ื‘ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ืจื™ื“ ืฉืœ ืงื•ื‘ืจ
02:40
using a newly published cache of Linear B inscriptions
44
160976
3240
ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžืื’ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ืฉืœ ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืืจ B
02:44
excavated from a different archeological site called Pylos, on mainland Greece.
45
164216
5283
ืฉื ื—ืคืจื• ืžืืชืจ ืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื ืงืจื ืคื™ื™ืœื•ืก, ื‘ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืขืฆืžื”.
02:49
His real breakthrough came when he compared the tablets from Pylos
46
169499
3410
ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ื™ืœื•ืก
02:52
with those from Knossos
47
172909
1600
ืœืืœื• ืžืงื ื•ืกื•ืก
02:54
and saw that certain words appeared on tablets from one site but not the other.
48
174509
5133
ื•ืจืื” ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื˜ื‘ืœื” ืžืืชืจ ืื—ืช ื•ืœื ืžื”ืื—ืจ.
02:59
He wondered if those words represented the names of places
49
179642
3150
ื”ื•ื ืชื”ื” ืื ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื™ืฆื’ื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
03:02
specific to each location.
50
182792
2470
ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ืงื•ื.
03:05
He knew that over centuries, place names tend to remain constant,
51
185262
3830
ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืฉื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉืžื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื ื˜ื• ืœื”ืฉืืจ ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื,
03:09
and decided to compare Linear B
52
189092
1700
ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ืœื™ื ืืจ B
03:10
to an ancient syllabary from the island of Cyprus.
53
190792
3794
ืœืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืื™ ืงืคืจื™ืกื™ืŸ.
03:14
The Cypriot script was used hundreds of years after Linear B,
54
194586
3950
ื”ืกืงืจื™ืคื˜ ื”ืงืคืจื™ืกืื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืœื™ื ืืจ B,
03:18
but some of the symbols were similarโ€”
55
198536
2060
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืกืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื --
03:20
he wondered if the sounds would be similar, too.
56
200596
2750
ื”ื•ื ืชื”ื” ืื ื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ื’ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื.
03:23
When Ventris plugged some of the sounds of the Cypriot syllabary
57
203346
3180
ื›ืฉื•ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืฆืœื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืงืคืจื™ืกืื™ืช
03:26
into the Linear B inscriptions,
58
206526
1900
ืœื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืืจ B,
03:28
he came up with the word Knossos,
59
208426
2190
ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื™ืœื” ืงื ื•ืกื•ืก,
03:30
the name of the city where Evans had discovered his tablets.
60
210616
3800
ืฉื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื‘ื” ืื•ื•ื ืก ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช.
03:34
In a domino effect, Ventris unraveled Linear B,
61
214416
3380
ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื•, ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ืคืจื ืืช ืœื™ื ืืจ B,
03:37
with each word revealing more clearly that the language of Linear B
62
217796
3645
ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื™ืœื” ืฉืžื’ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ืœื™ื ืืจ B
03:41
was not Minoan, but Greek.
63
221441
2780
ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช, ืืœื ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช.
03:44
Ventris died in a car crash four years later, at the age of 34.
64
224221
4519
ื•ื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ืžืช ื‘ืชืื•ื ืช ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 34.
03:48
But his discovery rewrote a chapter of history.
65
228740
3660
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืชื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืคืจืง ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”.
03:52
Evans had insisted that the Minoans conquered the mainland Greeks,
66
232400
3500
ืื•ื•ื ืก ื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืฉื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื›ื‘ืฉื• ืืช ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช,
03:55
and that was why examples of Linear B were found on the mainland.
67
235900
3490
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื™ื ืืจ B ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉื.
03:59
But the discovery that Linear B represented Greek, and not Minoan,
68
239390
3740
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืœื™ื ืืจ B ื™ื™ืฆื’ื” ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช, ื•ืœื ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ืช,
04:03
showed that the opposite had happened:
69
243130
2000
ื”ืจืืชื” ืฉื”ื”ืคืš ื”ืชืจื—ืฉ:
04:05
mainland Greeks invaded Crete and adopted the Minoan script for their own language.
70
245130
5109
ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ืช ืคืœืฉื” ืœื›ืจืชื™ื ื•ืื™ืžืฆื” ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื›ืฉืคื” ืฉืœื”ื.
04:10
But the story isnโ€™t over yet.
71
250239
2450
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืœื ืžืกืชื™ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ.
04:12
The actual language of the Minoans,
72
252689
2200
ื”ืฉืคื” ืขืฆืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื•ืื™ื,
04:14
represented by another script called Linear A,
73
254889
2950
ื™ื•ืฆื’ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืชื‘ ืื—ืจ ืฉื ืงืจื ืœื™ื ืืจ A,
04:17
has yet to be deciphered.
74
257839
2040
ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืคื•ืขื ื—.
04:19
It remains a mysteryโ€” at least for now.
75
259879
3423
ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืจ ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ -- ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7