Could the Earth be swallowed by a black hole? - Fabio Pacucci

1,021,529 views ใƒป 2018-09-20

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Shlomo Adam ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
From asteroids capable of destroying entire species,
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ืžืืกื˜ืจื•ืื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœืžื™ื
00:10
to gamma-ray bursts and supernovae that could exterminate life on Earth,
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ื•ืขื“ ืคืจืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ืงืจื ื™ ื’ืืžื” ื•ืกื•ืคืจื ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช,
00:16
outer space has no shortage of forces that could wreak havoc on our tiny planet.
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ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกื•ืจ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ืจื•ืข ื”ืจืก ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช ื”ื–ืขื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื•.
00:22
But thereโ€™s something in space
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ืœืœ ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืืœื” -
00:24
that seems more terrifying than any of these โ€“
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื•ื—ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืงืจื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
00:28
something that wipes out everything it comes near.
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00:31
Could the Earth be swallowed by a black hole?
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ื”ืื ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ืข"ื™ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ?
00:36
A black hole is an object so dense
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืฆื ื›ื” ื“ื—ื•ืก,
00:39
that space and time around it are inescapably modified,
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ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• ืžืฉืชื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจื— ื‘ืœืชื™-ื ืžื ืข,
ืžืชืขื•ื•ืชื™ื ื•ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ืืจ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช.
00:44
warped into an infinite sink.
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00:46
Nothing, not even light, can move fast enough
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ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžื”ืจ, ืืฃ ืœื ืื•ืจ,
00:50
to escape a black holeโ€™s gravitational pull
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืžืœื˜ ืžืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
00:53
once it passes a certain boundary,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื—ืฆื” ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืกื•ื™ื, ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื›"ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื".
00:56
known as the event horizon.
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00:58
Thus, a black hole is like a cosmic vacuum cleaner with infinite capacity,
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ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื“ื•ืžื” ืื ื›ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืื‘-ืื‘ืง ืงื•ืกืžื™ ืฉืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืชื• ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™ืช
01:03
gobbling up everything in its path, and letting nothing out.
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ืฉื–ื•ืœืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ื• ื•ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ื“ื‘ืจ.
01:08
To determine whether a black hole could swallow the Earth,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ื•ืข ืื ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื‘ืœื•ืข ืืช ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื.
01:12
we first have to figure out where they are.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื ืื™ื ื ืคื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ, ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™?
01:15
But since they donโ€™t emit light, howโ€™s that possible?
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01:18
Fortunately, weโ€™re able to observe their effect on the space around them.
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ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืื ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืขืชื ืขืœ ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
ื›ืฉื—ื•ืžืจ ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ,
01:23
When matter approaches a black hole,
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01:25
the immense gravitational field accelerates it to high speed.
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ืฉื“ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ืื“ื™ืจ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ืœืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื”.
ื‘ื›ืš ื ืคืœื˜ืช ื›ืžื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืขืฆื•ืžื”.
01:30
This emits an enormous amount of light.
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ื•ื‘ืืฉืจ ืœืขืฆืžื™ื ืฉืžืจื•ื—ืงื™ื ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื™ืฉืื‘,
01:33
And for objects too far away to be sucked in,
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01:35
the massive gravitational force still affects their orbits.
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ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœ ืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื”ื.
01:40
If we observe several stars orbiting around an apparently empty point,
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ืื ื ื–ื”ื” ืžืกืคืจ ืฉืžืฉื•ืช ืฉื—ื’ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืงื•ื ืจื™ืง ืœื›ืื•ืจื”,
ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ื–ื”.
01:45
a black hole could be leading the dance.
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01:48
Similarly, light that passes close enough to an event horizon
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ื›ืš ื’ื ืื•ืจ ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืœืื•ืคืง ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื
ื™ื•ืกื˜ ื‘ืชื•ืคืขื” ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื›"ืขื™ื“ื•ืฉ ื›ื‘ื™ื“ืชื™".
01:52
will be deflected in a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing.
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01:57
Most of the black holes that weโ€™ve found can be thought of as two main types.
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ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื—ืœืง ืœืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.
02:02
The smaller ones, called stellar mass black holes,
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ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื "ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžืกื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช",
02:05
have a mass up to 100 times larger than that of our sun.
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ื•ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืขื“ ืคื™ 100 ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•.
02:10
Theyโ€™re formed when a massive star consumes all its nuclear fuel
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ื”ื ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื›ืฉืฉืžืฉ ืขื ืงื™ืช ืžื›ืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืœืง ื”ื’ืจืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืœื”
02:14
and its core collapses.
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ื•ืœื™ื‘ืชื” ืงื•ืจืกืช.
02:17
Weโ€™ve observed several of these objects as close as 3000 light-years away,
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ื–ื™ื”ื™ื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืขืฆืžื™ื ื›ืืœื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ื” ืฉืœ 3,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ ืืœื™ื ื•,
02:22
and there could be up to 100 million small black holes
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ื•ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืฉื ื ืขื“ 100 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื
02:26
just in the Milky Way galaxy.
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ื‘ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
02:29
So should we be worried?
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ื”ืื ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืื’ื™ื?
02:31
Probably not.
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ื›ื ืจืื” ืฉืœื.
02:32
Despite their large mass,
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ื—ืจืฃ ื”ืžืกื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœื”ื,
02:34
stellar black holes only have a radius of around 300 kilometers or less,
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ื”ืจื“ื™ื•ืก ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›-300 ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื ื•ืžื˜ื”,
ื›ืฉื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ืชืงืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื”ื•ื ื–ืขื™ืจ,
02:40
making the chances of a direct hit with us miniscule.
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ืื ื›ื™ ืฉื“ื•ืช ื”ื›ื‘ื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื
02:44
Although because their gravitational fields
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืžืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
02:46
can affect a planet from a large distance,
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02:48
they could be dangerous even without a direct collision.
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ื•ื”ื ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื”.
02:52
If a typical stellar-mass black hole were to pass in the region of Neptune,
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ืื™ืœื• ืขื‘ืจ ืœื™ื“ ื ืคื˜ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืคื™ื™ื ื™ ื‘ืขืœ ืžืกื” ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ืช,
02:57
the orbit of the Earth would be considerably modified,
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ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื ื™ื›ืจืช
03:01
with dire results.
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื•ืจืื•ืช.
03:03
Still, the combination of how small they are and how vast the galaxy is
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ื›ื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”,
ื”ืจื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื.
03:08
means that stellar black holes donโ€™t give us much to worry about.
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03:11
But we still have to meet the second type:
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื• ื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ื™:
03:14
supermassive black holes.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื.
03:17
These have masses millions or billions times greater than that of our sun
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ื”ืžืกื” ืฉืœ ืืœื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืื• ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื•
03:22
and have event horizons that could span billions of kilometers.
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ื•ืื•ืคืง ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ ืงื™ืœื•ืžื˜ืจื™ื.
03:27
These giants have grown to immense proportions
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ืขื ืงื™ื ืืœื” ื’ื“ืœื• ืœืžื™ืžื“ื™ื ืื“ื™ืจื™ื
03:30
by swallowing matter and merging with other black holes.
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ืข"ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขืช ื—ื•ืžืจ ื•ื”ืชืžื–ื’ื•ืช ืขื ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.
03:34
Unlike their stellar cousins,
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ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื“ื•ื“ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื™ื,
03:36
supermassive black holes arenโ€™t wandering through space.
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ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืื™ื ื ื ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืœ,
03:39
Instead, they lie at the center of galaxies, including our own.
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ืืœื ื ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื–ื• ืฉืœื ื•.
03:45
Our solar system is in a stable orbit around a supermassive black hole
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ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉืœื ื• ื ืขื” ื‘ืžืกืœื•ืœ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
ืฉืฉื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘
03:50
that resides at the center of the Milky Way,
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ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฉืœ 25,000 ืฉื ื•ืช ืื•ืจ.
03:53
at a safe distance of 25,000 light-years.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช.
03:57
But that could change.
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03:58
If our galaxy collides with another,
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ืื ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืชืชื ื’ืฉ ืขื ืื—ืจืช,
ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื–ืจืง ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื’ืœืงืกื™ื”,
04:01
the Earth could be thrown towards the galactic center,
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04:04
close enough to the supermassive black hole
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ืงืจื•ื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืืœ ื”ื—ื•ืจ ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื”ืขืœ-ืžืกื™ื‘ื™
04:06
to be eventually swallowed up.
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ื•ืœื”ื™ื‘ืœืข ื‘ื•.
04:09
In fact, a collision with the Andromeda Galaxy
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ื—ื–ื•ื™ื” ื”ืชื ื’ืฉื•ืช ืขื ื’ืœืงืกื™ื™ืช ืื ื“ืจื•ืžื“ื”
04:12
is predicted to happen 4 billion years from now,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ 4 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ืฉื ื™ื,
ื•ืืœื” ืื•ืœื™ ืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ื•ื›ื‘ ื”ืœื›ืช, ื‘ื™ืชื ื•.
04:16
which may not be great news for our home planet.
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04:19
But before we judge them too harshly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื˜ืจื ื ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืจื‘ื” ืžื“ื™,
ื—ื•ืจื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ืื™ื ื ืกืชื ื–ื•ืจืขื™-ื”ืจืก.
04:22
black holes arenโ€™t simply agents of destruction.
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04:25
They played a crucial role in the formation of galaxies,
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ื”ื ืžืžืœืื™ื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื’ืœืงืกื™ื•ืช,
04:28
the building blocks of our universe.
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ื›ืื‘ื ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื™ืงื•ืžื ื•.
04:31
Far from being shadowy characters in the cosmic play,
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ื”ื ืจื—ื•ืงื™ื ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืืคืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™
ื•ื”ื ืชืจืžื• ืชืจื•ืžื” ืขืฆื•ืžื”
04:35
black holes have fundamentally contributed
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04:37
in making the universe a bright and astonishing place.
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ืœื”ืคื™ื›ืช ื”ื™ืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื•ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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