How do we study the stars? - Yuan-Sen Ting

825,834 views ใƒป 2014-10-07

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
The city sky is, frankly, rather boring.
0
6926
3012
ืฉืžื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืžืฉืขืžืžื™ื.
00:09
If you look up at the patches of murk between buildings,
1
9938
3050
ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฉืš ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
00:12
you might be able to pick out The Big Dipper,
2
12988
2260
ืืชื ืื•ืœื™ ืชืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”,
00:15
or perhaps, Orion's Belt.
3
15248
2144
ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ืืช ื—ื’ื•ืจืช ืื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ.
00:17
But hold on.
4
17392
739
ืื‘ืœ ื—ื›ื•.
00:18
Look at that murky patch again and hold our your thumb.
5
18131
3288
ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื”ื—ืฉื•ืš ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ื—ื–ื™ืงื• ืœืคื ื™ื›ื ืืช ื”ืื’ื•ื“ืœ.
00:21
How many stars do you think are behind it?
6
21419
2640
ื›ืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื•?
00:24
Ten, twenty? Guess again.
7
24059
2544
ืขืฉืจ, ืขืฉืจื™ื? ื ื—ืฉื• ืฉื•ื‘.
00:26
If you looked at that thumbnail-sized patch of sky
8
26603
2702
ืื ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื˜ืข ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืฆื™ืคื•ืจืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื
00:29
with the Hubble Space Telescope,
9
29305
2101
ืขื ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืค ื”ื—ืœืœ ื”ืื‘ืœ,
00:31
instead of points of light, you'd see smudges.
10
31406
2912
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืื•ืจ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืชืžื™ื.
00:34
These aren't stars.
11
34318
1555
ืืœื” ืœื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
00:35
They're galaxies, just like our Milky Way.
12
35873
2984
ืืœื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:38
Cities of billions of stars,
13
38857
2262
ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื,
00:41
and more than 1,000 of them are hidden behind your thumb.
14
41119
5353
ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž 1,000 ืžื”ืŸ ืžืชื—ื‘ืื•ืช ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื“ืœื›ื.
00:46
The universe is bigger than you can see from the city,
15
46472
3120
ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื”ืขื™ืจ,
00:49
and even bigger than the starry sky you can see from the countryside.
16
49592
4349
ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉืžื™ื™ื ืžืœืื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื.
00:53
This is the universe as astrophysicists see it,
17
53941
3835
ื–ื” ื”ื™ืงื•ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ ืจื•ืื”,
00:57
with more stars than all the grains of sand on Earth.
18
57776
5685
ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื’ืจื’ืจื™ ื”ื—ื•ืœ ืขืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:03
By staring up at the stars at night,
19
63461
1936
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
01:05
you've taken part in the oldest science in human history.
20
65397
3411
ืœืงื—ืชื ื—ืœืง ื‘ืžื“ืข ื”ืขืชื™ืง ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
01:08
The study of the heavens is older than
21
68808
1941
ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:10
navigation, agriculture, perhaps even language itself.
22
70749
4094
ืžื ื™ื•ื•ื˜, ื—ืงืœืื•ืช, ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืคื” ืขืฆืžื”.
01:14
Yet unlike other sciences, astronomy is purely observational.
23
74843
4656
ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืžื“ืข ืื—ืจ, ืืกื˜ืจื•ื ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืชื™ืช.
01:19
We cannot control the parameters of our experiments from lab benches.
24
79499
3665
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืœื•ื˜ ื‘ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืžืกืคืกืœื™ ื”ืžืขื‘ื“ื”.
01:23
Our best technology can send man to the moon,
25
83164
2986
ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืื“ื ืœื™ืจื—,
01:26
and probes to the edge of the solar system.
26
86150
2999
ื•ื’ืฉื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืงืฆื” ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:29
But these distances are vanishingly small
27
89149
2359
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืจื—ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™
01:31
compared to the yawning gulfs between stars.
28
91508
3303
ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืžืจื—ื‘ื™ื ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:34
So how can we know so much about other galaxies,
29
94811
2453
ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
01:37
what they're made of, how many there are, or that they're even there at all?
30
97264
4607
ืžืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ื™ืฉ, ืื• ืื ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
01:41
Well, we can start with the first thing we see when we look up at night: the stars.
31
101871
4053
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืœืฉืžื™ ื”ืœื™ืœื”: ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื.
01:45
What we are trying to learn is their properties.
32
105924
3237
ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
01:49
What are they made of? How hot are they? How massive? How old?
33
109161
4343
ืžืžื” ื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื? ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื—ืžื™ื? ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื? ื›ืžื” ืขืชื™ืงื™ื?
01:53
How far are they from Earth?
34
113504
2378
ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ?
01:55
And believe it or not,
35
115882
1262
ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
01:57
we can learn all of these things simply from the light shining in the sky.
36
117144
5081
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื–ื•ืจื— ื‘ืฉืžื™ื™ื.
02:02
We can decipher one kind of stellar message by turning starlight into rainbows.
37
122225
4889
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืขื ื— ืกื•ื’ ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืงื•ืกืžื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืคื™ื›ืช ืื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืœืงืฉืชื•ืช.
02:07
When you look at a rainbow on Earth,
38
127114
1745
ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืงืฉืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
02:08
you're really looking at light from our Sun
39
128859
2149
ืืชื ื‘ืืžืช ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ
02:11
being scattered through water droplets in the atmosphere
40
131008
3301
ืฉืžืคื•ื–ืจ ื“ืจืš ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
02:14
into all the different wavelengths that make it up.
41
134309
3211
ืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
02:17
And we study the light from other stars,
42
137520
2133
ื•ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืžื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:19
we can create rainbows on demand using not water droplets,
43
139653
4032
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงืฉืชื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืช ืžื™ื,
02:23
but other specific instruments that disperse light.
44
143685
3818
ืืœื ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉืžืคื–ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ.
02:27
When we look at the scattered light from our sun,
45
147503
2502
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืคื•ื–ืจ ืžื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•,
02:30
we see something strange: dark lines in our rainbow.
46
150005
3461
ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ: ืงื•ื™ื ื›ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:33
These lines are the characteristic fingerprints of atoms.
47
153466
3624
ื”ืงื•ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื”ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื”ืืฆื‘ืข ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื.
02:37
Each type of atom in the solar atmosphere soaks up light at specific wavelengths,
48
157090
4997
ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืื˜ื•ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืกื•ืคื’ ืื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื,
02:42
and the amount of absorption depends on how many of these atoms there are.
49
162087
4489
ื•ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคื™ื’ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื™ืฉ.
02:46
So by observing how much light is missing at these characteristic wavelengths,
50
166576
4022
ืื– ื‘ืฆืคื™ื” ื‘ื›ืžื” ืื•ืจ ื—ืกืจ ื‘ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:50
we can tell not only what elements are in the Sun's atmosphere,
51
170598
3314
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ืจืง ืื™ื–ื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื˜ืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ,
02:53
but even their concentrations.
52
173912
2708
ืืœื ืืคื™ืœื• ืืช ืจื™ื›ื•ื–ื.
02:56
And the same idea can be applied to study other stars.
53
176620
3149
ื•ืื•ืชื• ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:59
Make a spectral rainbow, see what's missing,
54
179769
2507
ืฆืจื• ืงืฉืช ืกืคืงื˜ืจืœื™ืช, ืชืจืื• ืžื” ื—ืกืจ,
03:02
and figure out which elements are present.
55
182276
2443
ื•ืชื‘ื™ื ื• ืื™ื–ื” ื™ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื.
03:04
Bingo. Now you know what stars are made of.
56
184719
3635
ื‘ื™ื ื’ื•. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžืžื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื.
03:08
But we aren't restricted to just the wavelengths that our eyes perceive.
57
188354
3645
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ืœืื•ืจื›ื™ ื”ื’ืœ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืงื•ืœื˜ื•ืช.
03:11
Consider radio waves.
58
191999
2052
ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื•.
03:14
Yes, they can bring the Billboard Top 100 to your car,
59
194051
3072
ื›ืŸ, ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื,
03:17
but they can also travel almost unimpeded through space.
60
197123
4191
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื’ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื•ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœืœื ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœืœ.
03:21
Because they've come so far,
61
201314
1514
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื ื‘ืื• ืžื›ืœ ื›ืš ืจื—ื•ืง,
03:22
radio waves can tell us the very early history of the universe,
62
202828
3659
ื’ืœื™ ืจื“ื™ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
03:26
from just a few thousand years after The Big Bang.
63
206487
3970
ืจืง ืžื›ืžื” ืืœืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืคืฅ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
03:30
We can also study the infrared light, emitted by colder objects,
64
210457
3864
ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื, ืฉืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืขืฆืžื™ื ืงืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:34
like the gas and dust clouds in space,
65
214321
2720
ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ื– ื•ืขื ื ื™ ื”ืื‘ืง ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
03:37
and the ultraviolet light from the hot stars recently born from those clouds.
66
217041
5158
ื•ื”ืื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืœื˜ื” ืกื’ื•ืœ ืžื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื”ื—ืžื™ื ืฉื ื•ืœื“ื• ืžื”ืขื ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
03:42
Studying different wavelengths not only gives us
67
222199
2672
ื—ืงืจ ืื•ืจื›ื™ ื’ืœ ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•
03:44
a more complete picture of any single object
68
224871
2374
ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœืžื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืขืฆื ื™ื—ื™ื“
03:47
but also different views of the universe.
69
227245
2697
ืืœื ื’ื ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื.
03:49
For this reason, astrophysicists use several different kinds of telescopes
70
229942
4348
ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื–ื•, ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืžื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื
03:54
covering the spectrum from the infrared to the ultraviolet to the X-ray,
71
234290
4621
ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื ืžืื™ื ืคืจื ืื“ื•ื ืœืื•ืœื˜ืจื ืกื’ื•ืœ ืœืจื ื˜ื’ืŸ,
03:58
from giant radio dishes to giant silver mirrors to space satellites,
72
238911
4230
ืžืฆืœื—ื•ืช ืจื“ื™ื• ืขืฆื•ืžื•ืช ืœืžืจืื•ืช ื›ืกื•ืคื•ืช ืขื ืงื™ื•ืช ืœืœื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
04:03
detecting light that would be otherwise blocked by the Earth's atmosphere.
73
243141
4877
ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืื—ืจืช ื”ื™ื” ื ื—ืกื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืืžื•ืกืคื™ืจืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
04:08
Astrophysicists don't just see
74
248018
1955
ืืกื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืจื•ืื™ื
04:09
the billions of stars among the billions of galaxies in the universe.
75
249973
3412
ืืช ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
04:13
They hear, feel and sense them through many channels,
76
253385
3838
ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื, ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื,
04:17
each revealing a different story.
77
257223
2164
ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื’ืœื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ืจ.
04:19
But it all begins with light, the kind we can see and the kind we can't.
78
259387
4668
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ืจ, ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื•ื”ืกื•ื’ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื.
04:24
Want to know the secrets of the Universe?
79
264055
2642
ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ืขืช ืืช ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื?
04:26
Just follow the light.
80
266697
1617
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืขืงื‘ื• ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ืจ.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7