The simple story of photosynthesis and food - Amanda Ooten

1,920,678 views ใƒป 2013-03-05

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Transcriber: Andrea McDonough Reviewer: Bedirhan Cinar
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ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Sigal Tifferet
00:13
Ever wonder where most of the food
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ื”ืื ืชื”ื™ืชื ืžืื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืข ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ
00:15
you eat every day comes from?
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ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืžื™ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื?
00:17
Well, about 60% of the food you eat
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›-60% ืžื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
00:19
is carbohydrates.
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ื”ื™ื ื• ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช.
00:21
As you can probably tell from its name,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื‘ื ืชื ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื,
00:23
carbohydrates contain carbon,
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ืžื›ื™ืœื•ืช ืคื—ืžืŸ,
00:25
hydrogen,
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00:25
and oxygen.
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ืžื™ืžืŸ,
ื•ืคื—ืžืŸ.
00:27
But where do these atoms originally come from
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืื˜ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”
00:29
and how do they join together
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ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื
00:30
to make delicious foods like fruits and pasta?
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ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืื›ืœื™ื ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคืกื˜ื”?
00:33
It actually all starts with the air
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ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
00:35
you are exhaling this very minute,
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ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืจื’ืข,
00:38
specifically the carbon dioxide molecules.
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ื•ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™.
00:41
Plants are going to breath in
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžื•
00:42
this very same carbon dioxide
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ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืคื—ืžืŸ ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™
00:44
through pores in their skin, called stomata.
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ื“ืจืš ื ืงื‘ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขื˜ื” ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช "ืคื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช".
00:47
Plants drink in water from their roots
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืชื™ื ืžื™ื ื“ืจืš ืฉื•ืจืฉื™ื”ื
00:49
to get the needed oxygen and hydrogen atoms,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ืื˜ื•ืžื™ ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ื”ืžื™ืžืŸ,
00:51
and their electrons,
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื”ื,
00:53
in order to build carbohydrates.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช.
00:55
What is that thing?
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”?
00:57
Well, that's a special plant organelle
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ื–ื”ื• ืื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืฆืžื—ื™ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
00:59
inside the leaves of plants
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืขืœื™ ื”ืฆืžื—
01:00
called a chloroplast.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜".
01:01
It's green beceause of a special light-absorbing pigment
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื•ืง ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฆื‘ืขืŸ ืงื•ืœื˜-ืื•ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“
01:04
called chlorophyll.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ "ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคื™ืœ".
01:06
Each leaf has about 44,000 cells
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืœื” ื™ืฉ ื›-44,000 ืชืื™ื
01:09
and every cell can have anywhere
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
01:11
between 20 to 100 chloroplasts.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ 20 ืœ-100 ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื.
01:14
That's up to 4,400,000 chloroplasts!
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ื•ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื›ื ื‘-4,400,000 ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื!
01:17
By now, you've probably guessed
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ื›ืขืช ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื ื™ื—ืฉืชื
01:18
that we're talking about the process of photosynthesis
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ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
01:21
and you might be wondering
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืชื”ื™ืชื
01:22
when the sun is going to make its entrance.
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ืžืชื™ ืชื–ืจื— ื›ืืŸ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
01:25
Let's go back to that original molecule of water.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช.
01:28
The plant has to split this molecule of water
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ืขืœ ื”ืฆืžื— ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื™ื ื”ื–ื•
01:30
so it can get electrons from it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืžื ื” ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื.
01:32
But, the plant can't pull that water apart by itself.
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ืื•ืœื ื”ืฆืžื— ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืคืจื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื•.
01:36
It needs help from the high-energy rays of the sun.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื–ืงืง ืœืขื–ืจืช ืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
01:39
So now that the chloroplast has all the building blocks
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื”ื›ืœื•ืจื•ืคืœืกื˜ ืžืฆื•ื™ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ืŸ
01:41
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and electrons -
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- ืคื—ืžืŸ, ืžื™ืžืŸ, ื—ืžืฆืŸ ื•ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ื -
01:44
it can use them to go through
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข
01:45
the rest of the steps of photosynthesis
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ืืช ื™ืชืจ ืฉืœื‘ื™ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
01:48
to transform that original carbon dioxide gas
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ื•ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื’ื– ื”ืคื—ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื•-ื—ืžืฆื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™
01:50
into a simple carbohydrate called glucose,
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ืœืคื—ืžื™ืžื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื” "ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”",
01:53
C-6-H-12-O-6.
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C6-H12-O6.
01:56
That little glucose molecule then helps to build
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ื‘ื”ืžืฉืš, ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืขื•ื–ืจืช ืœื‘ื ื•ืช
01:59
bigger and better carbohydrates
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ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
02:00
like cellulose.
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื”.
02:02
Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate found in plants
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ื”ืฆืœื•ืœื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื” ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ื‘ืฆืžื—ื™ื
02:05
that our body cannot break down.
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ื•ืฉื’ื•ืคื ื• ืื™ื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืคืจืง.
02:07
We call it fiber
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ืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” "ืกื™ื‘ื™ื"
02:08
and we eat it in vegetables like lettuce,
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืจืงื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ืกื”,
02:10
broccoli,
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02:10
and celery.
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ื‘ืจื•ืงื•ืœื™
ื•ืกืœืจื™.
02:12
Plants use cellulose to keep themselves strong.
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ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื–ืงื.
02:14
The plant could also turn that glucose into starch,
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื’ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” ืœืขืžื™ืœืŸ,
02:17
a large molecule that stores energy for the plant.
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ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืžืื—ืกื ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืฆืžื—.
02:20
We love eating starch from plants like potatoes,
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ืื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชืคื•ื—ื™ ืื“ืžื”,
02:22
corn,
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02:22
and rice.
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ืชื™ืจืก
ื•ืื•ืจื–.
02:24
So you see, when you eat plants,
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ืื– ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื›ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื,
02:26
we're actually benefiting from photosynthesis.
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ืื ื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืชื•ืขืœืช ืžืŸ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”.
02:28
The plant makes things like starch,
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ื”ืฆืžื— ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขืžื™ืœืŸ,
02:30
which we eat
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ืฉืื•ืชื• ืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื
02:31
and then break back down into glucose,
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ื•ืื—ืจ ืžืคืจืงื™ื ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” -
02:34
the first form the plant made.
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ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉื™ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืฆืžื—.
02:36
Then, the mitochondria in our cells,
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ื›ืขืช, ื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉื‘ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื ื•,
02:38
powered by the oxygen we breath,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื,
02:40
can turn glucose into pure energy molecules
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” ืœืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื˜ื”ื•ืจื”
02:43
called ATP.
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ื”ืงืจื•ื™ื•ืช "ืื“ื ื•ื–ื™ืŸ ืชืœืช-ืคื•ืกืคื˜".
02:45
ATP powers all work done
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ื”ืืช"ืค ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ืœืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
02:47
by each and every one of your cells,
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ืฉืžื‘ืฆืข ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื•ืื—ื“ ืžืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื›ื,
02:49
things like communication,
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช,
02:50
movement,
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ืชื ื•ืขื”
02:51
and transport.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”.
02:52
But why do we have to turn that glucose into ATP?
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ืืš ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” ืœืืช"ืค?
02:56
Well, think of it like this.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื›ืš:
02:57
You're excited to start your summer job
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ืืชื ืžืฆืคื™ื ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœื›ื
02:59
at the local ice cream stand,
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ื‘ื“ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™,
03:01
but your boss has just told you
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื•ืกื™ืช ื–ื” ืขืชื” ืืžืจื” ืœื›ื
03:03
that she is going to pay you in ice cream cones.
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ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฉืœื ืœื›ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:07
What are you going to be able to do
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ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช
03:08
with those ice cream cones?
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ืขื ื’ื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื” ื”ืืœื”?
03:10
Nothing,
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ื›ืœื•ื.
03:11
which is why you kindly asked to be paid in dollars.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืืชื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื” ื‘ื ื™ืžื•ืก ืœืฉืœื ืœื›ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ.
03:15
ATP is just like dollars.
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ืืช"ืค ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื• ื›ืกืฃ.
03:17
It is the currency that all cells of life use
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ืฉื›ืœ ืชืื™ ื’ื•ืคื›ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื•
03:20
while glucose is,
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ื•ืื™ืœื• ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”
03:21
well, kind of like ice cream.
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ื’ืœื™ื“ื”.
03:23
Even plants have mitochondria in their cells
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ื’ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื‘ืชืื™ื”ื
03:26
to break down the glucose they make into ATP.
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ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืœืคืจืง ืืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืœืืช"ืค.
03:30
So as you can see,
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ืื ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื
03:31
humans and plants are intricately connected.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ืงืฉืจ ื”ื“ื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื.
03:34
The air we breath out
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ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืฉืคื™ื
03:35
is used by plants to make the carbohydrates
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ืžื ื•ืฆืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
03:37
we enjoy so much.
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ืฉืžื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื›ื” ื ื”ื ื™ื.
03:39
And, in the process,
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ื•ืื’ื‘ ื›ืš,
03:40
they are releasing the very same oxygen molecules
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ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืŸ
03:43
we need to breath in
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ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื•ืช ืœื ืฉื™ืžืชื ื•
03:44
in order that our mitochondria can break down
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ืžื™ื˜ื•ื›ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืคืจืง
03:46
our delicous carbohydrate meal.
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ืืช ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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