The fundamentals of space-time: Part 2 - Andrew Pontzen and Tom Whyntie

907,832 views ใƒป 2014-05-01

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Tal Dekkers
00:06
Light: it's the fastest thing in the universe,
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ืื•ืจ: ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ื,
00:09
but we can still measure its speed
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื•
00:12
if we slow down the animation,
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ืื ื ืื˜ ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”,
00:13
we can analyze light's motion using
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื ืชื— ืืช ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืขื
00:15
a space-time diagram,
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ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
00:17
which takes a flipbook of animation panels,
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ืฉืœื•ืงื—ืช ืกืคืจ ื“ืคื“ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืคืื ืœื™ ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื”,
00:19
and turns them on their side.
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ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ื”ืฆื“.
00:21
In this lesson, we'll add the single experimental fact
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ืช ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื”
00:25
that whenever anyone measures just how fast light moves,
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ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื“ื“ ื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืข,
00:27
they get the same answer:
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ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืชื•ืฆืื”:
00:29
299,792,458 meters every second,
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299,792,458 ืžื˜ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”,
00:33
which means that when we draw light
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืจื˜ื˜ื™ื ืื•ืจ
00:35
on our space-time diagram,
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ืขืœ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื•,
00:36
it's world line always has to appear at the same angle.
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ืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื•ืคื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช.
00:39
But we saw previously that speed,
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืื™ื ื• ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช,
00:42
or equivalently world line angles,
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ืื• ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื• ืขื•ืœื,
00:44
change when we look at things from
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ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื
00:47
other people's perspective.
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:49
To explore this contradiction,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
00:51
let's see what happens if I start moving
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจืื” ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืื ืื ื™ ืืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื ื•ืข
00:53
while I stand still and shine the laser at Tom.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืื ื™ ืขื•ืžื“ ื•ืžืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื•ื.
00:57
First, we'll need to construct the space-time diagram.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ.
01:00
Yes, that means taking all of
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ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ
01:01
the different panels showing the different moments in time
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ื”ืคืื ืœื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืžืจืื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื’ืขื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ
01:04
and stacking them up.
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ื•ืœืขืจื•ื ืื•ืชื.
01:06
From the side, we see the world line
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ืžื”ืฆื“, ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:08
of the laser light at its correct fixed angle,
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ื”ืœื™ื™ื–ืจ ื‘ื–ื•ื™ืช ื”ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืฉืœื•,
01:11
just as before.
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืงื•ื“ื.
01:12
So far, so good.
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ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
01:14
But that space-time diagram represents Andrew's perspective.
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ื™ืื’ืจืžืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ื–ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ืื ื“ืจื•.
01:17
What does it look like to me?
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™?
01:19
In the last lesson, we showed
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ื‘ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื”ืจืื ื•
01:21
how to get Tom's perspective moving all the panels
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ืื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื›ืฉืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืคื ืœื™ื
01:24
along a bit until his world line is completely vertical.
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ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืฉืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื• ืื ื›ื™ ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:28
But look carefully at the light world line.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืงื• ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ.
01:31
The rearrangement of the panels
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื ืœื™ื
01:33
means it's now tilted over too far.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื•ื˜ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
01:35
I'd measure light traveling faster than Andrew would.
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื ืข ืžื”ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ืฉืื ื“ืจื• ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ื“.
01:38
But every experiment we've ever done,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืื™ ืคืขื,
01:40
and we've tried very hard,
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ื•ืžืžืฉ ื ื™ืกื™ื ื•,
01:42
says that everyone measures light to have a fixed speed.
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ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืงื‘ื•ืขื”.
01:46
So let's start again.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
01:48
In the 1900s, a clever chap named Albert Einstein
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ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื” 20, ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื—ื›ื ื‘ืฉื ืืœื‘ืจื˜ ืื™ื™ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ
01:51
worked out how to see things properly,
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
01:54
from Tom's point of view,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื,
01:56
while still getting the speed of light right.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:59
First, we need to glue together the separate panels
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื“ื‘ื™ืง ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืคื ืœื™ื ื”ื ืคืจื“ื™ื
02:02
into one solid block.
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ืœื‘ืœื•ืง ืื—ื“ ืงืฉื™ื—.
02:05
This gives us our space-time,
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ื–ื” ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
02:07
turning space and time into
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ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื–ืžืŸ
02:08
one smooth, continuous material.
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ืœื—ื•ืžืจ ืื—ื™ื“ ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™.
02:12
And now, here is the trick.
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง.
02:14
What you do is stretch your block of space-time
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ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืœืžืชื•ื— ืืช ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ืžืจื—ื‘ ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื›ื
02:18
along the light world line,
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ืœืื•ืจืš ืงื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจ,
02:20
then squash it by the same amount,
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ื•ืื– ืœืžืขื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื•ืช,
02:22
but at right angles to the light world line,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื ื›ื•ืช ืœืงื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจ,
02:24
and abracadabra!
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ื•ืื‘ืจืงื“ื‘ืจื”!
02:27
Tom's world line has gone vertical,
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื ื›ื™,
02:29
so this does represent the world from his point of view,
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ืื– ื–ื” ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ืฉืœื•,
02:32
but most importantly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘,
02:34
the light world line has never changed its angle,
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ืงื• ืขื•ืœื ื”ืื•ืจ ืœื ืฉื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื™ืช,
02:37
and so light will be measured by Tom
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ืื•ืจ ื™ืžื“ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื
02:40
going at the correct speed.
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ื ืข ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
02:42
This superb trick is known as
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ื”ื˜ืจื™ืง ื”ืžืขื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“ื•ืข
02:44
a Lorentz transformation.
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ื›ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื™ืช ืœื•ืจื ืฅ.
02:48
Yeah, more than a trick.
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ื›ืŸ, ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื˜ืจื™ืง.
02:49
Slice up the space-time into
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ื—ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ
02:51
new panels and you have
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ืœืคื ืœื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื
02:52
the physically correct animation.
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ืืช ื”ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื ื›ื•ื ื” ืคื™ืกื™ืงืœื™ืช.
02:55
I'm stationary in the car,
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ืื ื™ ื ื™ื™ื— ื‘ืžื›ื•ื ื™ืช,
02:56
everything else is coming past me
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ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืืจ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืคื ื™
02:58
and the speed of light
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ื•ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ
02:59
works out to be that same fixed value
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ืžืกืชื“ืจืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจืš ืงื‘ื•ืข
03:02
that we know everyone measures.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื.
03:04
On the other hand,
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ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™,
03:05
something strange has happened.
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื•ื–ืจ ืงืจื”.
03:06
The fence posts aren't spaced a meter apart anymore,
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ืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื“ืจ ืœื ืžืจื•ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืžื˜ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื ื™,
03:10
and my mom will be worried
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ื•ืื™ืžื™ ืชื”ื™ื™ื” ืžื•ื“ืื’ืช
03:12
that I look a bit thin.
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ืฉืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืขื˜ ืจื–ื”.
03:14
But that's not fair. Why don't I get to look thin?
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืคื™ื™ืจ. ืœืžื” ืื ื™ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืจื–ื”?
03:17
I thought physics was supposed to be the same
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืคื™ืกื™ืงื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ
03:19
for everyone.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื.
03:20
Yes, no, it is, and you do.
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ื›ืŸ, ืœื, ื”ื™ื ื›ืŸ, ื•ืืชื” ื›ืŸ.
03:23
All that stretching and squashing
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ื›ืœ ื”ืžืชื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื—ื™ืกื•ืช
03:24
of space-time has just muddled together
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ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืจื‘ื‘ื• ื™ื—ื“
03:26
what we used to think of separately
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“
03:28
as space and time.
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ื›ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืจื—ื‘.
03:30
This particular squashing effect
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ืืคืงื˜ ื”ืžืขื™ื›ื” ื”ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ ื”ื–ื”
03:32
is known as Lorentz contraction.
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ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ืžืฉื™ื›ืช ืœื•ืจื ืฅ.
03:35
Okay, but I still don't look thin.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ื ืจืื” ืจื–ื”.
03:36
No, yes, you do.
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ืœื, ื›ืŸ, ืืชื” ื›ืŸ.
03:38
Now that we know better about space-time,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ,
03:40
we should redraw
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
03:41
what the scene looked like to me.
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™.
03:43
To you, I appear Lorentz contracted.
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ืœืš, ืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ืš ืœื•ืจื ืฅ.
03:46
Oh but to you, I appear Lorentz contracted.
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ืื• ืื‘ืœ ืœืš, ืื ื™ ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื•ืš ืœื•ืจื ืฅ.
03:49
Yes.
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ื›ืŸ.
03:50
Uh, well, at least it's fair.
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ืื•, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื–ื” ืคื™ื™ืจ.
03:53
And speaking of fairness,
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ื•ืื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื•ืช,
03:54
just as space gets muddled with time,
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ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืžืจื—ื‘ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ื–ืžืŸ,
03:56
time also gets muddled with space,
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ื–ืžืŸ ื’ื ืžืขื•ืจื‘ื‘ ืขื ืžืจื—ื‘,
03:59
in an effect known as time dilation.
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ื‘ืืคืงื˜ ืฉื ืงืจื ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื–ืžืŸ.
04:02
No, at everyday speeds,
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ืœื, ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช,
04:03
such as Tom's car reaches,
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ื›ืžื• ื–ื• ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื™ืชื• ืฉืœ ื˜ื•ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ืืœื™ื”,
04:05
actually all the effects are much, much smaller
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงื˜ื ื™ื
04:08
than we've illustrated them.
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ืžืฉืื™ื™ืจื ื• ืื•ืชื.
04:09
Oh, yet, careful experiments,
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ืื•, ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ืจื™ื,
04:13
for instance watching the behavior of tiny particles
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ื›ืฉืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื—ืœืงื™ืงื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื
04:15
whizzing around the Large Hadron Collider
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ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžืจืกืง ื”ื”ื“ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ
04:17
confirmed that the effects are real.
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ืžืืฉืจื™ื ืฉื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื.
04:19
And now that space-time is
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉื”ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
04:21
an experimentally confirmed part of reality,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉืžืื•ืฉืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช,
04:23
we can get a bit more ambitious.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืืคืชื ื™ื.
04:25
What if we were to start playing
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืง
04:27
with the material of space-time itself?
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ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉืœ ืžืจื—ื‘-ื–ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื•?
04:31
We'll find out all about that in the next animation.
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ื ื“ืข ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ืื ื™ืžืฆื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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