Why should you read "Don Quixote"? - Ilan Stavans

2,777,102 views ใƒป 2018-10-08

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Allon Sasson
00:10
Mounting his skinny steed,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืฉ,
00:11
the protagonist of Don Quixote
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ื”ืฉื—ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”
00:13
charges an army of giants.
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ืžืกืชืขืจ ืœืขื‘ืจ ืฆื‘ื ืฉืœ ืขื ืงื™ื.
00:16
In his eyes, it is his duty
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ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ื–ื• ื—ื•ื‘ืชื•
00:18
to vanquish these behemoths
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ืœื ืฆื— ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืžื•ืช
00:20
in the name of his beloved lady, Dulcinea.
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ื‘ืฉื ืื”ื•ื‘ืชื• ื“ื•ืœืกื™ื ืื”.
00:24
However, this act of valor is ill conceived.
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ืื‘ืœ, ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื—ื›ื.
00:28
As his squire Sancho Panza explains to him
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืกืื ืฉื• ืคืื ืฆ'ื” ืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ืœื•
00:31
time and again, these arenโ€™t giants;
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘, ืืœื” ืœื ืขื ืงื™ื;
00:34
they are merely windmills.
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ืืœื” ืจืง ื˜ื—ื ื•ืช ืจื•ื—.
00:36
Don Quixote is undeterred,
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ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ืœื ื ืจืชืข,
00:38
but his piercing lance
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื•ืžื—ื• ื”ืžื ืงื‘
00:39
is soon caught in their sails.
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ื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืžื”ืจื” ื‘ืžืคืจืฉื™ื.
00:42
Never discouraged,
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื•ืืฉ,
00:44
the knight stands proudly, and becomes
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ื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืคืš
00:46
even more convinced of his mission.
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ืœืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœื•.
00:50
This sequence encapsulates
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ื”ืจืฆืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ
00:52
much of what is loved about Don Quixote,
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžื” ืฉืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”,
00:55
the epic, illogical, and soulful tale of
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ื”ืžืขืฉื™ื” ื”ืืคื™ืช, ื”ืœื ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื•ืžืœืืช ื”ื ืฉืžื”
00:58
Alonso Quijano,
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ืฉืœ ืืœื•ื ืกื• ืงื•ื—ื™ืื ื•,
01:00
who becomes the clumsy but valiant
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ืฉื”ืคืš ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ืžืœืžื ืฉื”
01:02
Don Quixote of la Mancha, known as
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ื”ืžืกื•ืจื‘ืœ ื•ื”ืืฆื™ืœ, ืฉื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื
01:05
the Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance.
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ื›ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืืจืฉืช ื”ืขืฆื•ื‘ื”.
01:09
Originally published in two volumes,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื›ืจื›ื™ื,
01:11
the narrative follows Don Quixote
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ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”
01:13
as he travels through central and northern Spain
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืกื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื•ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื“
01:16
fighting the forces of evil.
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ื ืœื—ื ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืจืฉืข.
01:20
Despite Don Quixoteโ€™s lofty imagination,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืชื— ืฉืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”,
01:22
his creator, Miguel de Cervantes,
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ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœื• , ืžื™ื’ื•ืืœ ื“ื” ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก,
01:25
could never have imagined his book would
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ ืฉืกืคืจื•
01:27
become the best-selling novel of all time.
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ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืกืคืจ ื”ื ืžื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
01:31
Barring 5 years as a soldier,
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ืžืœื‘ื“ 5 ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื—ื™ื™ืœ,
01:34
and 5 more enslaved by pirates,
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ื• 5 ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืฉื•ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืื˜ื™ื,
01:37
Cervantes spent most of his life
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ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื™ื•
01:39
as a struggling poet and playwright.
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ื›ืžืฉื•ืจืจ ื‘ืงืฉื™ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืžื—ื–ื•ืช.
01:43
It wasnโ€™t until his late 50โ€™s
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ืจืง ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื” 50 ืฉืœื•
01:45
that he published his greatest creation:
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ื”ื•ื ืคืจืกื ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื•:
01:48
an epic satire of chivalry novels.
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ืกืื˜ื™ืจื” ืืคื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื.
01:52
At this time,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ,
01:53
medieval books chronicling the adventures
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ืกืคืจื™ื ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืชืืจื• ืืช ื”ื”ืจืคืชืงืื•ืช
01:55
of knights and their moral code
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืงื•ื“ ื”ืžื•ืจืืœื™ ืฉืœื”ื
01:57
dominated European culture.
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ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืคืื™ืช.
02:00
While Cervantes was a fan,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ื”ื™ื” ืื•ื”ื“,
02:02
he was weary of these repetitive tomes,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:04
which focused more on listing heroic feats
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ืฉื”ืชืžืงื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืื™ื
02:07
than character development.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื”ื“ืžื•ืช.
02:10
To challenge them, he wrote Don Quixote,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืชื’ืจ ืื•ืชื, ื”ื•ื ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”,
02:12
the story of a hidalgo, or idle nobleman,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื“ืœื’ื•, ืื• ืื™ืฉ ืืฆื™ืœ,
02:15
who spends his days and nights
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ืฉื‘ื™ืœื” ืืช ื™ืžื™ื• ื•ืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•
02:17
reading chivalry novels.
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ืงื•ืจื ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื•ืช.
02:20
Driven mad by these stories,
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉื”ืฉืชื’ืข ืžื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
02:22
he fashions himself a champion for the downtrodden.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื›ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœืฉื™ื.
02:26
Everyone in his village
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ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืคืจ ืฉืœื•
02:28
tries to convince him to give up his lunacy,
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ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืฉื›ื ืข ืื•ืชื• ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื’ืขื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•,
02:31
going so far as to burn some of the
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ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืจื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื›ืžื”
02:34
lurid books in his personal library.
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ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืžื—ืจื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœื•.
02:37
But Don Quixote is unstoppable.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขืฆื™ืจื”.
02:40
He dresses up in old shining armor,
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ื”ื•ื ืœื•ื‘ืฉ ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืŸ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง,
02:43
mounts his skinny horse,
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ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ืกื•ืกื• ื”ื›ื—ื•ืฉ,
02:44
and leaves his village in search of glory.
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ื•ืขื•ื–ื‘ ืืช ื”ื›ืคืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืชื”ื™ืœื”.
02:48
Cervantesโ€™ novel
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก
02:49
unfolds as a collection of episodes
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ืžืชื’ืœื’ืœ ืœืื•ืกืฃ ืคืจืงื™ื
02:51
detailing the mishaps of the valiant knight.
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ืฉืžืคืจื˜ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืœืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืขื–.
02:54
Yet unlike the chivalry books
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“ ืœืกืคืจื™ื ื”ืื‘ื™ืจื™ื™ื
02:57
and perhaps all other prior fiction,
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื,
02:59
Cervantesโ€™ story deeply investigates
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ื—ื•ืงืจ ืœืขื•ืžืง
03:02
the protagonistโ€™s inner life.
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ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื™ืช.
03:04
Don Quixote matures as the narrative develops,
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ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ืžืชื‘ื’ืจ ื›ืฉื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืžืชืคืชื—,
03:08
undergoing a noticeable transformation.
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ื•ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ.
03:12
This literary revelation
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ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:13
has led many scholars to call Don Quixote
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ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืงืจื•ื ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”
03:16
the first modern novel.
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ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
03:19
And this character development
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ื•ื”ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ื•
03:21
doesnโ€™t happen in isolation.
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ืœื ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ื‘ื—ืœืœ ืจื™ืง.
03:23
Early on, Don Quixote is joined
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ืžืฆื˜ืจืฃ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”
03:26
by a villager-turned-squire
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ื›ืคืจื™ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืœื ื•ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื
03:28
named Sancho Panza.
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ื‘ืฉื ืกื ืฉื• ืคืื ืฆ'ื”.
03:30
Sancho and Don Quixote
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ืกื ืฉื• ื•ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื”
03:32
are a study in opposites:
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื:
03:34
with one as the grounded realist
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ืื—ื“ ืจืืœื™ืกื˜ ืžืงื•ืจืงืข
03:36
to the otherโ€™s idealism.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื–ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื—ืจ.
03:39
Their lively, evolving friendship is often credited
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ื”ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ืžืœืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืžื™ื•ื—ืกืช ืœืจื•ื‘
03:43
as the original hero and sidekick duo,
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ื›ื“ื•ืื• ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื,
03:46
inspiring centuries of fictional partnerships.
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ื ื•ืชืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืœืžืื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืชืคื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืช.
03:50
Don Quixote was a huge success.
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ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืื“ื™ืจื”.
03:53
Numerous editions were published across Europe
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ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืคื•ืจืกืžื• ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
03:55
in the seventeenth century.
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ื‘ืžืื” ื”ืฉื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื”.
03:57
Even in the Americas,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืืžืจื™ืงื•ืช,
03:59
where the Church banned all novels
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ืฉื ื”ื›ื ืกื™ื” ืืกืจื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื•ืช
04:01
for being sinful distractions,
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ื”ืกื—ื•ืช ื“ืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื,
04:03
audiences were known to enjoy pirated editions.
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ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื ื”ื ื• ืžืžื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืคื™ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช.
04:08
The book was so well received that
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ื”ืกืคืจ ื’ื ื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘
04:09
readers clamored for more.
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ืฉืงื•ืจืื™ื ื–ืขืงื• ืœืขื•ื“.
04:12
After a rival author attempted to cash in
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ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืกื•ืคืจ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื ื™ืกื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื—
04:15
on a fake follow-up, Cervantes released
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ืžื”ืžืฉืš ืžื–ื•ื™ื™ืฃ, ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ื”ื•ืฆื™ื
04:18
the official sequel in response.
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ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฉืš ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”.
04:21
Now published alongside the first volume
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:23
as a completed text, this second volume picks up
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ื›ื˜ืงืกื˜ ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื”ื›ืจืš ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืฉื™ืš
04:27
where the original left off,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ ืขืฆืจ,
04:29
only now Don Quixote and Sancho have become folk heroes.
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ืจืง ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืกื ืฉื• ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ ืขื.
04:35
Just as in real-life, Cervantes included
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื, ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ื›ืœืœ
04:37
his novelโ€™s success in the world of his characters.
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ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืœื” ืฉืœื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื•.
04:42
This unconventional meta-awareness
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ื”ืžื˜ื ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืœื ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื”ื–ื•
04:45
created philosophical complexity,
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ื™ืฆืจื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
04:48
as the knight and his squire ponder
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ื›ืฉื”ืื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืขื•ื–ืจื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
04:50
the meaning of their story.
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื”ื.
04:52
Unfortunately, Cervantes had sold
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ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืฆืขืจ, ืกืจื‘ื ื˜ืก ืžื›ืจ
04:55
the bookโ€™s publishing rights for very little.
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ืืช ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืคืจืกื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืกืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืžืขื˜.
04:57
He died rich in fame alone.
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ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืขืฉื™ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืชื”ื™ืœื”.
05:00
But his treatise on the power of creativity
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืืžืจ ืฉืœื• ืขืœ ื›ื•ื— ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช
05:03
and individualism has inspired
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ื•ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ื–ื ื ืชื ื• ื”ืฉืจืื”
05:05
art,
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ืœืืžื ื•ืช,
05:06
literature,
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ืœืกืคืจื•ืช,
05:07
popular culture,
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ืœืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ืช,
05:09
and even political revolution.
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ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื”ืคื›ื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
05:11
Don Quixote argues
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ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื™ื—ื•ื˜ื” ื˜ื•ืขืŸ
05:13
that our imagination greatly informs our actions,
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ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ืžื™ื™ื“ืข ืืช ื”ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•,
05:17
making us capable of change,
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ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชื ื•ืช,
05:19
and, indeed, making us human.
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ื•ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜, ืขื•ืฉื” ืื•ืชื ื• ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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