Ugly History: Japanese American incarceration camps - Densho

1,644,416 views ใƒป 2019-10-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:07
On December 7, 1941,
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ื‘-7 ื‘ื“ืฆืžื‘ืจ, 1941
00:10
16 year-old Aki Kurose shared in the horror of millions of Americans
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ืืงื™ ืงื•ืจื•ืกื” ื‘ืช ื” 16 ื—ืฉื” ืื™ืžื” ื›ืžื• ืžืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
00:15
when Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor.
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ื›ืฉืžื˜ื•ืกื™ื ื™ืคื ื™ื™ื ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืคืจืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจ.
00:19
What she did not know,
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื“ืขื”,
00:20
was how that shared experience
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช
00:22
would soon leave her family and over 120,000 Japanese Americans
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ืชื’ืจื•ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื•ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-120,000 ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
00:27
alienated from their country,
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ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ืชื,
00:29
both socially and physically.
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ื’ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื’ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืช.
00:31
As of 1941,
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ื”ื—ืœ ืž-1941,
00:33
Japanese American communities had been growing in the US for over 50 years.
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ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ื‘ืžืฉืš 50 ืฉื ื”.
00:38
About one-third of them were immigrants,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื™ืฉ ืžื”ื ื”ื ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื,
00:40
many of whom settled on the West Coast and had lived there for decades.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ ื•ื—ื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ืžืฉืš ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื.
00:44
The rest were born as American citizens, like Aki.
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ื”ืฉืืจ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื›ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืืงื™.
00:48
Born Akiko Kato in Seattle,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืืงื™ืงื• ืงืื˜ื•,
00:50
Aki grew up in a diverse neighborhood
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ื•ื’ื“ืœื” ื‘ืฉื›ื•ื ื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
00:53
where she never thought of herself as anything but Americanโ€“
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ืฉื ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืืชื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ื›ืœื-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช --
00:56
until the day after the attack, when a teacher told her:
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ืขื“ ืœื™ื•ื ืฉืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชืงืคื”, ื›ืฉืžื•ืจื” ืืžืจ ืœื”:
01:00
โ€œYou people bombed Pearl Harbor."
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"ืืชื ื”ืคืฆืฆืชื ืืช ืคืจืœ ื”ืจื‘ื•ืจ."
01:03
Amid racism, paranoia, and fears of sabotage,
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื ื•ื™ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื“ ืžืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ื—ื‘ืœื”,
01:06
people labelled Japanese Americans as potential traitors.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืชื™ื™ื’ื• ืืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื›ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™ื.
01:10
FBI agents began to search homes, confiscate belongings
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ืกื•ื›ื ื™ ื”ืืฃ-ื‘ื™-ืื™ื™ ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื”ื, ืœื”ื—ืจื™ื ืจื›ื•ืฉ
01:14
and detain community leaders without trial.
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ื•ืœืขืฆื•ืจ ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืœืœื ืžืฉืคื˜.
01:17
Akiโ€™s family was not immediately subjected to these extreme measures,
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ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืงื™ ืœื ื—ื•ื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:21
but on February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘-19.2.1942 ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ื–ื•ื•ืœื˜ ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื• ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืชื™ ืžืก' 9066.
01:28
The order authorized the removal of any suspected enemiesโ€“
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ื”ืคืงื•ื“ื” ืื™ืฉืจื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื›ืœ ืื•ื™ื‘ ื—ืฉื•ื“ --
01:33
including anyone of even partial Japanese heritageโ€“
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ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช ื”ื—ืœืงื™ืช --
01:36
from designated โ€˜military areas.โ€™
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ืžืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ื“ืจื• "ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื".
01:39
At first,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”,
01:41
Japanese Americans were pushed to leave restricted areas and migrate inland.
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ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื“ื•ืจื‘ื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ืœื ื“ื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื” ืœืชื•ืš ื”ืืจืฅ.
01:46
But as the government froze their bank accounts
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืžืžืฉืœื” ื”ืงืคื™ืื” ืืช ื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ืง ืฉืœื”ื
01:48
and imposed local restrictions such as curfews,
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ื•ื›ืคืชื” ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืžืงื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืขื•ืฆืจ,
01:51
many were unable to leaveโ€“ Akiโ€™s family among them.
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ -- ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืงื™.
01:55
In March, a proclamation forbid Japanese Americans from changing their residency,
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ื‘ืžืจืฅ, ืืกืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ืžืงื•ื ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื”ื,
02:01
trapping them in military zones.
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ื•ืœื›ื“ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฆื‘ืื™ื™ื.
02:04
In May, the army moved Aki and her family,
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ื‘ืžืื™, ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืืงื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”,
02:06
along with over 7,000 Japanese Americans living in Seattle
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-7,000 ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื—ื™ื• ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ
02:11
to "Camp Harmony" in Puyallup, Washington.
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ืœ"ืงืžืค ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™" ื‘ืคื•ื™ืืœื•ืค ืฉื‘ื•ื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ.
02:14
This was one of several makeshift detention centers
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืขืฆืจ ื”ืžืื•ืœืชืจื™ื
02:17
at former fairgrounds and racetracks,
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ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื• ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื—ื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ ืžืจื•ืฅ,
02:19
where entire families were packed into poorly converted stables and barracks.
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ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื ื“ื—ืกื• ืฉื ืœืื•ืจื•ื•ืช ืื• ืžื’ื•ืจื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืกื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ืจื•ืข.
02:25
Over the ensuing months,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
02:26
the army moved Japanese Americans into long-term camps
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ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœืžื—ื ื•ืช-ืงื‘ืข
02:30
in desolate areas of the West and South,
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ื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื ื™ื“ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื‘ ื•ื”ื“ืจื•ื,
02:33
moving Aki and her family to Minidoka in southern Idaho.
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ื•ืืงื™ ื•ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืžื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืงื” ืฉื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื™ื™ื“ื”ื•.
02:37
Guarded by armed soldiers,
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ื”ื ื ืฉืžืจื• ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ืœื™ื ื—ืžื•ืฉื™ื,
02:39
many of these camps were still being constructed when incarcerees moved in.
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ื•ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื”ืงืžื” ื›ืฉื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื•.
02:44
These hastily built prisons were overcrowded and unsanitary.
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ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœื ื”ืืœื” ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื—ืคื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื“ื—ื•ืกื™ื ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื™ื ื™ื™ื.
02:48
People frequently fell ill and were unable to receive proper medical care.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืงื‘ืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืจืคื•ืื™ ืžืชืื™ื.
02:53
The War Relocation Authority relied on incarcerees to keep the camps running.
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"ืจืฉื•ืช ืขืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”" ื ืขื–ืจื” ื‘ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืชืคืขื•ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช.
02:58
Many worked in camp facilities or taught in poorly equipped classrooms,
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ืื• ืœื™ืžื“ื• ื‘ื›ื™ืชื•ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœืงื•ื™,
03:02
while others raised crops and animals.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื—ืจื™ื ื’ื™ื“ืœื• ื™ื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื•ืช.
03:06
Some Japanese Americans rebelled, organizing labor strikes and even rioting.
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ื”ื™ื• ื™ืคื ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉื”ืชืžืจื“ื•, ืืจื’ื ื• ืฉื‘ื™ืชื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ื•ืžื•ืช.
03:11
But many more, like Akiโ€™s parents, endured.
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื›ืžื• ื”ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืงื™, ืกื‘ืœื•.
03:14
They constantly sought to recreate some semblance of life outside the camps,
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ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืจืื™ืช-ืขื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื—ื ื”,
03:19
but the reality of their situation was unavoidable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืžื ืขืช.
03:22
Like many younger incarcerees, Aki was determined to leave her camp.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื, ืืงื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ื ื—ื•ืฉื” ืœืขื–ื•ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”.
03:27
She finished her final year of high school at Minidoka,
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ื™ืžื” ืืช ืฉื ืชื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™"ืก ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื•ืงื”,
03:30
and with the aid of an anti-racist Quaker organization,
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ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืงื•ื•ื™ืงืจื™ ืื ื˜ื™ ื’ื–ืขื ื™,
03:33
she was able to enroll at Friends University in Kansas.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœื”ื™ืจืฉื ืœืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืคืจื ื“ืก ื‘ืงื ื–ืก.
03:38
For Akiโ€™s family however, things wouldnโ€™t begin to change until late 1944.
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ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืงื™, ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžืฆื‘ ืœื ื”ื—ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช ืขื“ ืฉืœื”ื™ 1944.
03:43
A landmark Supreme Court case
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ืชื™ืง ืžื”ืคื›ื ื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ
03:45
ruled that continued detention of American citizens without charges
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ืงื‘ืข ืฉืžืขืฆืจ ืžืชืžืฉืš ืฉืœ ืื–ืจื—ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื, ื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื
03:49
was unconstitutional.
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ืื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืงืชื™.
03:51
In the fall of 1945,
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ื‘ืกืชื™ื• 1945,
03:53
the war ended and the camps closed down.
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ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืกืชื™ื™ืžื” ื•ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืช ื ืกื’ืจื•.
03:55
Remaining incarcerees were given a mere $25
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ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ืฉืืจื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื• 25 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:59
and a train ticket to their pre-war address,
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ื•ื›ืจื˜ื™ืก ืจื›ื‘ืช ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ืชื ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”,
04:02
but many no longer had a home or job to return to.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื‘ื™ื ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื.
04:07
Akiโ€™s family had been able to keep their apartment,
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ืžืฉืคื—ืชื” ืฉืœ ืืงื™ ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ืจื”,
04:09
and Aki eventually returned to Seattle after college.
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื”, ืืงื™ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืœืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
04:13
However, post-war prejudice made finding work difficult.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืขื•ืช ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืงืฉื• ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
04:17
Incarcarees faced discrimination and resentment
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ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื ืชืงืœื• ื‘ืืคืœื™ื” ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”
04:20
from workers and tenants who replaced them.
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ืžืฆื“ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ื™ื™ืจื™ื ืฉืชืคืกื• ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื.
04:23
Fortunately, Japanese Americans werenโ€™t alone
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื“ื
04:27
in the fight against racial discrimination.
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ื‘ืžืื‘ืง ื ื’ื“ ืืคืœื™ื” ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช.
04:29
Aki found work with one of Seattleโ€™s first interracial labor unions
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ืืงื™ ืžืฆืื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ื’ื–ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ
04:34
and joined the Congress of Racial Equality.
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ื•ื”ืฆื˜ืจืคื” ืœืงื•ื ื’ืจืก ืœืฉื•ื•ื™ื•ืŸ ื’ื–ืขื™.
04:36
She became a teacher, and over the next several decades,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืคื›ื” ืœืžื•ืจื”, ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืขืฉื•ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื,
04:39
her advocacy for multicultural, socially conscious education
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ืชืžื™ื›ืชื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
04:43
would impact thousands of students.
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ื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ืืœืคื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื.
04:46
However, many ex-incarcerees, particularly members of older generations,
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืขืฆื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ,
04:51
were unable to rebuild their lives after the war.
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ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœืฉืงื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
04:54
Children of incarcerees began a movement
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ืืกื™ืจื™ื ื™ื™ืกื“ื• ืชื ื•ืขื”
04:57
calling for the United States to atone for this historic injustice.
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ืฉืงืจืื” ืœืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ืฆื“ืง ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™.
05:01
In 1988, the US government officially apologized for the wartime incarcerationโ€“
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ื‘-1988, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืชื ืฆืœื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืจืฉืžื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืืกืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” --
05:06
admitting it was the catastrophic result of racism, hysteria,
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ื•ื”ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ื”ืจืกื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื–ืขื ื•ืช, ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื”
05:11
and failed political leadership.
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ื•ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื•ืช ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช ื›ื•ืฉืœืช.
05:13
Three years after this apology,
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื”ืชื ืฆืœื•ืช,
05:15
Aki Kurose was awarded the Human Rights Award
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ืืงื™ ืงื•ืจื•ืกื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ืคืจืก ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื–ืจื—
05:18
from the Seattle Chapter of the United Nations,
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ืžื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื,
05:21
celebrating her vision of peace and respect for people of all backgrounds.
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ืฉื—ื’ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื” ืฉืœ ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืจืงืขื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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